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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Public transport and urban development: Improving public transport competitiveness versus the private car in small and medium-sized cities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1898139</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The project has developed knowledge that helps smaller (than Oslo) cities to develop in ways that improve the competitiveness of sustainable transport modes versus the car. Car shares and commuting distances increase with the distance of homes and workplaces to the city center in smaller cities following the same pattern as in large cities. The average walking distance to public transport stops increases with increasing city size, from 328 meters in Hamar to 528 meters in Oslo. Several small and medium-sized cities have changed their public transport services in ways that have provided simpler, straighter and faster routes with higher frequencies, and reduced the offer on less used routes. In all but one city, this has resulted in increased patronage, in some cases significant increases. The plans in four cities the authors examined contained some measures that would strengthen the competitiveness of public transport and others that would weaken it.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Dec 2021 10:13:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1898139</guid>
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      <title>Effects of measures for improving public transport travel time and reliability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1764330</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Using detailed data on travel time for buses, the authors have illustrated congestion problems for selected bus routes in Bergen, and investigated the effects of measures for improving public transport travel time and reliability. The authors demonstrate that congestion problems can be documented using such data, and that different measures of congestion and reliability largely give the same impression. The results show that active signal prioritization (ASP) in signal-controlled intersections has had a significant effect on travel time of buses at two intersections at Haukås north of Bergen. A new bus lane in the same area does not appear to have had any effect. The authors also find no effect of the project for Route 10 between Gyldenpris and Wergeland, where a number of minor improvements have been made. Simple cost-benefit analyses indicate that ASP gives positive net present value in one or three intersections, depending on how travel time gains are valued.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Feb 2021 10:21:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1764330</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Public Transport: Perception contra realities in access and usage</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1459022</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The National Travel Survey (NTS) 2013/14 and the publicly available database for public transport’s timetable provides an interesting dataset to compare the perceived and factual public transport supply in Norway. Supply is interpreted here as the frequency in peak hours and off-peak hours. The descriptive data analysis of commuting trips shows a certain a degree of convergence on the public transport supply as indicated by the respondents and as extracted from the timetable database, thus highlighting that the respondents in the NTS had a realistic impression of the public transport supply available near their place of residence. A multivariate analysis was also undertaken in this study. Among the major findings is the fact that gendered differences persist in perception of commuting time as well. Men estimate a lower travel time on public transport than women , when all other factors are controlled for. Variables associated with car usage (driving license, number of cars in the household and parking facilities at workplace) had a strong and statistically effect on the estimated travel time on public transport in Nord-Jæren, but no such effects were significant for Oslo municipality. The perception of both public transport supply and travel time varies hugely between urban areas with a modern and mature public transport culture and areas lacking in such culture such as suburban areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 May 2017 09:30:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1459022</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Improved coordination of public purchases of rail and public transport services</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1395672</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Coordination of rail and local public transport services can reduce the inconvenience of public transport use and increase public transport patronage. Regional governments find it challenging to coordinate route planning to railway schedules, and to estimate the amount of financial support to the railway. A more transparent process of route planning and calculation of regional government support are important prerequisites for increased coordination of rail and local public transport services. The short-term effects of increased coordination on public transport efficiency are unsure. In the longer run however, both demand and efficiency would benefit from increased coordination and a holistic approach to the local public transport system as a whole.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Apr 2016 14:42:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1395672</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Free Public Transport as an Air Pollution Abatement
Measure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1395689</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In its judgment of 2 October 2015, the EFTA Court held that Norway had failed to fulfil its obligations under Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. To combat high NO₂ pollution levels in Oslo, which occur under unfavourable atmospheric conditions, several short notice, temporary measures have been considered, including low emission zones and augmented cordon toll rates for diesel vehicles. This report focuses on free public transport, as offered around the clock, or in off-peak periods only. The former of these two turns out to be almost prohibitively expensive, since capacity utilization is already near 100 per cent during the rush hours. It leads to only small reductions in NOx emissions and in NO₂ concentration levels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Apr 2016 14:42:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1395689</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Public transport for people with disabilities - non-users'
experiences</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1395671</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report presents a study of people with disabilities, who avoid using public transport. In-depth interviews and participatory travel observations were conducted. The findings indicate that uncertainty regarding the public transport journey and that they expect to encounter problems along the way, are important barriers to using public transport. For many, it is the sum of problems, real or expected, that makes them choose not to travel by public transport. The findings also indicate that the use of 'travel buddy' may be a possible measure to get non-users to use public transport more often, and that this could be a way to highlight the accessibility of the public transport system to non-users.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Apr 2016 14:42:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1395671</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Effektiv prising av kollektivtransport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1395670</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The report describes some principles for efficient pricing of public transport. These are considered in light of the Norwegian Government’s goal to halt urban car traffic. Efficient pricing combines variations in long term marginal costs with variations in long term price elasticity of demand. A strategy towards more efficient pricing includes relatively higher fares in peak periods, relatively lower off-peak fares and premiums on high-quality services.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Apr 2016 08:55:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1395670</guid>
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      <title>Public Transport Packages of Measures 1996-2000. Passengers' Evaluation of Service improvements and Effect on Trip Frequency</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/763228</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the period from 1996-2000, packages of measures were introduced for public transport, partly financed by the Ministry of Transport and Communications.  This report analyzes user surveys from 10 packages of measures in order to indicate the passenger evaluations of the measures and any changes in the use of public transport.  Changes in frequency have the greatest effect on overall satisfaction.  There is a clear connection between satisfaction and frequency of travel.  The effect of a poorer service is greater than the effect of better service.  This means that it is easier to lose passengers than to attract new ones through changes in the service.  The packages of measures have equally important significance for reducing the drop off in journeys as for increasing the number of journeys.  The measures which have been implemented have, in other words, contributed to counteracting an underlying negative trend in passenger development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Nov 2005 09:12:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/763228</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Public Transport Packages of Measures 1996-2000</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/758780</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report is part of a series of evaluations of the Norwegian urban public transit packages of measures that were implemented in 1996-2000.  It looks specifically at the economic performance of the packages of measures, i.2., costs and benefits of the schemes.  The conclusion is that overall, and despite local variations, benefits have exceeded costs of the packaged.  Measures that provided the most benefits to passengers were punctuality, improvements and in service frequency enhancements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Sep 2005 07:57:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/758780</guid>
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      <title>MARKET-ORIENTED STATISTICS FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT. PROPOSAL FOR SCHEDULED PUBLIC TRANSPORT STATISTICS INCLUDING BUSES, BOATS, TRAMS, METROS AND TRAINS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/745557</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report presents a proposal for a system for new, market oriented statistics for scheduled public transport by bus, boat, trams, the underground and railways in Norway.  It is proposed that these statistics should be established from 2004, supplemented with annual historic figures from 1990.  In accordance with the Ministry of Transport and Communications' requirements, the statistics will cover a number of key factors which describe provision, demand, operating costs and productivity, together with external framework conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 11 Dec 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/745557</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>TARGETED PUBLIC TRANSPORT. SUMMARY OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND EXAMPLES OF MEASURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/697411</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this handbook is to give planners in roads offices, transport and communications departments and public transport companies advice on how best to implement differentiated product development of public transport services. The handbook summarizes current knowledge in the field, demonstrates good examples, gives advice on the planning process and on evaluating public transport measures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Apr 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/697411</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION OF THE PROCESSES IN KRISTIANSAND AND THE AALESUND AREA. COMBINED MEASURES FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT 1996-2000</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/696666</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The counties of More and Romsdal and Vest-Agder have participated in the government program for the development of frational and environmentally friendly transport, by using experimental measures.  This report provides an analysis of the local processes in the two counties.  The processes are evaluated by means of these criteria: planning, goals, information, cooperation and organization.  The conclusions drawn on the success of the local project work are mainly positive.  In particular, the networking of the participants in the local projects are praised.  While cooperating in many different projects over the last years, the nature of cooperation has evolved.  The local project participants are aware of the nature of the local goals for the project, but consciousness of the function of the goals for the combined measures is low.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Mar 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/696666</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INVENTIVE PRICING OF URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/696609</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Norwegian urban public transport is becoming more and more dependent on passenger receipts, due to subsidy cuts.  The report explains different pricing strategies to increase traffic revenues, and shows examples from home and abroad of 'inventive pricing' of urban public transport.  Inverse pricing is to see the operator's cost structure and the passengers' willingness to pay and in combination in order to make services more attractive for most passengers and at the same time increase operating revenues.  An important finding is that season tickets in their current form should be phased out.  With season tickets extra trips are free to passengers while in fact it can be costly, especially during the rush hours, for the operator to produce that extra trip.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 06 Mar 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/696609</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TARGETED PUBLIC TRANSPORT. PART 3: PASSENGERS EVALUATION OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT PROVISION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/696610</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The report analyzes the public transport passengers' evaluation of public transport provision in six Norwegian cities.  The report highlights different passenger groups' evaluation of central characteristics of public transport provisions; walking times to and from bus stops, frequency, journey time, changing between various forms of transport, shelters at bus stops.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 06 Mar 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/696610</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TARGETED PUBLIC TRANSPORT. SUB REPORT 1: SUBMARKETS AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/696611</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report summarizes experiences from public transport which is targeted for different road user groups/market segments, but which is open to all.  Thematically, this is limited to buses and taxis in the local traffic area.  The report describes the market segments' work routes, service routes, pre-ordered transport, hospital routes, local night time routes, customer routes and other targeted public transport routes.  Within each segment, examples are given of concrete targeted public transport schemes.  The subject of fares and fare systems, together with operating methods adapted to the market, are described briefly, focusing on central problems related to targeted public transport.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 06 Mar 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/696611</guid>
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