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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=PHNlYXJjaD48cGFyYW1zPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJzdWJqZWN0bG9naWMiIHZhbHVlPSJvciIgLz48cGFyYW0gbmFtZT0idGVybXNsb2dpYyIgdmFsdWU9Im9yIiAvPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJsb2NhdGlvbiIgdmFsdWU9IjAiIC8+PC9wYXJhbXM+PGZpbHRlcnM+PGZpbHRlciBmaWVsZD0ia2V5d29yZHMiIHZhbHVlPSImcXVvdDtSb2FkJnF1b3Q7IGFuZCAmcXVvdDttYWludGVuYW5jZSZxdW90OyBhbmQgJnF1b3Q7ZGV2ZWxvcGluZyZxdW90OyBhbmQgJnF1b3Q7Y291bnRyaWVzJnF1b3Q7IiBvcmlnaW5hbF92YWx1ZT0iUm9hZCBtYWludGVuYW5jZSBpbiBkZXZlbG9waW5nIGNvdW50cmllcyA6IiAvPjwvZmlsdGVycz48cmFuZ2VzIC8+PHNvcnRzPjxzb3J0IGZpZWxkPSJwdWJsaXNoZWQiIG9yZGVyPSJkZXNjIiAvPjwvc29ydHM+PHBlcnNpc3RzPjxwZXJzaXN0IG5hbWU9InJhbmdldHlwZSIgdmFsdWU9InB1Ymxpc2hlZGRhdGUiIC8+PC9wZXJzaXN0cz48L3NlYXJjaD4=" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Effective Thickness of Bituminous Block Pavement Using Finite Element Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579856</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bituminous blocks are utilized for road construction all over the world in the name of historical pavement. Bituminous block pavement has a number of advantages in terms of faster construction and maintenance of road projects. The performance of any pavement structure is generally influenced by the thickness of the layer provided, which is determined by the structural and physical properties of the materials available for construction. Only a few experimental experiments on bituminous block pavement have been conducted. No studies were reported on the effective thickness of bituminous block pavement using the finite element technique. The multiple constraints associated with conducting experimental work on bituminous blocks of different thicknesses can be reduced by employing a finite element technique. Bituminous block pavement was tested in this study by altering the thickness, which was fixed according to the code specification. The bituminous block pavement thicknesses employed in this investigation were 50 mm, 55 mm, 60 mm, and 65 mm. ABAQUS software was used to perform a finite element study of the bituminous block pavement. The analysis showed that as pavement thickness increases, the deformation values decrease. The minimum and maximum deformation obtained is about 8–24% and 7–17%, respectively. The effective thickness of the bituminous block pavement was fixed based on the strain values obtained from the finite element approach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2026 16:55:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579856</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Development of Maintenance Priority Index for Urban Road Network</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579853</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The estimated service life of a pavement is determined by design criteria such as geological considerations, water table movements, structural variations, and existing circumstances such as traffic intensity, drainage, and climate. The analysis of deformations and other variables, which influencing the pavement life, is a difficult task since the events that cause them are unpredictable and random in nature. It is unavoidable yet; these variables have an impact on the quality standards of the road network, resulting in decreased in their usable life. As a result, in order to remedy difficulties, it is important to assess or diagnose the current pavement conditions, both structurally and functionally. As a result, the issue of pavement evaluation, which deals with the mentioned element, is critical for pavement management. The functional testing on road surfaces, as assessed by its strength and durability during its service life, is dependent on several subjective measures of its stiffness and roughness. Structural Evaluation of Pavements is required to measure the structural strength of various layers of pavement. It also helps in evaluating a pavement’s remaining life and the thickness of overlay necessary. In the current study, a maintenance priority index has been developed using functional and structural parameters and also, it has been compared with the already available maintenance priority tools.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2026 16:55:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579853</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Stiffness and Cracking Resistance Evaluation of Cold Bitumen Emulsion Mixtures Incorporated with Waste Glass Aggregates</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579852</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Continuous use of hot mix asphalt (HMA) accelerates environmental deterioration, fossil fuel consumption, global warming, and depletion of natural resources. Further, waste generation and its disposal problem are also a threat to environment. The production of waste and the use of energy/virgin materials in HMA construction must be addressed concurrently. A right step toward the creation of environment-friendly road infrastructure is the use of Cold Bitumen Emulsion Mixtures (CBEMs), a form of Cold Mix Asphalt (CMA). Cold mix asphalt may be made more environment friendly by using waste materials as fine aggregates. In this study, Waste Glass (WG) is substituted for virgin fine aggregate at various percentages ranging from 0 to 100% (with 20% increments) in the binder layer of the CBEM. As per Marshall stability, Marshall flow, indirect tensile strength (ITS), and resilient modulus, the mechanical performance of CBEM-WG mixtures is assessed in this work. The performance of various CBEM-WG mixes is compared with each other, normal CBEM (NCBEM) and also with HMA. According to the findings, mechanical performance of CBEM having WG contents up to 60% was equivalent to that of normal CBEM (NCBEM) and conventional HMA, and it demonstrated superior performance at 60% plus WG content levels. The statistical analysis was performed to prove the feasibility and validity of replacing virgin materials with waste glass in terms of mechanical properties. The coefficient of determination R² > 0.9 for all properties indicated addition of waste glass has significant impact on mechanical performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2026 16:55:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579852</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Development of Pavement Maintenance Management System (PMMS) for an Urban Road in New Delhi, India</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579848</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pavements must be well maintained with proper utilization of maintenance funds as they are valuable national assets. Deferring pavement maintenance causes enormous financial losses and has a negative impact on the nation's growth. Simultaneous maintenance of existing roads is necessary in a timely way in addition to rapid construction of new road networks. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the state of pavements before deciding the type of maintenance needed, in order to make effective use of road maintenance funds. In the present study an Urban Road in New Delhi was assessed for its structural and functional condition to develop PMMS. The condition of the pavement has been evaluated in terms of pavement indices, such as the Pavement Condition Rating (PCR), and the Structural Capacity Index (SCI). The deterioration of pavement with time is calculated using the deterioration models developed by CRRI in the year 1994, for Asphalt Concrete Roads in Northern India. A 15-year maintenance plan has been proposed for the selected Urban roads. In addition, a life cycle cost analysis has been performed to compare the costs under periodic and condition responsive maintenance strategies. It has been found that the condition responsive maintenance can be carried out at a cost of 4.7% less than the cost of periodic maintenance. Even though the difference in life cycle costs between periodic maintenance and condition responsive maintenance is minimal, the pavement can be maintained at level-1 or good condition under condition responsive maintenance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2026 16:55:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579848</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modelling of Deflection Basin Parameters of Asphalt Pavements Using Artificial Neural Networks and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579840</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Non-destructive testing equipment, such as the Falling Weight Deflectometer, offers crucial evaluations of the structural state of the road and enhances pavement management systems. Various approaches based on pavement surface deflection measured using Falling weight deflectometers are widely used around the world for assessing structural stability. The backcalculation of pavement layer moduli has been a widely recognized approach for assessing the structural adequacy of the pavement. However, consistently performing these tests at the network level is laborious, and the subsequent interpretation of the data requires technical expertise, a great deal of time, finance, and other resources. Because of this structural component of roadways, decisions when choosing between maintenance and repair are often neglected. This study uses a variety of structural, functional, environmental, and subgrade soil properties as input parameters to develop a trusted relationship for the estimation of seven different deflection basin parameters such as surface curvature index, Base Curvature Index, Base Damage Index, Area Under Pavement Profile, Deflection Ratio, Shape factors F1 and F2. An effective model was developed using artificial intelligence-based soft computing techniques; Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS) to predict the output deflection basin parameters from the input variables. The data to train, test and validate the model were gathered through field trials. To achieve the above goal, several models based on ANN and ANFIS were trained by changing number of hidden layers, the neurons in the layer and number of membership functions. Prediction efficiency of the model is assessed based on its root mean square error and the coefficient of determination value.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2026 16:55:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579840</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance Assessment of Premix Carpet for Low-Volume Roads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579838</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper presents the performance of premix carpet for low-volume roads in terms of structural capacity and functional properties. The structural capacity was evaluated using falling weight deflectometer (FWD). International roughness index (IRI) was used as a measure of the functional property. A total of 26 sections with a total road length of 110 km were selected for the study. At each test location, pavement composition was determined by excavating test pit along the edge of the shoulder. Subsequently, FWD test was conducted. Deflections were measured at 8 radial distances, ranging from 0 to 1500 mm. Deflection values ranged between 475 and 1129 μm below the loading plate and 30–224 μm at radial distance of 1500 mm. Using deflection readings, structural number (SN) and deflection bowl parameters including surface curvature index (SCI), base damage index (BDI), base curvature index (BCI) and AREA were calculated. Then, IRI was measured using Roughometer III device. IRI progression with time indicated that for a trigger value of 4.62 m/km, premix carpet roads would require maintenance after 41 months of service life. In addition, a good correlation between the deflection bowl parameters and IRI was observed. So, the limits of IRI were used to propose the recommended range of deflection bowl parameters. It was found that when the values of SCI, BDI and BCI increase to more than 313, 152 and 58, respectively, or AREA and SN reduce to less than 447 and 17, respectively, the pavement exhibits poor condition and would require rehabilitation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2026 16:55:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579838</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Strength and Durability Characteristics of Stabilised Clayey Soil for Low Volume Roads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579837</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Low volume roads play a crucial role in the rural road network since they link rural communities, provide trade networks, and provide access routes for a variety of functions. In this study, fly ash and cement were used to remediate an intermediate plastic clayey soil (CI) in different ratios of designed mix combinations. This soil stabilisation replaces the conventional method with lightly stabilised materials due to their rigidity, homogeneity, and impermeability, making it a practical option for usage on low-volume roads. In this study, the soil was stabilised with varying percentages of cement and fly ash in order to assess its potential for pavement layers. The UCS value increased by 35% from the initial untreated soil in some of the mix combinations. CBR strength, flexural and resilient modulus, and other important mechanical parameters for pavement design were also significantly improved. When compared to the conventional approach, the given mix combinations will save 20% on overall costs. In terms of resistance to wetting and drying cycles, mass loss is linear with durability cycles. Laboratory tests were used to assess the compaction characteristics. The findings concluded that changing existing natural materials can provide good strength and serve as a cost-effective replacement for conventional road construction methods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2026 16:55:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579837</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of Eco-Friendly Submerged Vanes for Developing Inland Water Transport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671566</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Inland Water Transport (IWT) has many environmental benefits compared to other modes, i.e., road or rail and there is a great potential of developing IWT in countries like India with several alluvial rivers. To develop IWT, the most critical factor is maintaining depth during non-monsoon period and eco-friendly submerged vanes is a potent and innovative solution. Submerged vanes are small hydraulic structures, and they can also be used as effective intervention for fairway development by harnessing natural flow energy for improving depth of navigational channel for vessel movement. This paper is based on a field study, conducted on a particular location on one of the major alluvial rivers in northern India. Results are shared and discussed in the paper after analyzing the pre- and post-monsoon changes after implementing the intervention at the site.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671566</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing and predicting crash dynamics with and without road safety measures on the Dejen to Bahir Dar highway in Ethiopia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604541</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reducing road traffic accidents and enhancing road safety remain pressing concerns for effective transportation systems worldwide. However, in developing countries like Ethiopia, addressing these issues faces significant challenges. Despite the success of cost-effective safety measures in developed countries, similar strategies are often lacking in Ethiopia. This study aims to assess traffic crash patterns, contributing factors, and the effectiveness of safety measures along the Dejen to Bahir Dar highway in Ethiopia. The primary objective is to identify the key determinants of accident frequency and severity and evaluate the impact of safety interventions using advanced statistical models, including Empirical Bayes. The study finds that several factors significantly influence crash occurrence, including vehicle type, crash type, weather conditions, operational factors, road geometry, and driver demographics such as age, sex, and experience. By analyzing these factors, the paper proposes a set of practical engineering solutions, prioritizing high-risk groups like young and inexperienced drivers and advocating for stricter regulations on high-risk vehicles. Further recommendations focus on improving road safety during adverse weather conditions, enhancing road maintenance on straight sections, and implementing better enforcement of speed limits and driver fatigue regulations. Other proposed interventions include the installation of roadside barriers, new traffic signage, and improved pedestrian facilities. This study contributes valuable insights into the determinants of traffic crash in Ethiopia and offers data-driven recommendations for improving road safety. It also outlines future research avenues, such as improving data quality, conducting spatial analyses of crash hotspots, and exploring the influence of environmental and road conditions through advanced statistical, and Empirical Bayes methods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Apr 2026 11:14:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604541</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How to Prepare and Execute Performance Based Contracts for Road Asset Management: For Advanced Users</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679434</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Guidelines presented here draw on 25 years of experience in developing performance-based contracting (PBC) programs in developing countries. They offer a practical and adaptable roadmap for road agencies aiming to shift from reactive to proactive asset management. These Guidelines are flexible, accommodating varying levels of government and agency maturity, and can be scaled from pilot initiatives to nationwide programs. Beyond asset management, the Guidelines also address two top priorities for road users: safety and resilience. By providing a structured framework for diagnostics and targeted interventions, they help mitigate risks and enhance the reliability and safety of road infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 08:34:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679434</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Data fusion for pavement performance modelling using the Bayesian approach: case study in Afghanistan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633390</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In Afghanistan, the pavement condition data is lacking leading to the infeasibility of developing a pavement performance model. This study aims to apply the Bayesian approach to fuse regression and the Markov Chain model to enhance the accuracy of the performance model under the limitation of high-quality data. For this purpose, more than 6000 km of Afghanistan national highways are monitored and the surface distresses are detected and measured resulting in a calculation of the pavement condition index. Then, the regression and Markov Chain models are built with R² of 0.68 and 0.88, respectively, and fused to come up with the Bayesian model. Finally, the Bayesian model is successfully validated with an R² of 0.98. It is concluded that the Bayesian model is a flexible approach that can be applied in such countries suffering from a lack of pavement condition data and can be enhanced as more data is available.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Mar 2026 09:56:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633390</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Global Perspective on Road Condition Assessment and Maintenance: Trends in Research and Technology Integration</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659661</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study conducts an extensive bibliometric review to evaluate the global evolution of pavement condition assessment and maintenance research over the last three decades. Using a dataset of 634 Scopus-indexed publications, the study applies co-authorship, citation analysis, keyword co-occurrence, bibliographic coupling, and text-based mapping to explore scholarly productivity, thematic clusters, and technological routes. Findings highlight a growing concentration around core evaluation indices such as PCI and IRI, with newer studies embracing machine learning, remote sensing, and decision-support systems. Research leadership remains concentrated in countries with advanced road infrastructure, particularly the United States, China, and Canada although contributions from emerging economies are steadily growing. Despite technological progress, a gap still exists between academic innovation and practical application. Only a small portion of the literature has influenced real-world practice, mainly because of limited resources, fragmented data, and a lack of interdisciplinary collaboration. Case studies from the Washington State Department of Transportation (DOT) and Maine DOT illustrate effective implementation of data driven and AI-enabled pavement systems. This underscores the potential of AI to automate condition assessments, enhance predictive modeling, and optimize rehabilitation strategies. However, the study also reveals key limitations, including limited model generalizability, challenges in reproducibility, and varying levels of stakeholder readiness. Future research should focus on developing open-access datasets, collaborative validation frameworks, and practical toolkits that can be readily adopted by road agencies. Moreover, integrating AI into research workflows offers valuable opportunities to connect theory with practice, creating smoother pathways from academic innovation to real-world implementation and ensuring that research delivers tangible, lasting impact.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Feb 2026 14:10:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659661</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The road divides: When funding shapes form – Assessing the connectivity impacts of China-financed light rail in Addis Ababa</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659674</link>
      <description><![CDATA[African cities like Addis Ababa face a major transport infrastructure deficit that hinders socioeconomic development. While China has responded with extensive investment, the outcomes of these projects remain contested. This paper examines the Addis Ababa Light Rail Transit (AALRT)—the first of its kind in Sub-Saharan Africa—to evaluate the long-term impacts of infrastructure financing and planning on urban mobility. Using network analysis and open data, the authors introduce a replicable evaluation protocol that quantifies changes in connectivity before and after the new light rail transit and employ statistical models to assess its impact on network-wide traffic congestion. The findings reveal that political ambitions and budget constraints led to the decision to construct a long, segregated track and eliminate multiple level crossings, resulting in extensive road closures, narrowing of arterial roads, and reduction of intersections in the city’s development corridors. The increased network detour and heavier traffic highlight that the new rail transit might have decreased the overall travel efficiency. This study underscores how funding arrangements, particularly China’s loans, have shaped the physical form and connectivity of Addis Ababa’s light rail, offering important lessons for other African cities. The authors recommend measures such as improving elevated crossings, integrating bus networks, and prioritizing long-term maintenance to address current challenges. The road divides created by China-financed infrastructure expose a crucial tension between ambitious development goals and sustainable urban mobility in developing countries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Feb 2026 14:02:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659674</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Management of Road Worksites: A PIARC Special Project</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613674</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This PIARC Special Project was commissioned to address a critical and escalating global challenge: the growing safety, mobility, and environmental burden of road worksites. Driven by the dual pressures of maintaining ageing infrastructure in established economies and unprecedented network expansion in developing regions, roadwork activity is outpacing traffic growth, and worksites have become a disproportionate source of road trauma, with the impacts felt most severely in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and by vulnerable road users (VRUs). In response to these challenges, PIARC commissioned this study to investigate current governance models and best practices from around the world. Its purpose was to synthesise these findings, benchmark capability gaps, and ultimately deliver a framework and practical toolkit. The project adopted a comprehensive global scope, examining the full worksite lifecycle and deliberately balancing the realities of high-income countries (HICs) with the unique constraints faced by LMICs to ensure its findings and outputs are universally relevant. To build a robust and multifaceted evidence base, the project employed an established mixed-methods research design. This approach was chosen to ensure findings could be triangulated and validated across multiple lines of evidence, combining quantitative scale with qualitative depth. The design integrated four parallel and complementary streams of research: a systematic literature review that screened over 10,000 academic records and catalogued hundreds of jurisdictional standards; a global survey that captured 247 responses from practitioners across 68 countries; semi-structured interviews with 13 international experts to uncover causal mechanisms; and the detailed analysis of 24 in-depth case studies from 19 countries to ground the findings in real-world practice. This dataset was woven together through an integrated synthesis process and scrutinised through a feasibility filter to ensure the resulting analysis and tools are practical and adaptable across diverse institutional settings. The principal finding of this study is that global worksite management is primarily constrained by a reactive, compliance-focused paradigm that is ill-equipped to manage risk holistically. Drawing on the principles of ISO 31000, risk is understood as “the effect of uncertainty on objectives” (p.1), and the core challenge is the systemic failure to consciously manage the inherent trade-offs between the three competing work zone objectives of project completion, system safety, and network functionality. This has resulted in a significant capability gap between HICs and LMICs, where foundational issues, including weak enforcement and misaligned contractual incentives, hinder progress. Furthermore, the analysis revealed a persistent global blind spot regarding the protection of VRUs, a systemic lack of environmental performance monitoring, and confirmed that the value of new technology is conditional upon the maturity of the surrounding governance system. These findings collectively indicate a clear set of strategic actions necessary to mature global practice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 10:56:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613674</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Training Low-Volume Road Engineers in Developing Regions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2593747</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For the past three decades, low-volume roads best engineering and management practices training has been conducted in numerous developing countries, particularly in Latin America. The training has been primarily sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service’s Office of International Programs and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), with occasional support from local agencies, the World Bank, and various universities and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Initially developed beginning around 1995 in Guatemala, Forest Service-USAID courses have been delivered in nearly every country in Central and South America, as well as in Georgia, Haiti, Morocco, Nepal, Sudan, Uganda, and Ukraine - countries where the U.S. government has long had logging, social, or technical development programs. Rural roads courses, which typically last three to five days, have included classroom instruction and at least one field day to examine local road issues, review good and bad practice, and discuss engineering and environmental solutions such as water-quality protection and wildlife crossings. Training programs highlighted in this article include: (1) logging-road training program in Bolivia; (2) reduced impact logging program and Amazon roads manual in Brazil; (3) rural-roads training in Costa Rica; and (4) World Bank training in India and China.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Oct 2025 13:15:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2593747</guid>
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