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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>On crack propagation due to blasting : exploring behavioral patterns to predict rock damage</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752070</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Blast-induced damage is a key determinant of the stability, safety and economic performance of excavations. Controlled blasting techniques aim to control the crack development by inducing intended cracks between adjacent blastholes while minimizing the damage to the surrounding rock. Despite the extensive research, the link between blast design parameters and the initiation, propagation, directionality and final network of the cracks is insufficiently understood. This work presents an integrated scientific analysis based on experiments conducted in small rock-like cylinders using ultra-high-speed photography and two-dimensional (2D) digital image correlation methods to investigate the blast-induced crack behavior. The combined data sets allow a systematic evaluation of qualitative crack patterns, quantitative damage indicators and crack propagation velocities. The results demonstrate the decoupling ratio has a greater influence on crack trajectories, coalescence modes and damage distribution than the delay time between blastholes. Lower decoupling ratios promote earlier crack initiation, crack paths with few curves and cleaner cuts in the rock between blastholes. Meanwhile, higher decoupling ratios tend to produce curved paths and circumferential branching, demonstrating the reduced stress transfer. Delay time primarily modifies stress redistribution and crack symmetry rather than significantly affecting the inter-blasthole crack path propagation. Acting as crack attractors, guideholes have beneficial effects in reducing blast-induced damage (unintended cracks). The findings provide experimental insights relevant to controlled blasting designs and highlight directions for future research focused on correlation with numerical calibration and field-scale tests.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:36:36 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Urban planning and transport walking : examining the effect of built environment, psychological factors and socio-demographics on walking as a transport mode in a Swedish context</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752067</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This thesis addresses how built environment characteristics shape walking behavior by examining the relationship between GIS-based built environment measures and GPS-tracked transport walking, along with self-reported socio-demographic and psychological characteristics of individuals, in two medium-sized Swedish cities, Umeå and Linköping, across multiple datasets collected in 2019 and 2021. A methodological foundation for the empirical work is established by evaluating two emerging data sources for pedestrian study: a Wi-Fi-based flow measurement system (Bumbee Labs) and a GPS-enabled travel survey application (TravelVu), finding that the two methods are complementary, with the former capturing large-scale pedestrian flow patterns and the latter providing individual-level route, distance, and attitudinal data suited to behavioral analysis. Built environment exposure, in this thesis, is operationalized at two spatial scales: 1. potential exposure, measured within a 750 m radius of each participant's home location, and 2. realized exposure, measured within a 15 m buffer along GPS-traced actual routes and their shortest-path alternatives. This dual-scale design enables a direct empirical comparison of which environmental features predict how much people walk versus which features shape the paths they take when they do. Socio-demographic variables and psychological variables, derived from a Theory of Planned Behavior questionnaire integrated into the tracking application, are examined both for their direct associations with GPS-measured walking outcomes and as potential mediators and moderators of built environment effects. Analytical methods include bivariate correlation analysis, structural equation modelling, linear mixed models, and discrete choice analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:36:31 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Improved characterization of aerodynamic loads and dynamic behavior of railway noise barriers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752032</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This thesis aims to improve the characterization of train-induced aerodynamic loads acting on railway vertical noise barriers and to advance the understanding of their dynamic behavior under realistic service conditions through an integrated approach combining numerical simulations, field measurements, and data-driven modelling. This will enhance the reliability of structural response prediction and support the long-term safety and sustainable design of these structures. Railway noise barriers are important trackside structures designed to mitigate noise from passing trains to surrounding communities. However, train-induced aerodynamic effects generate significant fluctuating pressures on barrier surfaces, which can excite structural vibrations and accumulate fatigue damage over time, thereby threatening structural safety and serviceability. A comprehensive review of existing aerodynamic load models, together with comparative analyses against available field measurement data, indicates that current models are primarily formulated based on simplified relationships and exhibit limited applicability across different train types and barrier configurations. Moreover, systematic long-term field monitoring data reflecting the structural behavior under realistic service conditions remain scarce. Therefore, the aerodynamic load models and structural dynamic analysis methods currently used in design cannot adequately represent complex service conditions, particularly the combined effects of operating parameters and environmental variations. This limits the ability to accurately assess and predict the key responses and service performance of railway noise barriers. Using the noise barrier along the Arlanda railway line in Stockholm, Sweden as a case study, full-scale field measurements were employed to analyze the actual structural responses under different train speeds and train types.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:35:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752032</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Water-based lubricants for electric vehicle transmission applications : properties, tribological performance and efficiency</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752031</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Water-based lubricants (WBLs) are emerging as promising alternatives to conventional oil-based lubricants in electric vehicle (EV) transmission systems, driven by increasing demands for energy efficiency, sustainability, thermal management, and environmental compatibility. Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and researchers are striving to minimise frictional, thermal, and power losses in EV gearboxes to maximise driving range and system durability, and WBLs have the potential to meet this demand. Moreover, WBLs offer flexibility in viscosity tuning, higher specific heat capacity, and superior heat transfer capability compared with oil-based lubricants. These characteristics create opportunities to improve cooling performance and support the development of a single e-fluid concept. However, their successful implementation requires a comprehensive understanding of film formation, friction, and wear behaviour, system-level efficiency, and material compatibility. This thesis investigates the feasibility of WBLs for EV transmissions through a series of interconnected studies. It begins with the characterisation of elastohydrodynamic (EHL) film formation and pressure-viscosity relationships, revealing the distinctive film-forming behaviour of WBLs. The effects of water content and evaporation sensitivity on the pressure-viscosity coefficient are examined, and the applicability of classical predictive models, including the Hamrock-Dowson equation, is reassessed. Friction and wear analyses demonstrate that fully formulated WBLs can achieve near-superlubricity with minimal shear heating, facilitated by robust surface-additive interactions under rolling/sliding contact. These laboratory findings are validated through full-scale EV gearbox testing, where WBLs reduce power losses and thermal load, improving overall gearbox peak efficiency by approximately 1.95%, 1.84%, and 1.63% at 20 °C, 40 °C, and 60 °C, respectively. Finally, durability is evaluated via tribocorrosion analysis of bearing steel, highlighting the synergistic interaction between mechanical and chemical wear in aqueous environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:35:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752031</guid>
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      <title>Monitoring tire-road friction using connected vehicle data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666552</link>
      <description><![CDATA[One in five serious or fatal road traffic accidents occur under severe weather conditions. Despite notable improvements in traffic safety, the Vision Zero approach of shared responsibility for eliminating fatalities and serious injuries remains a global challenge. As the vehicle fleet becomes increasingly connected and automated, vast amounts of data are generated for every kilometer traveled, data that can be used to enhance road safety. One promising application is the monitoring of tire-road friction to improve understanding of road surface conditions and the interaction between tire and road. Since 2018, the Swedish Transport Administration has obtained connected vehicle data, sometimes referred to as floating car data (FCD) or probed vehicle data, to follow up on tire-road friction. The focus of the administration has been on how connected vehicle data can be applied to support and improve winter road maintenance on Sweden's public road network. Within the Digital Vinter project, connected vehicle data have been validated and analyzed alongside conventional tire-road friction estimation methods and in relation to Road Weather Information Systems (RWIS) and Mobile Reporting of Ploughing (MIP). Some of the results from the Digital Vinter project are presented within this thesis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:33:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666552</guid>
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      <title>Enhancing tunnel fire safety in design and operation : computational modeling and risk mitigation strategies for passenger and goods carrier</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666551</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The primary objective of this research work was to develop dynamic risk estimation framework for road tunnels, forming the basis for a smart tunnel Risk Monitor that evaluates real-time risk based on vehicle types, traffic volume, and hazard potential. Applied to the Bhatan tunnel under simplified traffic assumptions and simulated traffic flow conditions, to derive a correlation between overtaking and severe accident collision probability. The methodology models event progression using an event tree and estimates risk every second over a one-year period. The framework demonstrates scalability across diverse tunnel configurations, vehicle categories, and traffic volumes. As secondary objective, it provided the method to derive the URCL, the Upper Risk Control Limit and ARTL, the Acceptable Risk Threshold Limit for effective risk management of a tunnel and demonstrated the evaluation using the estimated one-year risk profile for Bhatan tunnel. Further, it recommended administrative actions and restrictions that can be initiated triggered once instantaneous risk reaches the URCL and stopped with the restoration of ARTL. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were used to estimate peak heat release rates (HRR), aligning closely with results from the Runehamar tunnel fire experiment involving heavy goods vehicles (~200 MW). Simulations were extended to five vehicle categories viz. cars, SUVs, six and ten-wheeler trucks and buses with certain substitute material fire properties like n-heptane as engine oil and mixture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) & urethane as burnable materials in all vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:33:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666551</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Thermal behavior of road embankments and impact of snow in ditches</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666550</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In cold climate regions, seasonal snow accumulation in road ditches plays a critical role in governing the thermal behavior of road embankments. Snow exerts a spatially uneven thermal influence on heat transfer within the embankment due to its strong insulating properties, which can lead to differential frost heave and the formation of cracks on the road surface. However, accurately quantifying this insulation effect requires detailed knowledge of the thermal regime of the snow cover accumulated in the ditches, including its temporal evolution throughout the winter season. Snow is a porous medium characterized by a high volume fraction of air, which significantly reduces the thermal conductivity of snow and provides a strong insulating capacity. This insulation creates a natural temperature gradient between the snow surface and its base, governing the rate of heat transfer through the snow. Once snow is deposited, a temperature gradient develops, initiating metamorphic processes that alter the morphology and bonding of the snow grains. These microstructural changes lead to temporal variations in the thermal conductivity of snow, making its accurate determination over time particularly challenging. Furthermore, freezing-melting cycles modify the content of unfrozen liquid water within the snow structure, which not only complicates the quantification of latent heat exchanges but also exerts a significant influence on the effective thermal conductivity. To address these challenges and gain a deeper understanding of the thermal dynamics in snow-covered road embankments, two experimental field sites were established in Luleå, Sweden.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:33:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666550</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Digital twins for asset management of civil structures : perceived potential and practical applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666545</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Engineering and Construction (E&C) industry has vast potential to leverage technology for solving current asset management issues, with significant environmental and financial benefits. This study investigates the use of Digital Twins (DTs) for asset management of civil structures, identifying a gap between the perceived potential of DTs and practical applications due to misconceptions, industry fragmentation, and lack of standardizations. To address this, a literature review and experimental programs were conducted, leading to the development and validation of a proof-of-concept DT platform applied to two case studies. The study concludes with a purpose-driven DT roadmap to address the gap between potential and practical applications in the E&C industry. The main results include a deep DT investigation, experimental work with a reinforced concrete beam, snow galleries and a trough bridge, digital models using BIM and finite elements, a scalable DT platform methodology demonstrated in two case studies, and a roadmap from conclusions and lessons learned to promote DT adoption in the industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:33:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666545</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The transition to fossil-free passenger transport and its implications in rural areas : the perspective of rural inhabitants in northern Sweden</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666495</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This thesis deals with the transition to fossil-free (fuel) passenger transport in rural areas, highlighting the rural inhabitants' perspective. More specifically, it focuses on how preconditions for rural inhabitants can be met, and what support is needed for rural inhabitants to make the transition from a bottom-up perspective. The environment for transition in rural areas is challenging, with significant accessibility issues. There is a lack of public alternatives, and car dependency is high. There are also challenges in terms of ensuring a transition that is socially sustainable and ensures sustainable accessibility. Alternatives to the fossil-fuel car are essential but, in the context of low populations, it has proven hard to make these alternatives viable. The electric car also stand out as a socio-economic privilege, as only some perceive they can afford it. The thesis focuses on the two northernmost regions in Sweden, Norrbotten and Västerbotten, where both limiting factors and enablers are identified. Västerbotten and Norrbotten do not represent the ‘ordinary countryside' but rather an extreme environment, at least from a European perspective. Belonging to Europe's northernmost region, with the lowest population density, the area presents a very challenging context. Extreme conditions need to be addressed to respond to challenges in these areas, and it is not enough that a transition occurs in more ‘ordinary' rural areas: change is needed even within the toughest locations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:32:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666495</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stormwater bioretention systems : water quality treatment and long-term pollutant accumulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598657</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban areas are affected by anthropogenic activities and produce pollutants that are transported to receiving waters bodies during precipitation. Greater awareness of pollutants has increased interest in treating stormwater. Organic micropollutants (OMPs, e.g., PAH, PCB, phthalates, and phenols) and metals (e.g. Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) have been identified as potentially harmful to aquatic organisms and humans. Stormwater bioretention systems are popular and considered effective for stormwater treatment. However, there are significant knowledge gaps in bioretention systems' long-term function, performance of stormwater treatment in cold climates, impact of road salt on pollutant treatment, and issues related to operation and maintenance. Furthermore, pollutants have been found to accumulate in the filter material and are also a potential source of pollution. Thus, to understand the long-term function of bioretention systems, it is also important to understand occurrence and mobility of pollutants, and the processes of pollutant accumulation in bioretention systems, particularly in the filter material. To answer these questions, this thesis includes studies of stormwater sampling from 18 bioretention in Malmö, and three bioretention in Sundsvall (both in Sweden), along with a comprehensive field study involving sampling of 29 bioretention systems in the USA (filters that had been in operation for 7-16 years at the time of sampling). Filter material samples were collected from 31 bioretention facilities (37 filters in total), of which 28 were equipped with a forebay. A total of 277 samples were analysed for metals commonly found in stormwater (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn), and a five-step sequential extraction method was used to assess the metal mobility in the filter material. Additionally, 116 samples from 12 sites were analysed for 38 OMPs, including 16 PAHs, 7 PCBs, 13 phthalates, and two alkylphenols.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:19:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598657</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Assessment of waveform distortion interactions in electric railway power systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598595</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Railway electrified systems are one of the most popular and essential forms of transportation globally, and the performance of those systems impacts society. The electric railway power systems (ERPS) comprehend the infrastructure and apparatus that aims to deliver power for the rolling stocks in different types of railway transportation. Due to the broad application of static power electronics, ERPS is characterized by several sources of waveform distortion. Waveform distortion is a critical power quality (PQ) issue and a challenge to managing electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in railway systems. It englobes harmonics (disturbances synchronous with the fundamental power frequency up to 2 kHz), interharmonics (disturbances asynchronous with the fundamental power frequency up to 2 kHz), and supraharmonics (synchronous and asynchronous disturbances between 2 and 150 kHz). The ERPS has several system complexities that should be taken into consideration when assessing waveform distortion related to the characteristics of the phenomena: extensive distribution system with intricate circuit arrangements and moving single-phase loads; multiple voltage levels and electromagnetic environments, including railway grid and subsystems, as well as public grid; waveform distortion has time-varying behavior dependent on operating states of rolling stock, traffic plan, grid balancing, and spatial position of the vehicles; a mix between traditional equipment or infrastructure and population of new power electronic conversion stages with a lack of guidelines and standardization; and variety of waveform distortion sources and signatures. The objective of this research is to gain knowledge and a better understanding of waveform distortion, including not only harmonics but also interharmonics and supraharmonics in railways systems, to characterize emission sources, propagation, the impact of the operation on time-varying behaviors in several scales, interaction among systems and subsystems, and adverse effects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:18:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598595</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of crashworthiness and fracture toughness at high deformation rates for advanced high strength steel sheets</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598594</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Gradually more stringent environmental and safety regulations in the transport sector have made third generation Advanced High Strength Steel (3rd-gen AHSS) grades and new generations of press hardening steels (PHS) cost-effective and natural substitutes in the automotive industry. Increasing the strength of steel allows for potentially downgauging the sheet thickness while maintaining or improving structural performance, and thus reducing the weight of the vehicle. 3rd-gen AHSS and PHS grades have been continuously adapted by the automotive industry for body-in-white parts and energy-absorbing safety components. However, the limited ductility of these higher-strength materials can make them more prone to cracking, which in turn has a negative impact on the folding behaviour of safety structures in a crash. For further introduction of new high-strength steel grades in the design and production of safety parts, proper calibrated material models are needed, and their crash behaviour must be investigated and quantified. Plane stress fracture toughness measured with the Essential Work of Fracture (EWF) method has recently emerged as a viable material parameter to rationalise edge crack resistance and crashworthiness. EWF offers a small-scale laboratory methodology capable of characterising important fracture characteristics of modern automotive steel grades. Hence, EWF together with well-instrumented crash tests in the laboratory are powerful tools for estimating the crashworthiness and quantifying energy absorption. However, much of the published fracture toughness data is based on quasi-static conditions, which do not reflect the conditions in a crash typically involving high deformation rates. To characterise the material for crash scenarios and validate simulation models, further investigation is necessary at higher deformation rates. In this PhD thesis, the crashworthiness and fracture characteristics of 3rd-gen AHSS and PHS grades at higher deformation rates were investigated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:18:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598594</guid>
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      <title>Promoting construction innovation : a public infrastructure client's adaptation of procurement and project management strategies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598593</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The construction and infrastructure sector is a significant contributor to global carbon emissions, necessitating substantial changes to support, what can be called, the sustainability transition. Public infrastructure clients are expected to lead this transition by promoting construction innovation, while engineering consultants, involved in the planning and design of projects, play a key role in supporting these efforts. Public procurement is widely recognized - politically - as a key strategic tool for promoting innovation and advancing sustainability, despite the project-based sector the role of project management remains largely overlooked. However, previous research highlights the importance of both procurement and project management strategies in promoting construction innovation. To effectively promote innovation, these strategies must be adapted to the specific characteristics of each project and should emphasize flexibility and involvement of actors. Despite the procurement and project management strategies' acknowledged significance, they are often treated as separate governance mechanisms within previous research, failing to account for their interconnected nature. The purpose of this thesis is to increase the understanding of how a public infrastructure client promotes innovation towards the sustainability transition through adaptation of procurement and project management strategies in planning and design of new infrastructure. A longitudinal single-case study of the largest public infrastructure client in Sweden, the Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket), provides empirical insights.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:18:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598593</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Procurement of continuous work : enacting strategies through inter-organizational collaboration in infrastructure operation and maintenance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534279</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the construction sector, public clients represent a large share of the market, fueling interest in procurement practices that support development. These clients often develop procurement strategies to promote innovation in their interorganizational projects. Prior research has recognized collaborative procurement strategies as key to fostering innovation in construction projects. These procurement strategies stipulate the formal tools and activities for collaboration that are expected to be implemented and enacted by the inter-organizational project actors. The process of ‘projectification' refers to the increased use of projects in functional organizations, turning line work into projects in both public and private sectors. In a construction context, the projectification has mainly affected the organizing of operation and maintenance. Operation and maintenance work was traditionally performed in a continuous manner with in-house resources but are now procured and organized in inter-organizational projects. Consequently, this is one of the contexts that public construction clients are attempting to use procurement to address societal challenges. However, implementing strategies across different organizational levels presents challenges, as tensions can arise, and projects may not always carry out the intended strategies of their parent organizations. In construction projects, actors from both client and contractor organizations collaborate to interpret and enact the procurement strategies in their specific project context. This research aims to increase the understanding of public procurement of continuous work and its enactment in inter-organizational projects. To fulfill this aim, the research of this thesis builds on a qualitative research design, with two longitudinal case studies of the Swedish Transport Administration's road operation and maintenance projects. These case studies investigated two different efforts by the Swedish Transport Administration to use collaborative procurement strategies to stimulate innovation in its inter-organizational operation and maintenance projects. Adopting a process- and practice-based theoretical approach enabled a focus on the project actors interpreting, adapting, and enacting the plans of the client parent organization.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:16:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534279</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>On thermal conditions of culverts in cold regions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534239</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:15:34 GMT</pubDate>
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