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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Urban environmental factors influencing commuter line ridership in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Indonesia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2567234</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As the biggest metropolitan area in the fourth most populous country in the world, the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA) in Indonesia is home to more than 30 million citizens who engage in intercity movement within the region. Commuter lines, comprising on-ground rail transit, are the oldest operating mode of public transportation and the most-used public transportation mode by commuters, while corridors of mass rapid transit (MRT) and light rapid transit (LRT) are being built to enhance commuter mobility. Previous studies have consistently demonstrated that the built environment significantly influences rail transit ridership, highlighting the important role of this mode in metropolitan areas and forming the basis for Transit-Oriented Development (TOD). However, no precedents have been made in the context of JMA. Considering the significance of commuter lines and plans regarding rail transit development in the metropolitan area, as well as the critical role of the built environment around stations in shaping ridership patterns, in this study the authors explore the influence of the built environment as well as rider perception on the weekday and weekend commuter line ridership in the JMA using place review. Lasso regression analysis showed that the impacts of residential land use types differ, while integration with ride-hailing and motorbike parking, as well as the rate and review sentiments of the station, have significant relationships with ridership count for the rail-based modes. Their results suggest that both the built environment and rider perceptions of station areas play important roles in generating rail transit ridership in the JMA. These findings emphasise the need to consider such characteristics during the future development of currently available and newly built rail transit systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Jul 2025 16:40:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2567234</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Effectiveness of Traffic Signal System Policy for Railway Transportation Safety on the Padang City–Pariaman City Line, West Sumatra, Indonesia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2551240</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aims to explain the effectiveness of the Traffic Signal System Policy on Railway Transportation Safety on the Padang City-Pariaman City Line. The approach used in this study is qualitative with descriptive methods. The study results explain that implementing the traffic signal system for the safety of the Padang-Pariaman railway line is effective. This can be seen in the fulfillment of aspects such as target accuracy, socialisation, objectives, and monitoring carried out by the relevant parties responsible for implementing this policy. This article also recommends several measures to further optimise the effectiveness of implementing the traffic signal system for the safety of the Padang-Pariaman railway line. First, to achieve the objectives, monitoring and supervision by the Indonesian Railway Company, the Railway Engineering Center, and the Post Guard Officers should be further improved. Second, it is recommended that monitoring be designed to specialise in the traffic signal system so that no damage occurs in the field. Third, an approach is needed from the Railway Engineering Center to the community regarding the development of the traffic signal system to increase public compliance and support for railway traffic regulations. ©2025 The authors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Jun 2025 11:58:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2551240</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Influence of New Service Attributes in the Trans-Sumatera [sic] Railway Operation Plan on User Choice</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2442019</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Indonesian government, through the Directorate General of Railways, Ministry of Transportation, plans to operate the trans-Sumatra Rail Way or train transportation mode (TSRW), so that cities on the island of Sumatra will be fully connected. Meanwhile, on the one hand, the construction costs are very high, starting from the rails and bridges, stations and trains themselves, and on the other hand, cities in Sumatra are already operating with satisfactory service to travelers using road transportation modes, both ICIP buses and Small passenger cars (LPC) have very easy access, while on trains each passenger has to go to the station first or access is low, so it is feared that once this Trans Sumatra Rail Way (TSRW) or train operates, it will not be of interest to people traveling between cities on the island of Sumatra. So, to ensure that the Trans Sumatra Rail Way (TSRW) or train is in demand by people traveling between cities and provinces on the island of Sumatra, it is necessary to carry out a study by presenting a new service attribute that is not yet available in other modes of transportation besides the Trans Sumatra Rail Way (TSRW) or train and also so far. Currently, there are no studies that discuss this mode choice which includes this new service attribute, namely continuous integration between trains and online transportation such as Go-Car, Grab and Maxim by combining the payment of one ticket on the train ticket so that train passengers can be picked up at home and delivered to the train station for free which is called seamless service. The results of the study show that with the existence of this new service attribute as a new variable, it turns out that this trans Sumatra rail-way mode has a great opportunity to be used by people traveling between cities on the island of Sumatra with great opportunities with a market share of 81 percent.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Oct 2024 09:12:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2442019</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Predicting the impact of Trans Java Toll Roads on demand for intercity air travel in Indonesia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1715443</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper aims to explore the factors influencing a potential air passenger shift to autos due to the completion of the Trans Java Toll Road and an increase in airfares. The study focuses on intercity trips for nonbusiness purposes. A face-to-face interview survey of 751 air passengers was conducted in three main airports on Java Island, Indonesia. Both the theory of planned behavior and the discrete choice model were applied to understand the factors for influencing toll road use among air passengers. The empirical results reveal that psychological factors, consisting of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived moral obligations significantly influenced intentions to use the toll road. Meanwhile, perceived control of external resources was essential for airline passengers in their intention to use toll roads. Sociodemographic factors such as age, gender, income, frequency of airplane use, travel time, and cost also significantly influenced the decision to drive. Female, older passengers, high-income passengers, and frequent flyers were more likely to continue flying. The finding confirms that the Trans Java Toll Road affected a decline in air demand on Java Island. However, traveling with family members, rather than airfare hikes, became a more substantial reason for air passengers to switch to driving the toll roads. This research found that air passengers were inelastic related to changes in travel time, while 6% were willing to switch due to airfare increases of 10%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Jul 2020 18:28:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1715443</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A practical approach to revenue management in passenger train services: A case study of the Indonesian railways Argo Parahyangan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1693328</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors proposed a practical approach to incorporating demand function in pricing optimization and its corresponding capacity allocation problem. Based on the willingness-to-pay approach, demand function was estimated from choice-based conjoint (CBC) data using a combination of hierarchical Bayes estimation, randomized first choice simulation, and cubic spline interpolation. The approach was implemented in the largest intercity passenger train service in Indonesia, assuming two customer segments and four fare classes. Solution to the mixed-integer nonlinear pricing optimization problem was obtained using enumeration. Subsequently, the expected marginal seat revenue heuristic was used in the seat inventory allocation problem.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 May 2020 11:28:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1693328</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Operating Characteristics of Intercity Public Van Service in Lampung, Indonesia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/919401</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The business of providing pickup and delivery service for intercity passengers flourishes in Indonesia. In Lampung Province, it is available to popular destinations, including Jakarta, Palembang, and Bakauheni. To date, there is no detailed information regarding operating characteristics, highlighting the importance of this research for future reference. The data for analysis were collected through a series of field surveys on service frequency and passenger and driver interviews conducted at the ferry terminal of Bakauheni. Results of the analysis suggest that there are too many vehicles operating on the Bandar Lampung-Bakauheni route. The implications are that the total number of trips, the number of passengers carried, and crew income per vehicle per day are limited. The vehicle queuing and dispatching system needs to be improved to prevent passengers from waiting too long. The conclusion is that this business is profitable only if there is a good operating arrangement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Jun 2010 07:06:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/919401</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Urban Public Transport Policy in Indonesia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/890548</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Generally, the existing condition of public transport in Indonesia is poor, there is an overall lack of capacity, lack of quality and choice, severe traffic congestions and insufficient funds to renew and repair vehicles. People, who can pay to travel by their own vehicles, or by taxi, would seldom find any temptation to use public transport. Increasingly, patronage will be confined to the poorest members of society, thereby further eroding service levels and comfort. The public transport users are captive passengers, who use the public transport because they have no choice to travel by other modes. Surveys were carried out in the cities of Bandung and Yogyakarta, by counting public transport vehicles and occupancies, interviewing the public transport passengers, drivers and institutional staffs, who involve in public transport management. The existing urban bus services have been analyzed. Also the existing and emerging institutional framework that provides for public transport services, including all the planning, operational, regulatory, licensing and funding functions for bus services and their supporting facilities have been reviewed. It has been concluded that the main problem is the lack of public transport management and inefficiency of the bus services. The existing institutions, who are involve in public transport policy, should be improved. A sustainable public transport plan for short, medium and long term plans are also analyzed to find the best solutions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Jun 2009 09:29:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/890548</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Accessible Bus: Toward Accessible Transportation in Indonesia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/890680</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accessibility is the main factor for elderly and disabled to be able live independently and take part in many activities of life and the mainstream society. Therefore provisions for an accessible environment as well as accessible transportation has become one of great disability issues and concerned. This paper will discuss provisions for accessibility and the importance of transportation for the elderly and disabled in order to mainstream them into society.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Jun 2009 09:29:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/890680</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Activity-Based Model of Travel Demand in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/794834</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The goal of the study is to develop a comprehensive activity-based modeling system in the context of developing countries, providing accurate estimates which are expected to serve as better inputs for the evaluation of different transportation policy scenarios.  The case study is Jakarta, Indonesia, one of the largest metropolitan areas in Asia.  The modeling system primarily adopts a tour-based structure in which the tour is used as the unit of modeling travel instead of the trip, preserving a consistency in destination, mode, and time of day across trips.  The model is developed using the available activity diary survey and household travel survey data.  It is a system of disaggregate logit and nested logit models assuming a hierarchy of the model components, with three major models (choices of daily activity-travel pattern, times of day, and mode and destination) with two additional sub-models (choices of mode and destination for work-based sub-tours, and intermediate stop locations).  In Jakarta, a variety of urban transportation policy scenarios such as extension of bus rapid transit, area pricing, and license plate restriction are currently being examined, discussed, or implemented.  It is hoped that the new models developed in this study will contribute to better understanding of urban travel behavior and improvement of the travel demand forecasting models that will result in better evaluation of urban transportation policy scenarios in the region.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Dec 2006 11:07:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/794834</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ROUGHNESS PROGRESSIONS AND APPROPRIATE MAINTENANCE STRATEGIES FOR INTERURBAN ROADS IN INDONESIA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/664793</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The accurate prediction of the rates of deterioration of roads is important in scheduling economic maintenance activities in road management systems. As part of a co-operative research programme, the Transport Research Laboratory (TRL), UK, and the Institute of Road Engineering (IRE) in Indonesia have been deriving appropriate road deterioration relationships for Indonesian conditions for use by the Directorate General of Highways (who are currently integrating the various road management systems in Indonesia through the Integrated Road Management Systems (IRMS) project). In the TRL/IRE study, twenty-five sections of interurban road were monitored over a 10-year period and deterioration relationships derived together with calibration factors for the relationships in the HDM-4 model suitable for Indonesian conditions. This paper examines the economic consequences of using appropriate roughness calibration factors to determine the timing of maintenance activities. The HDM default calibration values and the calibration factors derived in the study were both used in the model to predict roughness progressions over a 25 year analysis period. HDM runs were conducted for both well-constructed and poorly constructed roads in flat and mountainous terrain, for a range of traffic levels ranging between 1000 and 20,000 vehicles per day. The maintenance strategies employed in this investigation were strengthening overlays of 30 mm, 40 mm and 50 mm at roughness intervention levels of 3, 4, 5 and 6 m/km IRI. The magnitude of feasible potential benefits, in terms of total transport costs, arising from better targeting of maintenance activities is shown to be very large, indicating the importance of deriving suitable calibration factors for predicting rates of road deterioration that are then used to set maintenance policies. The paper also discusses the costs of conducting this type of research programme, illustrating that the probable realisable benefits far outweigh the costs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Oct 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/664793</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>URBAN/RURAL TRANSIT - SESSION 15</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/541358</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The XIIIth World Meeting of the International Road Federation was held in Toronto, Ontario from June 16 to 20, 1997. The papers are presented in one of the three official languages of the conference as submitted by the author (English, French or Spanish). The proceedings are available on CD-Rom. This work session contains the following papers:  A Norwegian Electric Vehicle Development the Natural Gas Bus Project in Norway (Hagerupsen,A) [English];  Advanced Systems of Fleet Management (Camacho,JLR) [Spanish];  Advantages of High Capacity Rail Transit Along Major Corridors in Large Cities of Developing Countries (Minchev,A, Mehr,SA) [English];  Estimation of Bicycle Transportation Demand (Epperson,BD) [English];  Evaluation of the Role of Underground Railway System as an Urban Transportation Mode in Tehran (Behbahani,H, Nejad,A) [English]; Infrastructure to Optimize Transit Reliability (de Wit,T) [English];  Simplified Public Transport Route Planning Method: A Case Study in Bandung (Indonesia) (Tamin,OZ) [English];  Solutions for the Transition from Inter-City to Urban Traffic: Ring-Roads in Barcelona (Rodr guez,PN) [Spanish]; Why Bus-based Rapid Transit is the Key to Sustainable Transportation (Gravel,M, Bowes,RW) [English]. For the covering abstract of this conference see IRRD number 872978. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Dec 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/541358</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INTERCITY BUS TERMINUS LOCATION: CASE STUDY OF PEKANBARU, INDONESIA.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/525317</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Jul 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/525317</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BUS MANAGERS AND USERS VIS A VIS OWNERSHIP, REGULATION, COMPETITION AND SYSTEMS. IN: URBAN TRANSPORT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: LESSONS IN INNOVATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/366325</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The background for this paper lies in Sri Lankan experience with bus privatization and competition, plus observations in India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Britain, and research on recent publications.The paper covers ideas across thr field of competition and ownershop of urban buses.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 1992 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/366325</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A TALE OF FOUR CITIES: COMPETITION AND BUS OWNERSHIP IN BANGKOK, JAKARTA, MANILA AND SINGAPORE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/366582</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Attention is focused on the efficiency of bus operations in four Southeast Asian cities.  Initially, interest is centred on Jakarta's Pengangkutan Penumpang Djakarta (PPD) to illustrate the range of problems afflicting unrestructured state-owned transport operations.  Then we proceed to examine three approaches open to such a company - the "in-house" approach, the introduction of competition and privatisation.  These approaches are examined by reference to bus operations in Bangkok, Manila and Singapore respectively.  We are then in a position to consider the relative merits of these approaches for Jakarta's state-owned bus company.  This paper forms part of a special issue of the journal Transportation Planning and Technology, entitled "Competition ownership of bus and coach services", edited by David A Hensher.  The special issue carries a selection of 24 papers and workshop reports presented at the international conference held in Thredbo, New South Wales, Australia, from 1st-4th May 1989.  For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 837493. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 1992 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/366582</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BUSES IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN CITIES: PRIVATISATION WITHOUT DEREGULATION. FROM THE BOOK BUS DEREGULATION AND PRIVATISATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/296473</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pressure for the privatisation of public transport has taken root in the peripheral capitalist economies of Southeast Asia (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, The Philippines, Singapore and Thailand) that collectively make up the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). This should not be surprising as neighboring countries, notably Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, had disposed of unprofitable public sector enterprises during the early 1970s. Indeed, the Sri Lanka Government privatised the country's bus system which was formerly a state monopoly of the Ceylon Transport Board - a reflection of the free enterprise approach of the Jayewardene Government. As it was regarded as a reaction to the nationalising policy of ousted political opponents, this "indigenous" lead was ignored in Southeast Asia. Privatisation only took root in Southeast Asia as a result of the missionary activity of the World Bank; this has been supported by the Asian Development Bank and bilateral aid donors influenced by instances of privatisation in the United Kingdom, the United States and, more recently, in Japan.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Mar 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/296473</guid>
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