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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Snow and Ice Databook 2026</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674278</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Winter road service is essential to maintaining safe, reliable, and efficient transportation systems during cold-weather conditions. Snow, ice, and freezing temperatures create hazardous driving conditions that significantly increase the risk of collisions, delays, and road closures. Timely winter services—such as snow removal, ice control, anti-icing treatments, and roadway monitoring—help reduce these risks by improving traction, visibility, and overall driving conditions. Ensuring roads remain passable during winter weather is critical for protecting motorists, pedestrians, cyclists and maintenance personnel alike. With the advance of innovative technologies and practices in recent years such as digitalization of spreaders, use of environmentally friendly anti/de-icing mixtures, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and AI-based Maintenance Decision Support System (MDSS), winter service maintenance can be done more effectively while helping to reduce costs and environmental impacts. Sustainable development and environmental protection are fundamental objectives, driving us to continually improve our strategies and practices in winter maintenance. Sharing knowledge and experience with others is essential to advance towards those objectives. The ambitious goal of the Snow and Ice Data Book (SIDB) is to share experiences in winter maintenance from various countries. Initiated nearly 25 years ago, it has been regularly updated every four years in conjunction with the International Winter Road Congress, making each edition both timely and successful. This version provides an overview of winter maintenance practices from 23 countries. Of these, 17 entries are updates from the previous version with the remaining 6 countries (Poland, Slovenia, China, Iran, The Netherlands, and Ukraine) being new entries, which is very encouraging. The XVII World Winter Service and Road Resilience Congress held in Chambéry, France, from March 10 to 13, 2026, offers the opportunity to release the seventh version of the SIDB. The 2026 SIDB features a consistent format, with the same sequence of chapters contributed by each country.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2026 09:11:06 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Calibration Accuracy of Material Application Equipment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2338824</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accurate calibration of material application equipment is the primary means through which a transportation agency can avoid over application of salt and other winter maintenance materials to counter snow and ice on roadways. Methods of effective calibration for salt spreaders have been examined extensively and presented in many published reports and manuals. Manufacturers include comprehensive guides with their equipment. Thus, instruction and guidance is widely available. Clear Roads member agencies were interested in learning more about calibration accuracy of equipment over time: the practices and experiences of agencies that could help identify factors that may diminish calibration accuracy of equipment over weeks and months of use in extreme conditions. Through a literature search and a survey of Clear Roads member departments of transportation (DOTs) and others, this synthesis gathered information about the types of material application equipment that agencies use, schedules and methods of calibration, training protocols, respondents’ perceptions of the accuracy of equipment, and types and qualities of materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 2024 09:15:33 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Alternativa kemiska halkbekämpningsmedel på GCväg och trottoarer (ALT-salt)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269698</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Winter operations (snow clearance, anti- and de-icing) of cycle paths and sidewalks have received renewed interest in connection with the promotion of active travelling all year round and throughout the country. As a result, new methods have also been developed to be particularly adapted to the conditions that prevail on cycle paths and sidewalks. Since the processes that affect the durability of anti-icing agents on cycle paths and sidewalks differ from those on roads, where the majority of today's knowledge of how these work in practice comes from, the effect of different agents will be different in the two cases. For example, the impact and mixing characteristics of car traffic cannot be taken into account. Therefore, there is a need to study some selected chemical anti-slip agents based on the conditions prevailing on walking and cycling paths and in a changing climate. In this project, the effect and duration of four different anti-slip agents, which are already used today on cycle paths, sidewalks and airports respectively, are compared, they are: sodium chloride, potassium formate and Karlstadslake (mixture of NaCl and CaCl2). In addition, the possibility of using so-called circular salt extracted from fly ash is being specially studied. The different anti-slip agents have different environmental advantages and disadvantages, and in order to be able to compare these in a relevant way, the positive effects and duration of each agent must first be clarified. The comparisons are carried out through studies in a laboratory environment, on a protected test track with scaled-down salt spreaders (VTI cycle test track), a protected test track with authentic operating machines (Karlstad's municipal decommissioned airfield) and finally in an authentic full-scale environment in Karlstad municipality's street and cycle path network. The results result in advice and guidelines regarding which agents should be used under which conditions, in which doses and at what intervals. As the knowledge of the respective agents' appropriate doses and action intervals becomes known, it is also possible to evaluate their respective environmental effects in a comparable way.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Oct 2023 09:26:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269698</guid>
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      <title>Snow And Ice Databook 2022</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1909566</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Winter service is the fight against snow and ice on roads to ensure accessibility and traffic safety. One needs to get to work from home, children need to get to school and with very tight procuration plans, goods need to arrive in time for the whole process to work. Unpassable roads due to snow and ice would have dramatic effects on everybody. No winter is like the other, weather can change rapidly and cannot be forecasted over longer periods. Consequently, winter maintenance is very difficult to manage given a context of ever-increasing mobility and declining budgets. The best must continue to be done but with less money. With digitization of spreaders, recent development in wireless data transmission and road sensor technology the potential amount of data available for winter maintenance decisions grows rapidly. Thus, winter service needs to use this data well. Winter road service affects different modes of transportation, i.e. pedestrians, cyclists, public transit services, automobiles, and freight carriers. It is important therefore to propose a comprehensive response as regards winter maintenance. Sustainable development and environmental protection are fundamental topics, providing the input to regularly reflect on defining better strategies and improving our practices. To advance along these lines sharing experience with others has become essential. The ambitious goal of the Snow and Ice Data Book (SIDB) is to share experiences in winter maintenance from different countries. It started over 20 years ago and its updated version, published every 4 years at the time of the International Winter Road Congress, is always a huge success. The SIDB features a consistent format, with the same sequence of chapters contributed by each country. This document successfully provides an overview of winter maintenance practices across 20 countries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Feb 2022 09:40:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1909566</guid>
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      <title>Aftermarket Cameras in Winter Maintenance Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1881679</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mounting video cameras on winter maintenance vehicles can assist with operational decisions and enhance situational awareness for operators. To help agencies maximize the benefits of these systems, this project conducted a state-of-the-practice literature review, survey and interviews to identify types, uses and best practices for on-vehicle camera systems. Among the agencies surveyed, the most common use was a rear-view device, but cameras are also used to monitor material spreaders, underbody plows and tow plows to verify operation and effectiveness. Several best practices emerged from the research and interview process. These included: (1) cameras should be carefully positioned so they do not interfere with driver sight lines or getting into or out of the vehicle; (2) cameras should have washer systems and heated lenses, as accumulation of dirt or snow can rapidly degrade image quality; (3) cameras are often sold as packages with washer systems, research shows that low-cost cameras can be used with washer systems, even if they are not initially packaged with them; (4) in-cab displays should be carefully positioned and have driver-adjustable brightness to avoid distracting reflections on windshields; (5) in general, it is not recommended to integrate the video from forward-facing cameras into in-cab displays; (6) transmitting live video from vehicles is currently poorly supported by cellular networks, particularly outside urban areas, and is not generally recommended; and (7) involving operators during the planning and installation of cameras has been shown to increase effectiveness and acceptance of the system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Oct 2021 17:21:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1881679</guid>
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      <title>Inventory and Use of Material Spreader Systems: Synthesis Report</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1844270</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Material spreader systems are among the largest equipment expenses for winter road maintenance departments. These systems typically include a hopper or similar container to hold a supply of solid granular material; many also include a tank for dispensing a liquid. A chain conveyor or single/double auger system moves the granular material to the spinner, which disperses the material onto the roadway. Agencies often make their spreader purchase decisions after much research, comparison and discussion. This synthesis sought to identify and describe the material spreader systems currently used by Clear Roads member agencies. A national survey of winter maintenance practitioners at state departments of transportation gathered descriptive information about material spreader systems and how they function, assessments of the spreader systems’ operational capacities and effectiveness in a range of weather conditions, and the agencies’ overall satisfaction with the material spreader systems. Supplementing the summary of survey responses in this report are the individual material spreader system descriptions presented in Appendix B. Each system description is presented separately, organized by vendor and in alphabetical order by state, to allow for review and excerpting of individual system assessments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 19 Apr 2021 09:39:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1844270</guid>
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      <title>Optimization of Spreads With an Increased Brine Content</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1522708</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The determination of optimized de-icing agent application rates for typical winter scenarios and each corresponding winter maintenance strategy have been in the focus of research at the Institute of Transportation Sciences of the Technical University of Vienna in the past years. Based on extensive field and lab research it was possible to determine the necessary application rate and timing based on precipitation, road surface temperature and traffic on the basis of a comprehensive holistic model. The model developed also allows estimating the development of skid resistance during maintenance intervals. This research was based on a spreading technique of pre-wetted salt called FS30. FS30 stands for a weight based mixture of 70% dry salt and 30% brine (with a 20% concentration). The brine is normally produced with sodium chloride. Based on a large number of measurements at different conditions, the amount of residual salt on the road surface over time was determined. Furthermore, these residual salt measurements allowed further insight into the impact of different traffic volumes and amounts of precipitation. Based on the results of freezing and thawing experiments the strategy of preventive salting was introduced into practices, above all to prevent freezing and slippery roads. With the success of this preventive treatment strategy the question was raised how spreading losses of salt could be reduced so as to lead to even better results. Examining the effect of pre-wetted salting based on different proportions of dry salt and brine up to an amount of 100% brine proved to be the best way. Based on further extensive testing it was possible to provide statistical evidence for an increased proportion of residual salt with higher portions of brine. Furthermore, a means for adapting existing equipment for higher fractions of brine and the optimal brine content for different situations were investigated. With this cost efficient approach already being introduced into practice it is possible to save about 20% of salt without the need of extensive reinvestments. Subsequently, this also leads to less environmental impacts while keeping the roads safe. Climate data over the period from 1896 onwards were evaluated by the Department of Hydrology of the Office of the Government of Lower Austria.. The mean change in air temperature of the past 100 years has resulted in an increase of the mean value of +0.7°C. This long-term evaluation also shows that in Austria snowy winters have increased in the past decade. In line with the climatic changes and the development of a new salt-saving and environmentally friendly salt spreading technique, analyses carried out show a decreasing tendency in the average salt consumption. In the past nine years, an average reduction in salt consumption per square meter salt-spreading-area of 39 g/m² to now 27 g/m² is demonstrated for a salt-spreading-day. This is a more than a 30% lower salt consumption while maintaining the high quality of winter maintenance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jul 2018 14:42:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1522708</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Advances in Winter Maintenance Practices to Improve Roadside Safety</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1491179</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Roadside safety efforts generally focus on reducing or eliminating the impact of vehicles with off-pavement structures, objects, vegetation and topographical features. What has been overlooked is the value of snow and ice control practices in mitigating the surface conditions that contribute to uncontrolled vehicle roadway departures. The primary goal of local and state transportation agencies following winter storms is to regain a near-normal level of safety and mobility as quickly and reasonably possible. Pavement friction is vital for drivers to maintain control of vehicles; just a very thin coating of snow or ice substantially reduces the ability of even prudent drivers to safely move, steer and brake. Recent advances in weather forecasting, pavement condition sensing, anti-icing materials, vehicles, plows, spreaders, plowing techniques and application methods have greatly improved the ability of transportation agencies to achieve desired Levels of Service efficiently, effectively and within reasonable times. In addition, agencies are revising their plans, policies and procedures to better deal with a trend toward more extreme winter weather, stricter environmental regulations, expanding safety mandates, increasing litigation, heightened public expectations and constrained budgets. Many agencies are modifying existing Levels of Service often resulting in less than “ideal” but still acceptable pavement conditions. For example, lower-volume roads and streets may no longer be completely cleared but still passable. This paper will discuss methods and practices that can prevent, reduce or mitigate roadside crashes before, during and following winter storms.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Dec 2017 13:23:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1491179</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Development of a Toolkit for Cost-Benefit Analysis of Specific Winter Maintenance Practices, Equipment and Operations Phase 2: Final Report</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1472304</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The operators and maintainers of highway networks are facing increasing demands and customer expectations regarding mobility and transportation safety during inclement weather, while confronting budget and staffing constraints and environmental challenges related to chemical and material usage. It is desirable to use the most recent advances and best practices to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of winter operations, optimize material usage, and reduce annual spending, corrosion and environmental impacts. Determining the benefits and costs of various winter maintenance practices, equipment and operations is a difficult and time consuming proposal for winter maintenance managers. This project enhanced and expanded a toolkit that was previously developed to facilitate benefit-cost analysis for winter maintenance. The toolkit items included comparing flexible blades to traditional blades, prewetting at the spreader, spreader calibration, slurries, tow plows, contracted truck (private or municipal) versus a state-owned truck, open versus closed loop spreader controls, remote cameras for monitoring remote sites locations, laser guides, and tailgate versus hopper spreaders. The toolkit is a website which receives parameter inputs from a user and generates a benefit-cost ratio for the item of interest.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Jul 2017 13:34:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1472304</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Clear Roads: Developing a Totally Automated Spreading System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1472299</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The goal of this study, Developing a Totally Automated Spreading System, is to assess the current state of automation technology for material spreaders via a literature search and survey of winter maintenance professionals. Using this information, researchers wrote three guides that provide an introduction to spreader automation technology, a hierarchy of automation that snowfighters can use to assess their current equipment and an overview of available systems that compares the features of different products.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Jul 2017 10:59:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1472299</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparison of Material Distribution Systems for Winter Maintenance - Phase I</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1472246</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Departments of Transportation (DOTs) are constantly challenged to maintain safe, passable roadways through the winter season.  Winter weather provides a variety of unique conditions that require specific and varying treatments in order to attain the desired results.  They must provide a necessary level of service (distribute snow and ice removal chemicals) to keep the roadways as safe as possible for the motoring public.  A significant cost in the process of spreading material is the cost of the material itself.  This coupled with the growing environmental concerns with these chemicals finding their way into sensitive ecosystems makes using snow and ice removal chemicals efficiently and effectively a very important subject. This study  seeks to make the information and practices of state and local DOTs  regarding material distribution systems available to as wide an audience as possible. The goal of this project is to identify as many solid material distribution systems as possible and develop a plan for field testing them.  The study included systems with prewetting capabilities, but did not include equipment for  slurries or direct liquid applications. There are two phases to this project, this report documents Phase I and prepares Clear Roads to enter Phase II. Phase I focused on identifying and cataloging these systems, as well as developing a field test plan and recommendations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Jul 2017 11:30:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1472246</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Energy efficiency in winter road maintenance: a road climatological perspective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1463152</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Practices in winter road maintenance are dependent on the climate and weather impacting roads and the road users' requirements. As in many other fields of transportation, it is of interest to investigate fuel efficiency potentials in the different aspects of the road maintenance area. The main focus of this thesis was on investigating energy use in winter road maintenance activities in southern Sweden. It is crucial to understand which parameters are of the largest significance in slipperiness, as well as to investigate the weather information that the operations are based on, since the climate is the reason for requiring winter road maintenance in the first place. The original energy use needs to be set, to be able to know whether efficiencies are made. In this thesis, two approaches were taken to understand if existing fuel consumption models for heavy-duty vehicles could be applied within winter road maintenance or whether in-vehicle fuel data such as data from vehicle manufacturers should be used instead. Finally efficiency potentials were explored with the use of a route optimisation programme for winter road maintenance practices. The climate data analyses showed that frost warnings are the most common type of slipperiness in the southern parts of Sweden. If such warnings were to be under- or overestimated, it could have a large impact on the energy used, since unnecessary slipperiness treatments could be performed. Furthermore, the mobile water depth measurements indicated that it is possible to detect differences in water depth along roads and that exit ramps could be interesting in terms of changed treatments, since the water depths were quite large on those ramps. From the use of the fuel consumption model included in the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, or VTI, winter model, it was concluded that anti-icing would not be energy efficient in terms of traffic energy use, since drivers tend to drive at higher speeds on salted roads. Snow density and amount would however, impact fuel consumption, which is why the removal of snow could save traffic energy use. The best method to evaluate energy use during winter road maintenance was the use of in-vehicle data. The existing fuel consumption model used in this thesis, underestimated the fuel use, which implied that the energy use in winter road maintenance practices depends on other aspects than what was stated in the model calculations. Such other aspects seemed to be the weather and way of work that in turn demand significant changes in speed. Changes in speed was also regarded as a potential efficiency measure, as the velocities of the heavy-duty vehicles seemed on average to be below what was estimated as the most fuel-efficient speed for this type of vehicle. Using the route optimisation programme further put a way for evaluating efficiency potentials. It was shown that installing underground heating systems or road surface—installed salt spreaders at strategic locations could save fuel use, as would changing operations from sanding to salting, as well as adding extra materials depots during the sanding operations. The analysis also indicated that additional materials depots for anti-icing measures would not result in any change in fuel use. The thesis has contributed to finding ways to evaluate energy use and efficiency potentials within the field of winter road maintenance, where the main issues to consider are what energy road maintenance vehicles use and how road maintenance practices are planned. New measuring techniques and improved accuracy in the weather information system can contribute to reducing the use of both vehicles and fuel.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Mar 2017 12:16:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1463152</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Road Safety in Saint-Laurent: Putting Citizens First!</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1343554</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For a number of years now, the Borough of Saint-Laurent has aimed at becoming families' choice location for their home environment. This objective is reflected in its Family Policy, its Local Transportation Plan, and its its Local Sustainable Development Plan for 2011-2015. The actions it has taken over the past few years have proven successful, and consequently, in Statistics Canada's 2011 census, Saint-Laurent was named a leader in Montréal's demographic growth, with a rate of 10.6%, compared to 1.8% for the City as a whole. Saint-Laurent therefore has many young families on its territory, with 14-year-olds and under even representing 18% of its population. In addition, with its central geographic location, Saint-Laurent is subject to considerable traffic (the population and the 100,000 or so workers on its territory daily generate 400,000 trips, connecting with Saint-Laurent, all means of transportation combined—including 80,000 during morning rush hours, coming from the island. Its 43-kilometre territory boasts a major industrial sector. More precisely, the Borough consists of nearly 380 km of roads to maintain, including a number of major arteries of the City of Montreal (autoroutes 13, 15, 40). In addition to regular maintenance of the public roadways in winter, its snow clearance crews carry out an average of six big snow loading operations per year, representing a challenge to the safety of both pedestrians and motorists alike. Furthermore, there are some almost non-stop operations, such as spreading abrasives. Some vehicles—salt spreaders for example—may be used more than 2,000 hours during the season. Added to all this, over the past few winter seasons, there was a lot of ice, increasing the risk of pedestrians falling. Installing lateral protection (side guards) is therefore intended as a very efficient, effective precaution that has the advantage of being economical as well. And lastly, Saint-Laurent's Administration must ensure that the public roadways are shared equally and safely.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Feb 2015 16:27:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1343554</guid>
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      <title>Salt Brine, Salt Brine Blends and Application Technologies During the 2008 – 2009 Winter Maintenance Season</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1124023</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report documents the evaluation of Vermont's salt brine technology project. The primary objectives of this research initiative were to construct a salt brine facility, experiment with different combinations of salt brine and other ice melting additives, reduce the use of winter road sand while raising the level of service of state roads, and determine if cost savings can be attributed to the use of salt brine and/or salt brine combinations. The original scope of work included deploying three Stratos spreaders to conduct the experiment on control and experimental test sections on Interstate 89 in Northwest Maintenance Districts 5 and 8. Due to equipment complications, the experiment was modified and included different roadway sections of similar length and characteristics in both districts. Results have shown that the experimental section saved an average of 24% of material usage over the 2008-2009 winter season.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 02 Dec 2011 16:28:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1124023</guid>
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      <title>Development of a Toolkit for Cost-Benefit Analysis of Specific Winter Maintenance Practices, Equipment and Operations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1108720</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The operators and maintainers of highway networks are facing increasing demands and customer expectations regarding mobility and transportation safety during inclement weather, while confronting budget and staffing constraints and environmental challenges related to chemical and material usage. It is desirable to use the most recent advances and best practices to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of winter operations, optimize material usage, and reduce annual spending, corrosion and environmental impacts. Determining the benefits and costs of various winter maintenance practices, equipment and operations is a difficult and time consuming proposal for winter maintenance managers. This project developed a toolkit which would facilitate such a benefit-cost analysis to address this need. The toolkit items included anti-icing, deicing, carbide blades, front plows, underbody plows, zero velocity spreaders, Maintenance Decision Support Systems, Automatic Vehicle Location and Geographic Positioning Systems, Road Weather Information Systems, and mobile pavement or air/pavement temperature sensors. The developed toolkit is a website which receives parameter inputs from a user and generates a benefit-cost ratio for the item of interest.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 05 Aug 2011 16:09:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1108720</guid>
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