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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Catalysis by Design - Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Model Catalysts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1810934</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The development of new catalytic materials is still dominated by trial and error methods, even though the experimental and theoretical bases for their characterization have improved dramatically in recent years. Although it has been successful, the empirical development of catalytic materials is time consuming and expensive with no guarantee of success. We have been exploring computationally complex but experimentally simple systems to establish a “catalysis by design” protocol that combines the power of theory and experiment. We hope to translate the fundamental insights directly into a complete catalyst system that is technologically relevant. The essential component of this approach is that the catalysts are iteratively examined by both theoretical and experimental methods. This approach involves state-of-the-art first principle density functional theory calculations, experimental design of catalyst sites, and sub-Ångström resolution imaging with an aberration-corrected electron microscope to characterize the microstructure.         We are employing this approach to understand the catalytic sites in oxidation and lean NOx catalysts. The model material for the oxidation catalyst system is Pt/Al2O3 and that for lean NOx catalysis is Ag/Al2O3. We present our initial results on theoretical and experimental studies of the oxidation and reactivity of catalyst clusters towards O, CO, and NOx. Our theoretical studies indicate that the reaction energetics are strongly dependent on the size of the clusters as well as the extent of oxidation of the clusters. We speculate that the energetics of CO and NO oxidation may be more favorable on the oxidized clusters than on the pure Pt clusters because of the weakened adsorption of the reactants. Experimentally, we have synthesized supported catalysts that contain small metal particles that mimic the theoretical models. We have also synthesized various supported catalysts with larger metal particles. We have studied CO oxidations on these catalysts and the results (including microstructural changes in Pt particles) will also be presented. In addition, we will summarize the results of our study of microstructural changes in supported catalysts, especially Ag/Al2O3, exposed to simulated lean NOx exhaust via the ORNL ex-situ reactor in order to determine the impact of operating conditions on the catalyst.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Dec 2021 10:27:43 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>The Effect of Takeover Lead Time on Driver Workload</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1668500</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Autonomous driving has been one of the most interesting technologies in recent years with expectation of solving accidents, pollution, and traffic jams (Jo, Lee, & Kim, 2013; Schrank, Eisele, & Lomax, 2012; Singh, 2018). However, current autonomous vehicles cannot handle all driving situations. Therefore, drivers must intervene in certain situations. SAE international defined these levels of autonomous driving as partial (level 2) and conditional (level 3) autonomous driving (SAE international, 2016). In level 3 autonomous driving, drivers are not required to monitor the driving situations and they may perform non-driving related tasks (NDRTs). However, drivers must pay attention to driving situations and make an appropriate reaction when takeover request (TOR) occurs.Takeover request (TOR) is one of the major issues in autonomous driving. A human driver must be ready to transfer the control of the vehicle when TOR is given. Therefore, how and when to request the driver to transfer the control is important. In this regard, takeover lead time (TORlt) has received great attention and there are many existing scholarly works on the effect of TORlt on takeover performance (Gold et al., 2013; Gold et al., 2017; Mok, Johns, Lee, Ive et al., 2015; Mok Johns Lee, Miller et al., 2015; Payre et al., 2016; Van den Beukel & Van der Voort, 2013; Wan & Wu, 2018; Zhang et al., 2018).Besides its impact on takeover performance, TORlt also has an effect on driver workload (Eriksson & Stanton, 2017; Wan & Wu, 2018). Inappropriate TORlt makes driver overload or underload and the abnormal workload deteriorates driver performance in takeover situation (De Winter et al., 2014; Eriksson & Stanton, 2017; Hajek et al., 2013; Wan & Wu, 2018). However, these studies either did not investigate workload induced by TOR or measure driver workload in a subjective method.This study focused on workload induced by TOR. Wan & Wu (2018) stated that takeover request without sufficient time budget may increase driver workload and generate erratic driver's response. However, many researches have focused on workload while performing NDRT alone. Additionally, a few research that assessed workload induced by TOR used subjective methods. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of TORlt on driver workload in takeover situation. This study hypothesizes that workload would increase when TORlt is too short or too long. To investigate the hypothesis, an experiment was conducted with driving simulator and workload was measured by subjective and objective methods.The experiment with driving simulator was conducted with 28 participants to investigate the effect of TORlt on the driver workload. TORlt was controlled in 7 levels (3s, 7s, 10s, 15s, 30s, 45s, 60s). Each session of the experiment was dealt with one TORlt level and was conducted in random sequence. At the beginning of the session, participants had to perform the NDRT during autonomous driving. Then, they are required to identify an obstacle in ego-lane and make a lane change to avoid the collision when TOR occurs. The dependent variables in this experiment include workload measured by subjective and physiological methods. Driving Activity Load Index (DALI; Pauzie, 2008) was conducted to measure subjective workload and physiological measures including respiration rate (RSP), heart rate (HR), and galvanic skin reponse (GSR) were conducted to evaluate objective workload.The results of this study showed that TORlt had a significant effect on subjective workload. Subjective workload was increased in short TORlt as expected. Drivers, who were given the TOR with short lead time, did not have sufficient time to perceive and comprehend the driving situation nor make an appropriate decision. As a result, drivers could not cope with the takeover situation and their workload increased. However, driver workload was not increased in excessively long TORlt. Long TORlt was expected to increase driver workload because driver could assume long TORlt to be a false alarm or feel distraction (Wan & Wu, 2018). This might be because participants did not consider that 60s of TORlt was long or there was no false alarm in the experiment.There was no significant effect of TORlt on mean RSP and mean HR. This is because each participant behaved differently or regarded driving situation after the takeover as a simple driving task. In contrast to RSP and HR, TORlt had a significant effect on mean GSR. According to Kramer (1991), Physiological signals are sensitive to different resource demands (Kramer, 1991; Ryu & Myung, 2005). In this study, excessive temporal demand because of short TORlt and distraction caused by long TORlt were demands imposed on the participants. Hence, GSR which is sensitive to emotion and frustration (Kramer, 1991) was influenced by TORlt.In conclusion, the results of the study were different from the hypothesis which expected excessive workload with too short or long TORlt. Even though subjective workload and GSR partially support the hypothesis, more complicated and controlled experiment is needed to confirm the hypothesis. In the future research, experiment including complex driving task and false alarm should be conducted and it is necessary to measure physiological signals while controlling various resource demand to investigate the effect of TORlt on physiological signals.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Dec 2019 16:25:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1668500</guid>
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      <title>LAWS OF THE SIMPLE VISUAL REACTION TIME</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/13750</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fourteen studies from the literature on the reaction time (RT) to a flash of light provided sufficient methodological detail and data to allow for a quantitative analysis of the effects of the following selected variables: luminance, duration, size of stimulus, response to onset versus termination of the signal, and monocular versus binocular viewing.  Mathematical relationships were developed which can be used to predict binocular rts over a wide range of luminance, signal duration, and signal size.  It was also shown that the product of rt and luminance may be used to represent a response criterion in the sense implied by the theory of signal detection as developed in recent latency models.  The results were interpreted as suggesting two general energy processing activities--criterion development and an impulse "countdown"--going on in parallel which are in series with a sensory delay.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Feb 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/13750</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>LAWS OF THE SIMPLE VISUAL REACTION TIME</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/115652</link>
      <description><![CDATA[FOURTEEN STUDIES FROM THE LITERATURE ON THE REACTION TIME (RT) TO A FLASH OF LIGHT PROVIDED SUFFICIENT METHODOLOGICAL DETAIL AND DATA TO ALLOW FOR A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF THE FOLLOWING SELECTED VARIABLES: LUMINANCE, DURATION, SIZE OF STIMULUS, RESPONSE TO ONSET VERSUS TERMINATION OF THE SIGNAL, AND MONOCULAR VERSUS BINOCULAR VIEWING. MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIPS WERE DEVELOPED WHICH CAN BE USED TO PREDICT BINOCULAR RTS OVER A WIDE RANGE OF LUMINANCE, SIGNAL DURATION, AND SIGNAL SIZE. IT WAS ALSO SHOWN THAT THE PRODUCT OF RT AND LUMINANCE MAY BE USED TO REPRESENT A RESPONSE CRITERION IN THE SENSE IMPLIED BY THE THEORY OF SIGNAL DETECTION AS DEVELOPED IN RECENT LATENCY MODELS. THE RESULTS WERE INTERPRETED AS SUGGESTING TWO GENERAL ENERGY-PROCESSING ACTIVITIES -- CRITERION DEVELOPMENT AND AN IMPULSE "COUNTDOWN" -- GOING ON IN PARALLEL WHICH ARE IN SERIES WITH A SENSORY DELAY. /DOT/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Jun 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/115652</guid>
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