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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Examining inland river port-city interactive development from a value-added perspective: A system dynamics approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697026</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Effective port-city interactions have become a critical focus for promoting the continued development of port cities. To address this issue, this study adopts a value-added perspective to examine these interactions, overcoming traditional port throughput metric limitations in capturing the actual economic contribution of the port. Using a system dynamics approach to analyze Huai'an Port, an inland river hub port, the main results are as follows. First, the growth of the tertiary industry enhances inter-regional freight transport, moderately increases port throughput, and boosts port value-added. Second, increasing the share of waterway cargo freight volume significantly boosts cargo throughput and contributes to a certain degree of growth in port value-added, thereby supporting urban economic development. Third, while increased investment in water transport improves port capacity and throughput, its contribution to port value-added remains limited. Finally, among port-related industries, an increase in employment in the port derivative service industry has the most substantial impact on enhancing port value-added. These results highlight the necessity to prioritize industrial transformation and upgrading, enhance the planning and development of the inland river network, optimize port resource utilization, and improve inland river shipping services.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 May 2026 17:11:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697026</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Efficiency of the Middle Corridor: Analysis Based on Empirical Evidence from Georgia’s Transport Sector</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579678</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Maritime shipping, while being dominant in global transportation, is complemented significantly by land-based transport corridors. These corridors link production centres, ports, and markets, as well as facilitate seamless trade, especially benefiting land-locked and transit countries. Land-based transport corridors enhance regional integration, economic cooperation, cross-border trade, and direct investments. This paper focuses on the Middle Corridor, or the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route, which represents nowadays a crucial land-based multimodal corridor linking China and Europe. Due to current geo-political developments, the route’s role has increased significantly. The Middle Corridor offers a vital alternative by reducing transit times and costs and promoting regional stability and cooperation, especially in transit countries, such as Georgia, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan. Still despite its potential, the Middle Corridor faces significant challenges due to its multilateral nature and infrastructural bottlenecks. The study specifically examines these challenges from the perspective of logistics stakeholders based in Georgia, highlighting infrastructure deficiencies and regulatory issues. Based on qualitative and quantitative data, which was collected by authors from May to June 2024, this study conducts an analysis of the corridor’s challenges and proposes structural solutions to enhance its role in global trade and regional economic resilience.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579678</guid>
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      <title>High-Speed Rail as a Sustainable Alternative to Air Travel with an Example of Travelling Between Copenhagen and Stockholm</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2581743</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As European cities continue to expand their interconnectivity, High-Speed Rail (HSR) emerges as a pivotal element in sustainable transportation planning. This paper explores the viability of HSR as both a competitive and integrative transport mode, with a specific focus on the route between Copenhagen and Stockholm. The current air travel option for this route takes about one hour of flight time. However, this does not account for the additional 1.5 h required for airport check-in and security, plus the commute from Stockholm's Arlanda Airport, located 46 km away, to the city center. The entire journey from Copenhagen to Stockholm, therefore, effectively consumes about half a day when considering all transit and waiting times. Conversely, the existing rail connection between these two cities takes approximately 5.5 h, and car travel extends to about 7.5 h, including the costs associated with the Øresund Bridge toll and Stockholm city center road tolls. This paper proposes that a dedicated HSR link could dramatically reduce ground travel time to a competitive range of approximately 2.5 to 3 h. By analyzing current infrastructure, passenger flow data, and economic implications, the study assesses the potential shifts in passenger preferences and the resulting impacts on both the aviation and automotive sectors. This analysis includes environmental considerations, where HSR offers significant reductions in carbon emissions compared to air travel. Additionally, the paper discusses logistical and economic challenges involved in integrating HSR with existing transport networks and evaluates the potential for HSR to enhance regional accessibility and economic development. The study also examines potential financing models for HSR development, exploring public–private partnerships, government funding, and European Union subsidies as viable funding sources. Furthermore, this paper addresses the social implications of HSR, including its ability to reduce travel-related stress and increase productivity among commuters. It also considers the broader geopolitical implications, such as HSR's role in promoting EU cohesion and reducing dependency on fossil fuels in line with the European Green Deal. This comprehensive evaluation aims to position HSR as a transformative force in European transport, advocating for policy shifts that favor long-term sustainability over short-term convenience. By doing so, it seeks to contribute to the ongoing discussions on transport infrastructure development, encouraging a move towards more sustainable and integrated transport solutions in Europe. The paper concludes by proposing policy recommendations for governments and international bodies to support the expansion of HSR networks across the continent, highlighting the critical role of comprehensive planning and cross-border cooperation in realizing these ambitions. By providing a detailed comparative analysis of HSR with existing transportation options and emphasizing its benefits in terms of efficiency, environmental impact, and social value, this study aims to inform policymakers and stakeholders about the strategic importance of investing in HSR as a cornerstone of future European mobility strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2581743</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tripartite evolutionary game of route subsidies for small and medium-sized airport groups based on composite system synergy model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684303</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the development of the air transport industry, the role of small and medium-sized airport groups (SMSAGs) in expanding air coverage and promoting balanced regional development has become increasingly prominent. However, their integrated operation faces challenges such as interest coordination among multiple subjects, and the route subsidy policy is a key instrument to address this issue. This paper focuses on SMSAGs as the research object, combines the Composite System Synergy (CSS) model, and explores the tripartite game among airports, airlines, and passengers in the context of route subsidies. Firstly, an evaluation index system for the synergy degree of SMSAGs is constructed from three subsystems: civil aviation transportation, urban development, and ground transportation. The coordinated development level is quantified through the order degree of subsystems and the synergy degree of composite system. Secondly, a tripartite evolutionary game model is established under the scenario where SMSAGs initiate an integrated operation mode due to weather conditions. The dynamic evolution process of strategy selection by airports, airlines, and passengers, as well as the stability of system equilibrium points, are analyzed. Finally, an empirical analysis and numerical simulation are performed using the Baoshan-Tengchong-Mangshi (BTM) airport group in Western Yunnan Province as a case study. Findings indicate that the synergy degree of SMSAGs exerts a phased impact on route subsidy strategy selection: when the synergy degree is low, airports tend to adopt a “variable subsidy” strategy, whereas they tend to shift toward a “fixed subsidy” strategy when the synergy degree is high. Factors such as passenger transfer probability, airline service level, incremental passengers, and ticket prices significantly influence the direction of system equilibrium. The research results can provide a theoretical basis and practical reference for the coordinated development of SMSAGs and the optimization of route subsidy policies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2026 10:15:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684303</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rural Road in Narrowing Regional Income Inequality: A Quasi-natural Experiment from China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679686</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Universal access to basic public services serves as a critical mechanism for reducing income inequality and advancing social equity. However, the potential of rural road infrastructure in realizing social equality remains inadequately addressed. Based on multi-year panel data, nighttime light data, and enterprise data from online platforms, this study explores the effect of the Chinese ‘Four Good Rural Roads’ project on income inequality for the first time, and further analyzes the crucial role of roads in promoting equality of opportunity and increasing county-level industries. We found that rural roads can significantly narrow the income gap at the county level and boost the development of local industries, and this effect has a significant spatial spillover effect and decreases with physical distance. Meanwhile, we also find that there is great heterogeneity in this effect across different regions. These findings indicate that building roads in underdeveloped rural areas can bring more benefits, fill in the shortcomings, and have a more significant impact on the income gap. So that governments should favour disadvantaged areas in road investment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 08:56:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679686</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Toward equity in network design: understanding investment preferences</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652745</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A fair distribution of transport benefits has long been a goal of transport agencies and planners seeking to design networks that advance social inclusion and equity. This paper investigates how ethical orientations shape citizens’ preferences for equity in transport investment. Drawing on a Stated Choice experiment with 2,050 Australian residents, an Integrated Choice and Latent Variable (ICLV) model is developed to capture how these latent ethical constructs influence preferences for key transport investment attributes, including distribution of travel costs, safety, environmental sustainability, and fairness across population groups. The findings reveal that respondents’ moral and empathetic orientations significantly affect their evaluation of equity impacts and that socio-demographic attributes further moderate these relationships. The study provides policy insights for reducing regional and socio-economic disparities in mobility outcomes and promoting more inclusive transport investment decisions, contributing to the design of transport systems that are both efficient and grounded in social justice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Mar 2026 16:59:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652745</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Promoting transition towards sustainable air transport systems: A hybrid decision support system for effective national-level performance evaluation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652343</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Air transport plays a pivotal role in enhancing economic development by supporting trade, tourism, and regional competitiveness. The growing environmental concerns and social expectations have necessitated the transition towards sustainable air transport systems. Sustainable air transport refers to aviation activities that balance environmental, economic, and social objectives, aiming to minimize carbon emissions, promote renewable energy usage, and enhance socio-economic welfare. In this study, a novel multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM)-based decision support system (DSS) is proposed to evaluate the sustainable air transport performance of the European countries. The main objective of this research is to develop a comprehensive and integrative framework for measuring and ranking the sustainable air transport performance of nations. A hybrid method, termed fractional fuzzy–ranking comparison-response to criteria weighting (RANCOM)–response to criteria weighting (RECA)–ranking technique by geometric mean of similarity ratio to optimal solution (RATGOS), is introduced. DSS consists of five main stages: expert-based subjective weighting using fractional fuzzy RANCOM, objective weighting via RECA, aggregation of weights, and final performance ranking through the RATGOS method. The results indicate that Germany ranks highest, while Cyprus has the lowest sustainable air transport performance among the evaluated countries. The criterion "commercial aircraft fleet by age of aircraft" is determined to have the highest importance among the sustainable air transport performance indicators. The study provides a comprehensive, replicable framework for policymakers and stakeholders aiming to monitor and improve sustainable aviation systems. It contributes to the literature by addressing the gap in national-level sustainable air transport performance evaluation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Mar 2026 16:59:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652343</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Transport equity and COVID-19: a systematic review of accessibility and policy implications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2651384</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The COVID-19 pandemic and its containment measures have significantly impacted both physical and virtual accessibility, disproportionately affecting disadvantaged populations and exacerbating transport inequities. This study systematically reviews 63 peer-reviewed publications, supplemented by key reports from professional institutes and international organizations, to examine how transport equity was addressed during the pandemic and to identify strategies for improvement. Four key strategies are proposed: developing targeted emergency response plans to ensure access for disadvantaged populations; enhancing support for alternatives to private car travel, such as micromobility, shared mobility, and public transit; reconfiguring land use and promoting mixed-use development to improve accessibility; and advancing an equity-focused digital transformation to address disparities in virtual accessibility. The study suggests future research directions, including cross-regional and longitudinal studies, and integrating subjective and objective measures to better understand the combined effects of physical and virtual accessibility on transport behaviors during the pandemic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 08:40:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2651384</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyzing Regional Travel Mode Choice Behavior: A Study on Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) Adoption in Delhi NCR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659332</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rapid urbanization in Delhi NCR highlights urgency for sustainable transit solutions. India’s first regional rapid transit system (RRTS) along the Delhi-Meerut corridor holds transformative potential, yet the factors influencing its adoption remain underexplored. This study investigates key factors of RRTS preference and its impact on regional travel mode choice. Using a two-stage methodology. first, an expert survey using multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques (TOPSIS, MOORA, and GRA) ranked service quality attributes. After identifying key attributes and incorporating them into the questionnaire survey, 672 respondents, integrating revealed preference (RP) and stated preference (SP) data, was analysed using Multinomial Logit (MNL) and Mixed Multinomial Logit (MMNL) models, with MMNL outperforming MNL. Results show that travel time, safety, and cost significantly influence regional travel mode choice, while daily commuters, working professionals, and younger users prefer RRTS, with women favouring it for safety. Willingness to Pay (WTP) estimates reveal commuters value waiting time reductions more than in-vehicle time savings, with elasticities indicating high sensitivity to fare and travel time. These findings provide actionable insights for policymakers to optimize pricing strategies, enhance safety features, and improve service efficiency, thereby promoting a significant modal shift towards sustainable public transport and contributing to reduced congestion and emissions in the Delhi NCR.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:20:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659332</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>High-speed rail as a tool for regional development? Motivations, decision-making and spatial effects in Europe</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2668530</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Despite concerns about the limited net economic benefits of high-speed rail (HSR) projects linking core and peripheral regions, HSR continues to feature prominently on European policy agendas as a tool to address spatial socioeconomic disparities. Building on the discussion around the Lelylijn, a proposed rail link between northern Netherlands and the Randstad, the country’s main metropolitan core, this paper examines rationales and decision-making processes behind realized HSR projects across Europe and how these align with evidence on their observed spatial impacts. Using a mixed-methods approach that combines a systematic literature review with expert interviews across selected European cases, the analysis shows that while traditional appraisal frameworks emphasize aggregate economic returns and direct user benefits, policy rationales increasingly reflect equity-oriented objectives, such as reducing regional disparities and promoting sustainable development. Current appraisal practices are perceived to be limited in their ability to capture these broader and more uncertain effects, particularly redistributive shifts in economic activity that extend beyond linear projections of direct user benefits. The findings point towards a growing desire to situate HSR debates and appraisal within wider spatial planning considerations, such as climate adaptation, demographic change, housing, and social cohesion, rather than focusing narrowly on direct economic returns.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2668530</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How transportation infrastructure promotes digital industry agglomeration? A perspective on cross-regional innovation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663812</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Digital industry agglomeration is increasingly becoming a key driver in promoting and reshaping sustained economic growth. However, the underlying mechanisms and key factors driving formation of the agglomeration of digital industry remain unclear. To address this issue, this study examines the relationship between transportation infrastructure and digital industry agglomeration. In addition, cross-regional innovation is included as moderating variable. Based on panel data from 31 regions in mainland China spanning from 2008 to 2023, this study analyzes the impact of transportation infrastructure on digital industry agglomeration by constructing a baseline regression model and a spatial Durbin model. In addition, heterogeneity analysis is conducted by considering regional characteristics, policy orientation, and periods, respectively. The results are as follows. (1) There is a significant inverted U-shaped relationship between transportation infrastructure and digital industry agglomeration. (2) The moderating effect shows that cross-regional innovation weakens the inverted U-shaped relationship between transportation infrastructure and digital industry agglomeration. (3) Heterogeneity analysis shows that the inverted U-shaped relationship between transportation infrastructure and digital industry agglomeration is more prominent in regions with developed economies and lack of policy improvement. Overall, this study provides insights to better understand the impact of transportation infrastructure on digital industry agglomeration, and offers several practical implications for promoting digital industry agglomeration.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Feb 2026 09:10:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663812</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dar es Salaam’s Bus-Rapid-Transit system in view of systemic criticality</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652952</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Dar es Salaam Bus Rapid Transit (DBRT) system is a cornerstone of urban mobility and socioeconomic development. However, its fixed-route, centralized design makes it highly vulnerable to flood-related disruptions, a risk exacerbated by climate change, unplanned urban development, and the loss of green spaces. Using DBRT, as case study this paper assesses systemic criticality of a transport system through surveys, key-informant interviews, participatory scenario workshops, and secondary research. The findings reveal profound logical and physical interdependencies between the DBRT and key economic sectors; a disruption could therefore cascade through critical infrastructures vital to the regional socioeconomic systems. To mitigate these risks, the study recommends integrating disaster risk management into transit planning, formalizing informal transportation for redundancy, and promoting nature-based solutions, such as recuperating wetland and green covers, to buffer against flooding and sea-level raise. Long-term strategies should pursue polycentric urban design to decrease reliance on centralized infrastructure. This study underscores the necessity of systemic criticality assessments for building resilient transit systems in rapidly growing cities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Feb 2026 13:52:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652952</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimal second-tier hub port for enhanced infrastructure connectivity in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2620717</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper explores the strategic positioning of second-tier hub ports within the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). The primary aim is to augment maritime transport and seabound trade by optimising containerisation transhipment and distribution processes. This paper addressed a specialised variant of the single hub location-allocation problem by focusing on a designated second-tier hub port within the RCEP region. This study describes the optimal placement of this hub port and the corresponding feeder port allocations to enhance transhipment efficiency, regional connectivity, and feeder service distribution throughout the RCEP. This analysis identifies Songkhla Port as the most suitable location for establishing a second-tier hub port by utilising an integer linear programming model tailored for single allocation scenarios. The findings provide valuable insights that could strengthen the development and execution of evidence-based policies and strategic initiatives, thereby strengthening maritime infrastructure and promoting economic integration across the RCEP.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Jan 2026 09:11:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2620717</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing “time-space compression” and accessibility of transnational railway operation scenarios in China's periphery</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2623290</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transnational railways play a crucial role in promoting regional economic development and enhancing international exchanges and cooperation. However, the impacts of different transnational railway operation scenarios on international transportation patterns remain insufficiently explored. Using two accessibility indicators—average travel time (ATT) and potential accessibility (PA)—and combining “time-space map” with spatial analysis methods, this study simulates changes in accessibility patterns across China and neighboring countries under scenarios of gradually operational transnational railways. The results indicate that with the progressive opening of planned railways, accessibility gradually improves in China's periphery, although different indicators and regions show different patterns. In addition, the study area demonstrates notable time-space compression effects, forming three distinct clusters: Southeast Asian countries, China-Nepal-India, and Uzbekistan-Kyrgyzstan-China-Pakistan. These findings provide valuable insights for decision-makers involved in transnational railway construction, supporting regional integration and development goals.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Dec 2025 09:53:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2623290</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Uncovering the social and spatial effects of fare cuts on public transport with mobile geolocation data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2596991</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Subsidizing public transit fares is a common policy tool for promoting sustainable mobility and reducing car dependency. Nonetheless, few studies have been able to investigate the causal impact of large fare subsidies on travel behavior patterns. This study investigates the impacts of a nationwide fare reduction policy in Germany: the Deutschlandticket (DT), which priced regional and local transit at 49 euros per month, effective from May 2023 through December 2024. Using large-scale mobile geolocation data from over 11.1 million mobile phone devices, covering 11.7 billion geolocation records in March, April, and May for 2022 and 2023, we employed a time-shifted difference-in-difference model to assess changes in visitor volumes and distance of trips to various locations across Germany. Our results indicate that the D-Ticket increased visit numbers (+26.2%) and increased travel distances (+11.8%) in the first month. Moreover, we found that the impact varied spatially and socioeconomically: urban centers such as high-activity hubs experienced the highest increase in visits and travel distance. Areas visited by a higher share of the foreign population (residents w/o German citizenship) and people from low-rent areas benefited the most, seeing more substantial increases in trips and distances. These results contribute to understanding the effectiveness of transit policy interventions by offering large-scale, high-resolution, and previously unobserved evidence of how they influenced mobility in Germany. Our study provides valuable insights into the broader impacts of public transit pricing, informing equitable and effective fare subsidy policies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Nov 2025 10:22:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2596991</guid>
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