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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Seat Belt Use among Car Drivers in Iranian Safe Communities: An Observational Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1397668</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The number of road traffic injuries and fatalities in Iran is high. The aim of the present study was to investigate the rate of drivers' seat belt use and a number of related factors in Kashmar, Bardaskan, and Khalilabad (Iranian Safe Communities). In 2014, driver observations were made at 48 road sites on intercity roads, main streets, side streets, and rural roads in these 3 cities. A total of 10,255 vehicles were observed, with the overall rate of seat belt use being 51.8%. The rates in Kashmar, Bardaskan, and Khalilabad were 51.4, 56.3, and 47.7%, respectively. In Kashmar, the odds of seat belt use were higher among drivers who were female, older, and taxi drivers. Higher use was also found during the afternoon, and lower use was observed on rural roads. In Khalilabad the odds of seat belt use were higher among females, older drivers, taxis, and private car drivers. Seat belt use was also higher on weekends and during the morning but was significantly lower on rural roads. Similarly, in Bardaskan the odds of using a seat belt were higher among females, older drivers, taxis, and private car drivers. Seat belt use was also higher during the afternoon but was significantly lower on rural roads, in comparison to main streets and intercity roads.  The rate of seat belt use in these 3 cities was found to be low, despite these cities being designated as International Safe Communities. Therefore, seat belt promotion programs, tougher regulations, stronger enforcement, public awareness campaigns, and more research are needed to promote seat belt use in these Iranian cities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Mar 2016 09:47:36 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Injury prevention and safety promotion in rural communities: contribution of community health workers and an injury data registry system in Iran</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1097480</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Injuries affecting people from the rural populations of middle-income countries are poorly documented and so are people health care seeking behaviour and their views and concern about injury prevention. The aim of this thesis, based on studies conducted in rural areas of the Twiserkan district in Iran is to increase knowledge about injury epidemiology and the potential contribution of community health workers to the control and prevention of injuries. A retrospective interview-based study including the victims of all unintentional injuries leading to hospitalization or death that had occurred within a twelve month period was first conducted (134 injuries from 117 households). Both injury circumstances and opinions about potential means of prevention were documented. A community-based household survey was also conducted on a cluster sample of 759 households so as to assess the frequency of occurrence of injuries of various severity levels, determine people injury-related healthcare seeking behaviour, and people's views about possible prevention measures. Thereafter, all community health workers (known as Behvarzes) from the district (over 100) were enrolled in a prospective six-month injury registration project during which they conducted injury analysis, proposed preventive measures, and identified their implementation barriers. These studies showed the injury incidence rates in the rural community of Twiserkan varied - and decreased with - severity level. Road traffic injuries (RTIs) were the most important injury mechanism, and motorcycle, the most common mode of transportation of the victims. Most people with severe injuries and nearly half of those with moderate ones went first to the hospital; all those with minor injuries sought care initially at the local health house. Common suggestions made by injured and non-injured people for prevention were engineering changes (under the responsibility of the authorities), safety education (responsibility of the Behvarzes), and safe behaviour/practice together with better cooperation (by citizens). Behvarzes emphasized the adoption of safe behaviour/practice as an important means for RTI prevention, with a focus on motorcycle helmet use and compliance with traffic rules. They also raised the need for engineering, law enforcement, and education. They saw their own contribution as being health and safety educators and promoters. A complementary study on the injury data registry system in place as perceived by various stakeholders from the national, provincial, and district levels indicated the system is acceptable for Behvarzes to work with and a useful tool for them to use for educational purposes in the local community. The most important facilitator of the system agreed upon was the fact that Behvarzes come from the area. The Behvarzes' high workload is regarded as a potential barrier for them to their commitment in the system and their health services to the people. In conclusion, injuries in general and RTIs in particular are important health problems in the rural areas. Behvarzes can play an important role in injury surveillance and in identifying context-relevant means of prevention that they or other actors may then implement (A). http://diss.kib.ki.se/2009/978-91-7409-536-4/thesis.pdf.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Mar 2011 11:23:30 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>URBAN AND RURAL PATTERNS OF BICYCLE HELMET USE: FACTORS PREDICTING USAGE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/638514</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this report is to document current bicycle helmet use in Winnipeg, Manitoba and nearby rural communities, and to identify target groups for a helmet promotion campaign.  Cyclist helmet use was observed between 28 May and 20 August 1996 at a sample of urban and rural locations. Age, gender, helmet use, riding companion (s), location type, correct helmet use, and use of headphones were recorded.  Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.  Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated from the final models.  Altogether 2629 cyclists (70% male, 30% female) were observed: 2316 at 183 urban locations and 313 at 25 rural locations, with nearly equal numbers of children and adults observed.  Overall helmet use was 21.3%, with lower use in males (18.9%) than females (26.3%), despite gender only being a significant variable on multivariate analysis for children under 8 years and adults.  Urban helmet use was considerably higher (22.9%) than rural use (8.9%).  Helmet use increased linearly as mean neighbourhood income increased, with a nearly fourfold difference in use between the highest and lowest income neighbourhoods.  Children less than 8 years old and adults had the highest, and teenagers the lowest, use. Significant predictive variables were identified separately by age category to inform targeted programming.  The authors documented low helmet use in their region, emphasizing the need for a regional helmet promotion campaign as well as future helmet legislation.  A marked urban-rural difference in helmet use that has not been previously reported was also identified.  Target groups for a future campaign include adolescents, males, rural cyclists, and those in lower income neighourhoods.  (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 07 Feb 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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