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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>The effect of time-extended evasive swerving maneuvers on occupants’ bracing strategies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2617060</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Occupant bracing behavior in pre-crash maneuvers has been previously investigated but the effect of the duration of the pre-crash maneuver on bracing is unknown. This is critical to understand as time-extended pre-crash maneuvers may emerge in cases where drivers lose control of a vehicle and in autonomous vehicles as they may take different approaches to avoid crashes than the current vehicles. Therefore, the aim of this study was to understand the effect of pre-crash maneuver duration on child and adult occupants’ bracing behavior and resulting kinematics. Forty seatbelt restrained subjects (9–40 years old) experienced sled-simulated time-extended lateral swerving maneuvers (8 s, 4 cycles, peak acceleration 0.7 g) producing an alternating motion initially out-of-the-belt, followed by into-the-belt for each cycle. In a braced condition, subjects were instructed to hold on to a laterally placed handle with their right hand before the maneuver onset, while in an unbraced condition no instructions were given. A 3D-motion capture system, electromyography (EMG), and seatbelt load cells captured head and trunk kinematics (normalized to seated height), muscle activation (normalized to maximum voluntary isometric contraction, MVIC), and seatbelt reaction forces (normalized to body weight), respectively. The effects of cycles and interaction with bracing and age on peak lateral head and trunk displacement into- and out-of-the belt were examined with Mixed-Effects Models and Tukey’s post-hoc tests (p ≤ 0.05). Out-of-the-belt peak lateral head and trunk displacements were the greatest in the first cycle and the smallest in the second cycle (p<0.01). The third and four cycles were not significantly different from one another (p>0.8). Into-the-belt peak lateral head and trunk displacements were smaller in the first cycle than the remaining cycles (p<0.001) and were not significantly different across the remaining cycles (p>0.8). No interactions between cycle, age and bracing were found (p>0.3). Right bicep, trapezius and rectus femoris activations slightly increased with increasing cycles in the unbraced condition and in the into-the-belt direction for the 9–11 year-old group. Out-of-belt seat belt loads increased with increasing cycles in the unbraced condition for all age groups. Occupant kinematics as a result of their bracing behavior changed across cycles of swerving maneuvers from an exaggerated displacement in cycle 1 to an overcompensation due to bracing in cycle 2, ending with a plateau of a moderate displacement in cycle 3 and 4. Younger children (age 9–11) took longer to adapt to the oscillatory motion as they increased their muscle activation over time unlike the other age groups. These findings suggest that it may take time for occupants to find the optimal bracing strategy in time-extended maneuvers. Furthermore, children may find challenging to calibrate their bracing response overtime from a neuromotor perspective.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Nov 2025 17:09:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2617060</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>In-depth Analyse schwerer Unfälle mit schweren Lkw</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1649306</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ziel war es, das Unfallgeschehen schwerer Güterkraftfahrzeuge (Klasse N3) in Deutschland umfassend  zu analysieren, um relevante Problemfelder zu ermitteln und Empfehlungen für die Adressierung zu erarbeiten. Das Augenmerk lag auf schweren Unfällen (mindestens eine schwer verletzte oder getötete Person). Die vier häufigen Problemfelder im Unfallgeschehen schwerer Güterkraftfahrzeuge waren auffahrende Lkw, das Auffahren auf Lkw, Alleinunfälle von Lkw und Abbiegeunfälle mit Radfahrern. Neben einer Literaturrecherche erfolgte eine Recherche zum Stand der Technik und den gesetzlichen Randbedingungen für schwere Güterkraftfahrzeuge. Für eine Auswertung des Unfallgeschehens von N3-Güterkraftfahrzeugen wurde eine Sonderabfrage der Bundesunfallstatistik für das Jahr 2014 gemacht. Ein Drittel (3.031) der 9.919 Unfälle mit Personenschaden sind Unfälle mit Schwerverletzten und Getöteten. Es zeigte sich, dass die häufigsten Unfalltypen bei N3-Güterkraftfahrzeugen Abbiegeunfälle und Unfälle im Längsverkehr sind. Die häufigsten Unfallgegner sind Pkw, andere Güterkraftfahrzeuge und Radfahrer. Als gängige Szenerien bei Unfällen, in denen die N3-Güterkraftfahrzeuge Hauptverursacher waren, stellten sich Auffahrunfälle sowie Unfälle aufgrund von Fehlern beim Spurwechsel und beim Abbiegen heraus. Für eine detailliertere Unfallbetrachtung erfolgte eine Vollerhebung schwerer Unfälle mit N3-Güterkraftfahrzeugen im Land Brandenburg im Jahr 2016 mit 145 Unfällen. Im Vergleich zum Bundesdurchschnitt gab es einen höheren Anteil an Autobahnunfällen und weniger Innerortsunfälle; Unfälle im Längsverkehr sowie Abbiege-, Einbiege- und Kreuzen-Unfälle standen im Vordergrund. Eine Einzelfallanalyse von 25 Auffahrunfällen von N3-Güterkraftfahrzeugen zeigte, dass rund drei Viertel der Unfallgegner standen oder nur noch langsam fuhren. Ein Notbremssystem hätte in fast allen dieser Unfälle die Schwere erheblich reduziert. Die Analyse von 35 Auffahrunfällen von anderen Verkehrsteilnehmern auf N3-Fahrzeuge ergab, dass die Güterkraftfahrzeuge oft mit normaler Fahrgeschwindigkeit fuhren und sich somit die Konfliktsituation zumeist aus den deutlichen Geschwindigkeitsunterschieden zwischen den Beteiligten ergab. Trotz vorhandenem Heckunterfahrschutz am Güterkraftfahrzeug kam es häufig zu einem Unterfahren der auffahrenden Fahrzeuge. Die Betrachtung der 20 Alleinunfälle von N3-Güterkraftfahrzeugen zeigte, dass diese neben den Auffahrunfällen auf andere schwere Güterkraftfahrzeuge das höchste Risiko für schwere Insassenverletzungen darstellen, die Ursachen dafür sind vielfältig. Für weitere Auswertungen standen 339 Fälle mit Beteiligung von schweren Güterkraftfahrzeugen aus der Unfalldatenbank der Versicherer zur Verfügung. Auch hier stellten sich Auffahr- und Abbiegeunfälle als Problemfelder der N3-Güterkraftfahrzeuge heraus. Bei den Auffahrunfällen fuhren die Güterkraftfahrzeuge oft weitgehend ungebremst auf bereits stehende oder langsam rollende Fahrzeuge auf. Bei Rechtsabbiegeunfällen handelte es sich zum größten Teil um Kollisionen mit Radfahrern und bei Linksabbiegeunfällen vorrangig um motorisierte Zweiräder und Pkw als Unfallgegner. Eine unter 100 Lkw-Fahrern durchgeführte Befragung erbrachte Einblicke in deren Arbeitsalltag, des Weiteren wurde die Verbreitung und Akzeptanz von unterschiedlichen Systemen der aktiven und passiven Sicherheit untersucht. Fahrer waren oft nicht ausreichend in neue Fahrzeuge und deren Systeme eingewiesen und kennen ihre eigenen Fahrzeuge nicht vollständig. Bei einer Feldbeobachtung auf Autobahnen wurden 645 Fahrer von schweren Güterkraftfahrzeugen hinsichtlich fahrfremder Tätigkeiten und Gurtnutzung beobachtet. Rund 15 % der Fahrer führten zum Zeitpunkt der Beobachtung potenziell ablenkende Tätigkeiten durch. Die Gurtanlegequote von 84 % bestätigte die von der BASt jährlich ermittelten Nutzungsquoten. Durch Geschwindigkeitsmessungen von 800 Fahrzeugen konnte eine mittlere Fahrgeschwindigkeit von N3-Güterkraftfahrzeugen von 89,7 km/h festgestellt werden. ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: The objective of this research project was an extensive analysis of all accidents in which heavy goods vehicles in Germany (category N3, HGV with a gross vehicle weight over 12.000 kg) are involved. The main focus was on crashes in which road users are killed or seriously injured (KSI). The goal was to identify relevant problem areas and to suggest recommendations. Four problem areas in the accident occurrences of HGV could be identified and recommendations are given: the problem of HGV rear-ending other vehicles, other motor vehicles rear-ending HGV, single-vehicle accidents of HGV and collisions of HGV with bicyclists while turning. Besides an extensive literature search, research on the state of technology and on the legal boundary conditions of HGV was conducted. For an in-depth look at HGV accidents, a special inquiry of the German accident statistics for the year 2014 was analyzed. lt showed that HGV were involved in 9,919 accidents resulting in injuries that year. One third (3,031) of these accidents were KSI accidents. Frequent accident scenarios of HGV are tuming accidents, accidents while driving in the same direction as well as accidents with oncoming traffic. The most frequent opponents in KSI crashes with HGV are other HGV, passenger cars, smalll/ medium goods vehicles and bicyclists. Common scenarios for crashes that the HGV are responsible for are rear-end collisions and accidents that occur due to mistakes made while changing lanes or tuming. For a detailed accident analysis a total survey of all KS1 crashes involving HGV in the German state of Brandenburg was conducted in the year 2016 with 145 accidents. In comparison to Germany, the accident occurrences in Brandenburg have a higher percentage of crashes on motorways and a lower percentage of crashes in urban areas. Similarly to Germany, the frequent accident scenarios for HGV are crashes where the HGV head in the same direction, or against oncoming traffic and accidents while tuming. The case analyses of 25 rear-end collisions of HGV showed that about three quarters of the opponents were either standing still or only moving slowly. An Emergency Braking System would have shown positive influences on the outcome of the accidents. The analysis of 35 collisions with other motor vehicles where the HGV was rear-ended showed that the HGV were mostly driving with regular speeds and thereby the conflict arose from the speed differences between the HGV and the other vehicles, which were much faster. Despite the presence of a rear underrun protection on the HGV, underrun of the rear-ending vehicles often occurred. Analysis of the 20 single-vehicle crashes of HGV revealed that these accidents, (over-represented in Brandenburg) pose the highest risk for senous injuries of the HGV occupants, not including the rear-end collisions with other HGV. The reasons for these accidents are multifaceted. For further analyses, 339 accidents with HGV were available from the accident database of the "Unfallforschung der Versicherer", which is based upon insurer claim flies. These cases confirm rear-end collisions and accidents while tuming as important problem areas of HGV. The investigation of the rear-end collisions showed that the HGV often collide (without braking) with opponents that are standing still or only moving slowly, In most cases, the main opponent for accidents that occur during right-hand (ums of HGV are bicyclists. During left-hand tums, they are powered two-wheelers and passenger cars. A survey of 100 drivers of HGV gave insight into everyday work life of HGV drivers. Also, the spread and acceptance of systems for active and passive safety was analyzed. The drivers are often not properly instructed on the new vehicles and new systems and therefore do not know their vehicle completely. During an observation, 645 drivers of HGV were surveilled with regards to side activities and usage of the seatbelt. About 15 % of the drivers were busy with side activities while driving. A seatbelt usage quota of 84 % was observed and confirms the quotas by BASt. Speed measurements of 800 vehicles determined that the average travelling speed of HGV is 89.7 km/h.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jan 2020 10:55:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1649306</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Free Flow Speeds on Interrupted Flow Facilities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1251062</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The efficacy of the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) simple model of predicting segment free flow speed by adding 5 miles per hour (mph) to the posted speed limit was compared to the performance of the new 2010 Highway Capacity Manual (HCM 2010) procedure which predicts free flow speed using posted speed limit and eight additional variables, i.e., the proportion of segment length with restrictive median, the proportion of segment with curb on the right-hand side, the number of access point approaches on the right side in the subject direction of travel, the number of access point approaches on the right side in the opposing direction of travel, the segment length, the width of the signalized intersection, the number of through lanes, and the distance between intersections.  One-year speed data from 84 traffic monitoring sites located on interrupted flow facilities with speed limit ranging from 25 mph to 55 mph were used in the study.  In addition, 3-day speed data were collected from 20 sites in the City of Tallahassee.  Field mean free flow speed was determined for each analysis segment as well as the above geometric and traffic attributes required by HCM 2010 to predict free flow speed.  The analyses were conducted separately for major arterial segments and for minor arterial segments.  The comparison of the performance of the HCM 2010 and the FDOT free flow speed prediction models using root mean square error (RMSE) and the coefficient of determination (R-squared) showed that the FDOT simple formula of determining free flow speed performed better than HCM 2010 procedure which requires nine input variables to predict free flow speed.  In both principal arterials and minor arterials, the HCM 2010 methodology under-predicted free flow speed when field estimated free-flow speed was higher than 40 mph.  Consequently, the use of free flow speed predicted by the HCM 2010 model in level of service (LOS) analysis in some cases produced lower LOS compared to the use of field measured free flow speed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 May 2013 09:00:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1251062</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>One year with right-hand traffic a brief review of investigations and surveys carried out</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1172480</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Aug 2012 22:26:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1172480</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An evaluation of intersection characteristics associated with crashes at intersections in Melbourne CBD</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1155578</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The contribution of crashes occurring at intersections to road trauma is well documented.  Developing ways of combating this problem is difficult, partly because there are so many types of intersections, each requiring specific treatments.  The present study looked at one part of this problem by examining the rates of injury-causing crashes at different types of intersections in the Melbourne Central Business District.  Police-reported crash data was used to analyse crash rates for the five-year period from 1999-2003.  The Melbourne CBD is a well-defined area with a unique mix of road users that allows different factors that may increase the risk of having a crash at an intersection to be studied.  These factors include the number of lanes of the intersecting roads, whether tram routes pass through the intersection, whether "hook" turns are required for right-hand turns and whether the intersection only allows right turns on green arrows.  Crash rates are presented for different types of crashes.  Intersection characteristics that increase crash-risk are presented along with possible countermeasures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Aug 2012 00:25:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1155578</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CAUSES AND OCCURRENCE OF ACCIDENTS ON BENDS - RESULTS OF COUNTS MADE AT ACCIDENT SITES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1050221</link>
      <description><![CDATA[AS PART OF AN ACCIDENT RESEARCH PROGRAMME 37 ACCIDENTS ON BENDS WERE STUDIED.  TWO THIRDS OF THE ACCIDENTS (22) OCCURRED ON RIGHT HAND BENDS.  IN ONLY 4 CASES OUT OF 19 DID STEERING AND BRAKING TAKE PLACE, WHICH SHOWS THAT A DRIVER IS STRETCHED TO HIS LIMIT IN CARRYING OUT A MANOEUVRE IN A DANGEROUS SITUATION.  DRIVERS UNDER 25 AND OVER 60 YEARS OLD HAVE A HIGH DEGREE OF INVOLVEMENT, AND A THIRD (12) HAD HELD THEIR LICENCE LESS THAN A YEAR.  NO RELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN AGE AND LENGTH OF TIME A DRIVING LICENCE HAD BEEN HELD, OR BETWEEN ALCOHOL AND THE PLACE WHERE THE VEHICLE RAN OFF THE ROAD.  ONLY IN ONE CASE WAS THERE NO COLLISION WITH AN OBSTACLE.  A DECISIVE FACTOR IN MANY OF THE ACCIDENTS WAS OVER-REACTION WITH THE STEERING.  WHETHER TECHNICAL MEANS CAN BE USED TO PREVENT THIS OVER-REACTION CAN ONLY BE VERIFIED IF THE COURSE OF THE STEERING MOVEMENT DURING THE ACCIDENT  IS KNOWN.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 01:36:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1050221</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CAR OCCUPANT AND MOTORCYCLIST DEATHS IN GREAT BRITAIN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/754666</link>
      <description><![CDATA[While the number of people seriously injured each year on roads in the UK has continued to decrease, the number of fatalities has scarcely changed. The reasons for this were examined using data collected at accidents and analyses of the blood alcohol content of fatalities and survivors. Among car occupant deaths loss of control of the vehicle was the most frequently recorded precipitating factor followed by failure to avoid a vehicle or object in the carriageway. Loss of control by reason of excessive speed was the combination reported most frequently in fatal car accidents. Risk of death was highest for 17- to 19-year-old male drivers. Fatality rates increased among the elderly because of increased physical vulnerability when involved in accidents. The fatality rate for the period from midnight to 0600h was 12-fold that of the period between 0900h and 1800h at weekends because of increased numbers of young drivers and consumption of alcohol. The increase in drink driving fatalities from 1999-2002 explained 80% of the increase in car occupant fatalities seen over that time period. One third of fatalities occurrred at bends in the road. For motorcycle fatalities loss of control of the vehicle accounted for 64% of accidents where the rider was to blame. Excessive speed and lack of judgement of own path were the main contributory factors. The growth in fatalities mainly occured among motorcyclists using machines in  the 500-1000cc range of engine capacity. Increased popularity of motorcycling has also increased the actual number of fatalities but not the rate of fatalities per unit distance. Fatality rates were high between 1500h and 1800h at weekends, and in the summer. The proportion of dead motorcyclists who died at left hand bends was almost twice that at right hand bends.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Apr 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/754666</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CHANGES IN BEHAVIOUR IN RESPONSE TO TWO NEW TYPES OF TREATMENT FOR PEDESTRIANS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/677737</link>
      <description><![CDATA["Walksafe" is a comprehensive pedestrian safety program, initiated by VicRoads in the City of Stonnington in partnership with the city council.  Following careful analysis of pedestrian crashes in the municipality, a program of engineering works was initiated, together with supporting education and publicity, enforcement, and programs aimed at the responsible serving and consumption of alcohol.  The program was subject to extensive evaluation by means of behavioural observations and interview surveys.  This paper will report on changes in pedestrian behaviour in response to the provision of a painted strip between tram tracks and the provision of a textured surface at the pedestrian walkways at traffic signals.  Pedestrian behaviour was recorded on video some months prior to the installation of the treatments, and recorded again on the same day of the same week one year after the first observations -that is, some months after the installation of the new treatments.  Changes in pedestrian behaviour were generally subtle.  These are discussed in detail in the paper.  Traffic was noticeably more orderly following the introduction of the painted strip, and rarely encroached on the strip except to make right hand turns or avoid vehicles entering or leaving parking. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD abstract no. E202275.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 May 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/677737</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FINAL RESEARCH FINDINGS ON TRAFFIC-LOAD FORECASTING USING WEIGH-IN-MOTION DATA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/497020</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The overall objective of Project 7-987 was to develop a long-range pavement rehabilitation plan for a segment of US 59, a four-lane divided principal arterial highway in the Texas Department of Transportation's (TxDOT's) Lufkin District.  To identify feasible pavement structures, test sections that would utilize most efficiently the existing pavements and materials were constructed in the southbound lanes near Corrigan, Texas. To quantify traffic loads on the test pavements, two weigh-in-motion (WIM) systems were installed:  one two-lane system adjacent to the five rigid-pavement test sections located 8 km north of Corrigan, and the other adjacent to the five flexible-pavement test sections about 3 km south of Corrigan. These WIM stations were operated virtually continuously from 1993 through 1997 to record data about the date, time, speed, lane of travel, wheel loads, number of axles, and axle spacing of every southbound vehicle (about 7,500 per day) that crossed the sensors in each lane.  In addition, special sensors were operated to collect sample data concerning the air and pavement temperature and the lateral position of the vehicle tires (single or dual) within each traffic lane.  The result was an exceptionally comprehensive traffic data set.  This final project traffic report complements and extends the time frame (to 5 years) of the traffic data analyses presented previously in Research Reports 987-5, -6, and -8.  The traffic data analysis included exploration of patterns and trends in vehicle counts, lane use, and axle load frequency distributions by axle type, location on the vehicle, and vehicle class.  The results indicated that on average during the 5 years, trucks accounted for about 28% of all southbound vehicles, and that five-axle tractor semitrailer trucks comprised about 62% of all trucks. Generally, 74% of the vehicles, and 82% of the trucks, traveled in the right-hand, southbound lane.  The overall southbound vehicle count grew at an annual rate of approximately 2.5%, while five-axle tractor semitrailer trucks, the dominant truck class, increased in number about 6% each year.  This suggests that traffic load forecasts should consider separately the respective growth rate for each vehicle class (by axle arrangement and axle-load frequency distribution) as the axles on each vehicle class cause different - often disproportionate - amounts of pavement damage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Apr 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/497020</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION OF RAMP METERING ON THE E18</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/463830</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The VTI has taken part in the evaluation of the first test of ramp metering system in Sweden. Since the end of 1994, a system has been in use on the E18 at Taeby just north of Stockholm. VTI has taken part in the evaluation by measuring speeds and traffic flows at a number of points on the motorway and the ramp, both when the system was active in April and when it was temporarily shut down for evaluation in May. During April and May, the VTI conducted fuel consumption studies on the motorway and ramp. By analysing the speed measurements upstream and downstream of the interchange, it has been possible to estimate the time savings. In money it means a net saving of SEK 115,000 per year. The fuel consumption measurements resulted in a more uniform speed profile and somewhat higher speed in queue situations. For both left and right hand lanes on the main road and ramp, the measurements gave a calculated reduction in fuel consumption of 110 litres and a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions of 269 kg per day. In one year, this gives a saving of just over SEK 70,000. Together with the time costs, the first year's savings will be approximately SEK 185,000, to be seen in relation to installation costs of SEK 400,000 plus the maintenance costs for the system. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Sep 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/463830</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AN EVALUATION OF THE "BIKE-ED" BICYCLE SAFETY EDUCATION COURSE - THE NEWCASTLE STUDY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/195998</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A trial of the Victorian bicycle safety education kit, "The Bike-Ed Course" was conducted with year 5 pupils in selected primary schools in the Hunter region of New South Wales in 1981 as part of the Newcastle area bikeplan. Evaluation of the trial was by means of a pre-test and post-test study in which a bicycle riding knowledge questionnaire was administered to the 572 subjects.  Of these subjects, 193 were also given an on-cycle bicycle riding performance pre-test and post-test.  Subjects had been assigned by school class to one of three groups: group A was given classroom bicycle safety instruction and off-road on-cycle training, group B was given classroom instruction and both on-road and off-road on-cycle training, while group C acted as a control group.  All of the groups improved during the period of the "Bike-Ed" trial in both of the tests.  In both the knowledge test and performance test, group B improved significantly more than group A which in turn improved significantly more than group C.  The results in detail indicated that greater emphasis should be placed on instructing children in correct techniques for making right-hand turns at intersections. An assessment of the "Bike-Ed" kit by the participating teachers indicated a number of parts of the kit to which modification is desirable.  Several inconsistencies with New South Wales legislation were also identified in the "Bike-Ed" kit.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/195998</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/189545</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Most of the information we get from the traffic environment is by sight.  But this sense is often overloaded owing to an excess of information at high frequency.  As regards hearing, a lot of information is lost when crash helmets are worn.  Statistics concerning road accidents should really be called statistics concerning accidents reported to the police.  As much as 50% of accidents causing serious injuries are not reported.  Statistics kept by insurance companies are based on quite different criteria.  Care must therefore be taken when statistics are used.  Over the past few decades the number of vehicles and the number of vehicle/km have increased practically linearly with time. One would expect that traffic accidents would have done the same; we can speculate as to the cause of the variations in number of fatal accidents from year to year.  It can be shown that there was a drop in the number of fatal accidents when (1) speed limits, (2) testing of vehicles, (3) change to right-hand traffic, (4) wearing of seat belts, were introduced.  The fact that a curve representing business cycle variations also fits the accident curve quite well shows how little is known of the cause of this variation. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Feb 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/189545</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ONE MAN'S PATH TO RECOVERY (FROM SERIOUS INJURIES SUSTAINED IN AN AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENT)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/186934</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Don Anderson tells of his psychological journey to recovery. As a 21-year-old student, he sustained a broken neck and fractured skull in a 1969 crash which killed four other students in the car. Under the influence of alcohol, the driver of the car was speeding at 80 mph when his car ran into the back of a semi truck traveling at 40 to 45 mph. The incident left Anderson unconscious for seven months; for seven more months he was an inpatient at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, attempting to regain use of the left side of his body which had been partially paralyzed. Anderson relates the changing moods and attitudes of the seriously injured accident victim, indicating that recovery is largely a matter of mental resolve and adjustment. He traces his recovery through the five mental stages cited in Kubler-Ross's book, "On Death and Dying": denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. He states that acceptance depends on hope supplied by family, friends, religion, and ultimately the person's own inner resources. The long-term impact of such an incident on the family is noted. Today, Anderson is a full-time group benefits analyst for an insurance company. He can walk and can drive a car equipped with a right-hand turn signal level. He has made radio spots for the Rehabilitation Institute promoting safety belt use.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Dec 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/186934</guid>
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      <title>CYCLING PROFICIENCY: A PILOT STUDY OF PARENTAL ATTITUDES TO TRAINING AND TESTING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/166894</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many schools offer the National Cycling Proficiency Scheme (N.C.P.S.) training to their pupils.  This is usually done in their last year at primary school.  Before the training, the child's cycle is checked to make sure that it meets the required conditions.  At the end of the course of training, the children are tested by the local Road Safety Officers or, occasionally, by the Police.  It was felt that it would be useful to have some knowledge of parents' attitudes towards this scheme of cycle training, in particular, how well parents felt it prepared their children for cycling on roads, and at what age they thought that their children were able to cope with present-day traffic. Ten mothers from one semi-urban district were interviewed in depth.  There seemed to be a great deal of interest and concern about children on bicycles amongst the parents in this very small sample support for the N.C.P.S. was general, but there would seem to be a need for more information for the parents.  Criticism of the training and testing programme was mainly directed at the teaching of a particular procedure for right-hand turns, and the lack of reality in the playground situation.  Criticism of the behaviour of other road users towards cyclists in general, and child cyclists in particular, suggest that this might be a fruitful area of Road Safety publicity.  (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 15 Aug 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/166894</guid>
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