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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Design and Implementation of Energy-Efficient Wireless Tire Sensing System With Delay Analysis for Intelligent Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2591784</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The growing prevalence of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies has led to a rise in the popularity of intelligent vehicles that incorporate a range of sensors to monitor various aspects, such as driving speed, fuel usage, distance proximity and tire anomalies. Nowadays, real-time tire sensing systems play important roles for intelligent vehicles in increasing mileage, reducing fuel consumption, improving driving safety, and reducing the potential for traffic accidents. However, the current tire sensing system drains a significant vehicle' energy and lacks effective collection of sensing data, which may not guarantee the immediacy of driving safety. Thus, this paper designs an energy-efficient wireless tire sensing system (WTSS), which leverages energy-saving techniques to significantly reduce power consumption while ensuring data retrieval delays during real-time monitoring. Additionally, we mathematically analyze the worst-case transmission delay of the system to ensure the immediacy based on the collision probabilities of sensor transmissions. This system has been implemented and verified by the simulation and field trial experiments. These results show that the proposed scheme provides enhanced performance in energy efficiency and accurately identifies the worst transmission delay.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Oct 2025 17:03:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2591784</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Laboratory Characterization of the Dynamic Response of Truck Tires</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2196774</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Vehicle dynamics models rely on accurate input to estimate fuel consumption, dynamic loading, and ride comfort. One of those inputs is the tire’s responses to loading, usually given as a linear spring and a dashpot connected in parallel. This paper determines the load response and variation with the excitation frequency of two truck tires—a dual tire assembly (DTA) and a new-generation wide-base tire (WBT). The experimental program included variations in load, tire inflation pressure, displacement amplitude, and frequency. The tire was mounted to an axle frame connected to a 250-kN servo-hydraulic actuator, which applied the load to the tire frame. The experimental procedure was to load the tire assembly to the desired value, hold the load constant for 1 min to avoid residual deformations, and then apply a displacement-controlled sinusoidal wave at angular frequencies of 0.63, 3.14, 6.3, and 15.7 rad/s and three amplitudes (1.27, 2.54, and 5.08 mm). The loads applied to the tires were 26.7, 31.1, 35.6, 40.0, and 44.5 kN, and the tire-inflation pressures were 552, 689, and 827 kPa. Stiffness and damping depended on frequency, and simple equations were proposed to calculate the tire’s dynamic response. Regression analysis of the damping and stiffness was completed using power and polynomial functions. At constant amplitudes, the damping decreased exponentially with an increase in frequency, while stiffness exhibited a peak of around 3.14 rad/s. For a tire pressure of 689 kPa and an applied load of 40.0 kN, the largest difference in dynamic stiffness and damping between the WBT and DTA was 23.3% and 35.9%, respectively.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Dec 2023 11:25:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2196774</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The effect of camber control on power consumption during handling manoeuvres</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2239844</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Vehicle power consumption is receiving widespread attention in the industry. One of the approaches is to include camber control to reduce power loss during cornering. This approach changes the camber angle during cornering, reducing the steering angle needed. The published literature is limited to semi-empirical tyre models and simplified vehicle models. This investigation uses a physics-based tyre model and a full vehicle model to verify if the power savings reported in the literature are indeed achievable. The simulation results indicate that the reported power savings are indeed possible, but that the power saved during normal driving is limited. It is concluded that camber control is not suited to reducing power consumption during normal driving. A deeper investigation revealed that the use of radial tyres is one explanation for this finding. Camber control is thus not recommended as a power-saving strategy for practical applications using traditional radial tyres.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Sep 2023 14:46:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2239844</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Investigation of Tire Inflation Pressure on Fuel Consumption for Off-Road Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2166240</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a comprehensive investigation aimed to assess the effect of tire inflation pressure on the fuel consumption of a typical 4×4 off-road vehicle over unprepared soft terrains. For this purpose, a fourteen-degrees-of-freedom (14-DOF) full parametrized vehicle model is employed and numerically simulated in MATLAB/Simulink™ environment. This model is intended to consider all the rotational dynamics and compliances of all-wheel-drivetrain aggregates using SimDriveline™ toolbox including engine, transmission, differentials, shafts and wheels. Numerous simulations are carried out to examine both the tractive efficiency and fuel consumption considering all power losses in transmission, terrains and tire slippage over different operating conditions such as terrain’s mechanical properties, tire weight distribution and drivetrain configurations (open or locked center differential). Furthermore, the fuel consumption is evaluated during two separate driving scenarios namely; maximum drawbar-pull and Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck (HHDDT) drive cycle. Simulation results showed that, tire inflation pressure is significantly affecting both the tractive efficiency and fuel economy of the vehicle over unprepared terrains. As a conclusion, tire inflation pressure is controlling both the shape and the forces of tire-terrain contact area and accordingly is dominating the dynamic balance between the applied driving torque from engine and the resisting moments from terrain which in turn affecting engine fuel consumption.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 May 2023 15:55:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2166240</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Method for calculating the track depth after successive wheel runs on deformable soil</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1993238</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wheeled vehicles (tractors, cars, earth-moving machines, trailers, etc.) used in the municipal service are designed to work both on hard and on deformable soil surfaces. When driving on the ground, the power consumption required to ensure the movement of a wheeled vehicle increases sharply. Questions arise related to the cross-country performance of vehicles, their controllability, loads in the transmission. In this regard, it becomes necessary to consider various aspects of the movement of these vehicles on deformable soil, in particular, determining the depth of the track left by the vehicle. This paper presents a method for replacing a deformable wheel with a pneumatic tire with an equivalent wheel of a larger radius, and also considers a method for determining the equivalent radii of the wheels, which makes it possible to determine the track depth with successive passes of pneumatic tires on various deformable soils. The required radii of equivalent wheels can be found by the described method using the results of experiments. The results of calculations using the derived formulas are in good agreement with the experimental data, which indicate the practical applicability of the obtained dependences.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Sep 2022 11:49:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1993238</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Energy reduction by power loss minimisation through wheel torque allocation in electric vehicles: a simulation-based approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948252</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As vehicles become increasingly electrified, electrical machines for propulsion can be divided into many sources making the vehicle highly over-actuated. For over-actuated vehicles, the allocation of a propulsive force is an underdetermined process with respect to both the number of wheels and electrical machines. Hence, the allocation can be made to favour particular attributes such as energy consumption. In this study, a vehicle equipped with four identical electric motors with a fixed transmission ratio connected through a half-shaft and a coupling to one wheel respectively is driven a 2-h-long city cycle in the vicinity of Göteborg. Two different control allocation methods are presented to distribute torque momentaneously based on driver request while minimising power losses in electric motor and inverter as well as tyres. One method is a quadratic programming optimisation and the other is an offline exhaustive search method resulting in a look-up table based on requested torque and actual speed. The two methods are compared to other torque distribution strategies based on fixed distribution ratio and equal tyre-to-road friction utilisation. It was found that using the developed optimisation algorithms, a reduction of up to 3.9% in energy consumption can be obtained.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Jun 2022 17:07:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948252</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rolling Resistance Effect of Tire Road Contact in Electric Vehicle Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1832154</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The increasing demand of energy use in transportation systems combined with the limited supply of fossil hydrocarbons to support conventional engines has led to a strong resurgence in interest for electric vehicles (EVs). Although EVs offer the possibility of decoupling the issue of energy source from the primary torque generator in an automobile, the current technology is yet to match the well-developed internal combustion (IC) systems, especially in terms of energy capacity and travel range. In this study, the influence of rolling-resistance on the energy efficiency and road holding of electric vehicles is investigated. Rolling resistance is taken in the context of energy loss (e.g. the mechanical energy converted into other sources of energy) for a unit distance traveled by the tire. Considering that the primary factors that affect rolling resistance are pavement features (e.g. texture, stiffness and profile) together with temperature, vehicle speed and tire inflation pressure, a comprehensive simulation study has been conducted utilizing a vehicle model representing chassis dynamics with a battery electric powertrain and a specified tire model to account for rolling-resistance effects. A series of simulations are performed on given urban and highway drive cycles which are determined based on the standard assumption that the vehicle has to be equipped with drive motors that have a combined power of 30 kW in order to overcome the road load during normal driving and based on the assumption that a specific motor output of approximately 1 kW/kg can be considered to be an appropriate guideline for generic electric motors. At the end, the results are analyzed for estimating the amount of energy that can be saved by reducing such losses and the extended travel range in comparison to available examples of similar results for commercial vehicles in public domain.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Dec 2021 10:37:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1832154</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Steering Kickback Diminution on EHPS for Enhancing Vehicle Ride Comfort and Handling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1829688</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electro-Hydraulic Power Steering (EHPS) system is used in modern vehicles to effect reduction in fuel consumption rate and steering effort. The mechanical linkages between the steering wheel and tire, transfers road shocks to steering wheel as high amplitude vibration. This high amplitude vibration causes the steering wheel to deviate from driver intended position. This phenomenon is called steering kickback. The initial objective is to reduce the steering kickback with minimum changes in the vehicle systems. Using check valve is one of the inexpensive and easy operational counter measures. Vehicle level tests were done to evaluate the countermeasure and it was found to have approximately 55 % reduction in kickback. Multi Body Dynamics (MBD) simulation is done using ADAMS/Car to establish the vehicle parameters involve in steering kickback. Full car model was simulated using the experimental conditions and validated. Finally from the simulation, optimized vehicle parameters are identified to reduce the steering kickback.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Dec 2021 10:37:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1829688</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vehicle Ride Response to New Widebase Tires and Conventional Dual Tires</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1795633</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new generation of wide-base tires has been introduced to the market in the past two years [1]. The target for these tires is to lower operating costs and improve efficiency within the trucking industry by lowering fuel consumption and increasing payload. Initial reactions from drivers suggest that these tires, when compared to conventional dual tires, provide not only fuel and weight savings but also a smoother ride.         A 12 degree-of-freedom model of the vertical dynamic response [2,3] was used to explain drivers’ reactions. The model uses tire parameters such as mass, stiffness and damping ratio as input, in addition to vehicle inertial, geometric, and suspension parameters. Random road inputs are characterized by a power spectral density of the vertical profile.         Initial results show that the vertical and longitudinal acceleration of the driver is significantly reduced in certain frequency ranges for the truck equipped with new wide-base tires as compared to dual tires. This paper will discuss the vehicle response to different tires and will provide an explanation of why drivers feel the ride is smoother with the new wide-base tires.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Dec 2021 10:21:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1795633</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Diesel Fuel by Scrap-Tyre Thermal-Mechanical Pyrolysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1778926</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Current energy policies are encouraging the near-term use of fuels derived from civil and industrial waste residues, giving new perspectives for their disposal.         The possibility of using, in Diesel engines, a liquid fuel derived from waste synthetic polymeric matrices, such as scrap tyres, is evaluated in this paper. The fuel is obtained by means of an innovative technology based on a thermo-mechanical cracking process at moderate temperatures and pressures.         A preliminary investigation was carried out on a 440 cm3 single-cylinder Diesel engine for stationary applications using a commercial automotive Diesel fuel (UNI-EN 590:2010) and two mixtures of automotive Diesel fuel and tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO): the first one containing 20% TPO by volume, the other containing 40% TPO. With the first mixture, test bench results in terms of engine torque, power, specific fuel consumption and exhaust emissions are similar to the ones relative to automotive Diesel fuel, whereas the use of the mixture with 40% TPO leads to a general worsening in engine combustion features.         Lubricant oil analysis, made at the end of the tests, proves a certain level of lube oil dilution due to fuel leaking into the oil sump.         The toxicity levels of the exhaust particulate matter were analysed and result to be the same using automotive Diesel fuel and both the mixtures of Diesel fuel and TPO.         No meaningful mechanical inconvenience occurred during the engine tests. Nevertheless, long-time reliability of the injection system, as well as of the entire engine, has to be verified.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Dec 2021 10:12:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1778926</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>On Nonlinear Model Predictive Control for Energy-Efficient Torque-Vectoring</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1770770</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A recently growing literature discusses the topics of direct yaw moment control based on model predictive control (MPC), and energy-efficient torque-vectoring (TV) for electric vehicles with multiple powertrains. To reduce energy consumption, the available TV studies focus on the control allocation layer, which calculates the individual wheel torque levels to generate the total reference longitudinal force and direct yaw moment, specified by higher level algorithms to provide the desired longitudinal and lateral vehicle dynamics. In fact, with a system of redundant actuators, the vehicle-level objectives can be achieved by distributing the individual control actions to minimize an optimality criterion, e.g., based on the reduction of different power loss contributions. However, preliminary simulation and experimental studies – not using MPC – show that further important energy savings are possible through the appropriate design of the reference yaw rate. This paper presents a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) implementation for energy-efficient TV, which is based on the concurrent optimization of the reference yaw rate and wheel torque allocation. The NMPC cost function weights are varied through a fuzzy logic algorithm to adaptively prioritize vehicle dynamics or energy efficiency, depending on the driving conditions. The results show that the adaptive NMPC configuration allows stable cornering performance with lower energy consumption than a benchmarking fuzzy logic TV controller using an energy-efficient control allocation layer.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Mar 2021 17:45:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1770770</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Design and Experimental Investigation of a Self-Tuning Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting System for Intelligent Vehicle Wheels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1686501</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article proposes a piezoelectric energy harvester to supply power for low-consumption devices in intelligent vehicle wheels. The harvester is embedded in the spoke and possesses the ability of self-tuning due to the centrifugal force in the rotational motion. A dynamic model suitable for design is derived through the Euler-Lagrange method and verified by experiments. In order to facilitate the design of the harvester, the concept of design factor is proposed and discussed. The wheel's rotational characteristics is measured by a road test and a harvester is designed for the R16 wheel. An experimental platform with Macro Fiber Composite is built and the output power of 0.61-6.28 mW is achieved at the wheel speeds from 40 to 120 kph on real road test. The results demonstrate that the proposed piezoelectric energy harvester can be applied to establish a wireless self-sufficient intelligent vehicle wheel system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2020 12:24:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1686501</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A novel method to improve vehicle energy efficiency: Minimization of tire power loss</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1686389</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The importance of energy efficiency, as one of the most crucial issues in automotive industry, has grown more rapidly considering the global energy crisis and climate change in recent years. This paper aims to introduce a method to increase the powertrain efficiency based on the minimization of tire power loss. Slip resistance is taken into account as well as rolling resistance to yield the modified tire resistance considered in this study. It is shown that the general optimal control problem can be reduced to an instantaneous minimization problem in which the equivalent force of tire power loss is to be minimized at each instant of time. Moreover, tire inflation pressure is selected as the control input bearing its major influence on tire resistance and its potential of being controllable in the mind. In addition, a polynomial inverse tire model is developed in order to find the solution of the minimization problem with lower computational cost. The coefficients used in inverse tire model are characterized as a function of friction coefficient, normal load, and inflation pressure so that the reliability and accuracy of the model are guaranteed under different conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed online control system, called Tire Inflation Pressure Regulation System, is simulated in some driving cycles, i.e. NEDC, FTP, HWFET, and ARTEMIS-Urban, and it is shown that up to 2% improvement is achievable.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2020 16:47:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1686389</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Decoupling Vehicle Work from Powertrain Properties in Vehicle Fuel Consumption</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1560742</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The fuel consumption of a vehicle is shown to be linearly proportional to (1) total vehicle work required to drive the cycle due to mass and acceleration, tire friction, and aerodynamic drag and (2) the powertrain (PT) mechanical losses, which are approximately proportional to the engine displaced volume per unit distance travelled (displacement time gearing). The fuel usage increases linearly with work and displacement over a wide range of applications, and the rate of increase is inversely proportional to the marginal efficiency of the engine. The theoretical basis for these predictions is reviewed. Examples from current applications are discussed, where a single PT is used across several vehicles. A full vehicle cycle simulation model also predicts a linear relationship between fuel consumption, vehicle work, and displacement time gearing and agrees well with the application data. When the fuel consumption of a PT is measured or predicted at a few distinct vehicle work levels for different gearings and engine displacements, the data can be used to develop a simple regression model which accurately captures the effects of weight, aerodynamic drag, tire rolling resistance, engine displacement, final drive ratio, and tire size changes. The number of detailed fuel consumption simulations required for PT application studies can therefore be greatly reduced.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Oct 2019 09:32:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1560742</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation for Container Handling Performance with Power Peak Control on Electric RTG in Container Terminal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1518868</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Container terminal acts as an important intermodal node that connects cargo sea and land transportation mode. It is an important infrastructure supporting Japan’s socioeconomic activities. Maritime container logistics faces many challenges environmental issues such as reduction of CO2 at ports and operational costs for international competition. A solution of introducing electric rubber-tired gantry (RTG) system is effective to suppress greenhouse gas emission, but there are some problems such as the increase in total amount of electrical consumption and a peak of electric consumption especially during summer. In this study, the authors construct a detail simulation model of seaside operation of container terminal with consideration of restriction of electric usage and examine the influence of electric RTG deployment system to suppress the power peak in Hakata Island City Container Terminal.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Dec 2018 10:27:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1518868</guid>
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