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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Research into Evaluation Method for Pedestrian Pre-Collision System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1360445</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Researchers in Japan, Europe, and the United States of America are investigating ways to help reduce pedestrian accidents. Methods of how to evaluate the pre-collision systems (PCS) for pedestrians are being considered with the goal of global dissemination and enhancement of the performance. This paper analyzes accident and near-miss incident data and proposes evaluation conditions for a pedestrian PCS. The development of a test apparatus for assessing the performance of the pedestrian PCS under the proposed evaluation conditions is also described. First, accident data were analyzed to determine the evaluation scenario. The frequency of each combination of vehicle and pedestrian behavior in pedestrian accidents was investigated. According to the analysis results, the most frequent accident scenario was a pedestrian crossing a road while a vehicle goes straight ahead. This scenario was selected for the evaluation. After collating the accident data in terms of pedestrian age, the research focused on two accident patterns: one involving elderly pedestrians and one involving children. The accident scenario evaluation conditions include the position lateral to the vehicle at which the pedestrian appears, the walking direction, vehicle speed, and the like. These specific conditions were set by analyzing pedestrian accident data and near-miss incident data. For accidents involving elderly pedestrians, two evaluation conditions were set: crossing from the left during daytime and crossing from the right at night. For children, the evaluation conditions featured a child emerging suddenly from behind a parked vehicle. Next, a pedestrian dummy capable of evaluating the PCS based on these conditions was developed. The pedestrian dummy must be compatible with the use of automotive millimeter wave radar or cameras by the PCS under the evaluation conditions. For a PCS that uses millimeter wave radar, a pedestrian dummy will be required to have low reflection intensity, a capability to reflect radar waves from the entire body, and a walking motion. For a PCS that uses cameras, a dummy must be capable of simulating a human body with both arm and leg movement. To achieve these requirements, the skeletons of the pedestrian dummy were manufactured from vinyl chloride pipes. The reflection intensity was adjusted by winding a metal tape around the entire body of the dummy. A walking mechanism which moves both the arms and the legs was provided from above the pedestrian dummy. The developed dummy successfully simulated a pedestrian by achieving a reflection intensity which is virtually identical to an actual pedestrian, and a highly realistic walking motion. Furthermore, the test apparatus was developed to assess the PCS under the proposed evaluation conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2015 13:04:55 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Measuring Serious Injuries in Traffic Crashes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1242806</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) legislates highway safety performance metrics that consider serious injuries in addition to fatalities in crashes. To assess serious injuries, states will need better ways of measuring seriously injured occupants than are typically available. The best method of assessing injury level is direct linkage between crash, EMS, and hospital databases. However, in the near term states have to rely on existing crash data, which typically have limited injury severity information. This paper summarizes work on injury severity coding systems, measures of injury severity, and definitions of serious injury. Ideal metrics have three characteristics: 1) predictive of threat-to-life, 2) wide availability, and 3) easy of use. Three injury-coding systems are discussed, including the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), the police-reported injury coding system (KABCO), and the International Classification of Disease (ICD). The crash community has general consensus that the maximum AIS score of 3 or more (MAIS 3+) is the preferred definition of serious injury. Because state crash datasets lack detailed injury coding, the authors explored using KA (killed and incapacitating) injuries as a near-term substitute for MAIS 3+. The relationship between KABCO and both fatality and serious injury is strong, but KA overestimates the number of serious injuries by about 3 times. Adding information about EMS transport did not improve performance, but hospitalization information did. The authors conclude that while direct linkage systems are being developed at the state level, KA adjusted for overcounting is a reasonable estimator of serious injuries in crashes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Apr 2013 10:55:12 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Some Research into the Environmental Impact of Roads and Traffic</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/842211</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The first section of the paper deals with noise, vibration, air pollution and visual problems. Noise prediction is discussed, both from road traffic and construction sites. The relationship is given that has been established by research into the interaction between road surface noise and the resistance of a road surface to skidding. Vibration from road traffic is the subject to skidding research, which is currently concentrating on a study of low-frequency sound. Considerable effort has been devoted to the predictive modeling of air pollution associated with exhaust emissions. Visual intrusion has been studied by both field and simulation techniques, and the subjective nature of the problem is now fully recognized and the use of panels of assessors for assessing and predicting is being experimented with. Fields of research which do not permit the disaggregated treatment referred to above are discussed under the heading of "assessment". They include studies of construction nuisance, the environmental consequences of building by-passes, public presentation of environmental information, and attitudes to heavy lorries. All this work is based to a large extent on attitude surveys accompanied wherever practicable by physical measurement. Research has shown that no simple index of environmental nuisance is practicable, whether or not based upon monetary values. It is concluded that the way ahead is to accept fully the subjective nature of the problem and to direct research more into the realm of applied psychology, both in studying peoples' attitudes to the problem and in providing ways of satisfying their aspirations. This, of course should be in addition to continuing research directed towards ameliorating environmental disbenefit and increasing benefit wherever and whenever possible.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Dec 2007 07:56:44 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>RESEARCH INTO WAYS OF ASSESSING THE ROAD AHEAD</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/217164</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reviews the work of the Transport and Road Research Laboratory, since its inception, in its work concerned with studies of road-making materials, pavement design, and the behaviour of road structures under traffic loads.  Such studies include work on road materials including strength, durability, deformation and skid resistance.  Research into the importance of consolidation led to advances in the design and construction of embankments on weak foundations.  This work also included developments in earth retaining and soil strengthening systems, and resulted in the TRRL anchored earth system. Bridge research initially concentrated on the fatigue of steel bridges and the cracking of welded connections with later attention being directed towards the corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete.  The growth in the weight and volume of road traffic has led to increased emphasis on maintenance and strength requirements of existing and future, roads and road structures.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Nov 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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