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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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    <item>
      <title>Mathematical Modeling of Ice Loads on Ship Hull in View of Their Stochastic Nature: Method Development &amp; Solution Implementation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1718085</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article is of a conceptual nature and deals through the example of ice loads with the consideration of general issues related to researching the external environmental effects on marine infrastructure facilities under presence and influence of random components. Fundamentals of method for modeling the stochastic ice loads on ship hull based on combination of probabilistic and simulation approaches and developed under direct participation of authors are outlined. The detailed stepwise algorithm to implement the appropriate modeling process and its flow chart are submitted. Key aspects of processing, representing and assessing the output data of probabilistic simulation of ice loads acting on ship hull are noted. Certain results of modeling the random values of design ice load parameters are provided and interpreted applied to the real ice-going ship operating in the ice conditions of specified navigation water area and season. Practically significant problems within which it is expedient to use the developed solution are formulated. The conclusion is drawn that the introduction of probabilistic simulation concept, together with the application of direct calculation methods, to assess and forecast the ice loads on ship hull will ultimately contribute to a considerable decrease in the damageability level and increase in the safety level for marine transport when operating in ice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Jul 2020 09:12:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1718085</guid>
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      <title>Some pay much but many don’t: Vehicle TCO imputation in travel surveys</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1567615</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Costs of cars are among the most relevant factors influencing travel behavior. However, there is a lack of data about the true costs of car ownership and specifically on how these costs are distributed across different vehicles and across the population. This paper presents a multistage method for imputing car costs by cost item in a German national travel survey data set. Based on vehicle information reported by survey participants, the authors assign costs to each of the three thousand cars in the data set using the most comprehensive German vehicle cost data base. In addition to combining different data sets, they use model based imputation methods. In order to validate the average costs for private vehicles they analyze the German income and expenditure survey EVS. The average total cost of ownership for a private car in Germany is about 310 Euros per month. This translates to about 30 Eurocents per auto-km. About one third of the costs are fuel, another third is depreciation, and the rest are other mainly fixed costs (insurance, tax, repair and maintenance). However, the cost distribution is strongly skewed with a long tail to the right. Hence, the majority of motorists pay less than average for their private vehicles while few pay more and evidently some pay a lot more. This imputation approach delivers unprecedented vehicle cost information in particular with regard to the distribution of vehicle costs. Such data is key for understanding the fundamentals of mobility choices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Dec 2018 15:33:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1567615</guid>
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      <title>Generalized Probability Distributions for Accelerated Life Modeling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1431725</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Time dependent mechanical breakdown of materials has been a long-standing concern for structural components, and it is especially exacerbated by randomness in material properties, loading conditions, and other sources of uncertainty. A generalized phenomenological cumulative distribution function for lifetime, which is consistent with fundamentals of reliability theory, is presented. The form of the cdf includes a kernel that incorporates functions for time dependent loading, mechanical breakdown, and statistical behavior. The formalism is applicable for a variety of loading conditions including creep rupture, rate dependent tensile loading, and fatigue. Analysis of failure under stress histories such as variable stress amplitude or step-stress loadings is manageable as well. The model is a generalization of the classical accelerated life model in which covariates are included to account for physical attributes that directly influence component lifetime. Specific examples will be provided for fatigue failure. The procedure is well suited to explicitly relate statistical characteristics to classical stress-life analyses.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Apr 2017 10:40:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1431725</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Optimum Principle for Traffic and Transportation Networks: Minimum Probability of Congestion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1262134</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses an optimum principle for traffic and transportation networks with road bottlenecks that was recently introduced by the author. This network breakdown minimization (BM) principle states that the network optimum is reached, when dynamic traffic optimization and/or control are performed in the network in such a way that the probability for spontaneous occurrence of traffic breakdown in at one of the network bottlenecks during a given observation time reaches the minimum possible value; this is equivalent to the maximization of the probability that traffic breakdown occurs at none of the network bottlenecks. It is stressed that the BM principle is applicable for the optimization, control, and management of any kind of traffic and transportation networks like freeway networks, city networks, urban networks, and any their combinations. A comparison of the BM principle with the well-known Wardrop's principles as well as with other classical fundamentals and methodologies of traffic and transportation theory is made.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Sep 2013 09:15:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1262134</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>LES BASES DU CALCUL SISMIQUE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1068608</link>
      <description><![CDATA[LA PREMIERE PARTIE DU LIVRE COUVRE LE DOMAINE DE LA DYNAMIQUE.  LES SUJETS SUIVANTS SONT TRAITES : ANALYSE MATRICIELLE DES  SYSTEMES SOUMIS A DES PERTURBATIONS INDEPENDANTES, SYSTEMES NON-LINEAIRE, HYDRODYNAMIQUE, ET METHODES NUMERIQUES EMPLOYEES POUR L'ANALYSE.  LA SECONDE PARTIE CONTIENT DES CHAPITRES RELATIFS AUX MOUVEMENTS SISMIQUES, AU COMPORTEMENT DYNAMIQUE DES  STRUCTURES ET AUX CONCEPTS DE BASE DU CALCUL SISMIQUE DES STRUCTURES.  (11265 : GEOTECHNIQUE NANTES - M LAGABRIELLE).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 11:21:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1068608</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>FUNDAMENTALS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1057938</link>
      <description><![CDATA[PART 1 DEALS WITH THE DYNAMIC ASPECTS OF THE SUBJECT: MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF SYSTEMS SUBJECTED TO INDEPENDENT VIBRATIONS BY MEANS OF MATHEMATICAL  MODELS.  THE ANALYTICAL SYSTEMS USED ARE NON-LINEAR SYSTEMS, HYDRODYNAMICS AND NUMERICAL METHODS.  PART 2 EXAMINES SEISMIC MOVEMENTS, THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF STRUCTURES AND THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE SEISMIC DESIGN OF STRUCTURES.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 06:04:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1057938</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>FUNDAMENTALS OF THE STATISTICAL THEORY OF FRACTURE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/57539</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The first important study of fracture statistics was that of Weibull.  His work was based on the tacit assumption that only the component of stress normal to a crack plane contributes to its fracture, and on the use of simple analytical formulas for failure probability.  Recent progress in short-term fracture includes the use of more refined fracture criteria and a search for better distribution functions for the frequency of cracks, based on micro-structural considerations.  Use of the critical value of strain energy release rate as a fracture criterion leads to improved agreement with experiment.  Consideration is also five to the statistics of fracture in static fatigue and in dynamic fracture.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Feb 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/57539</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROBABILISTIC STRENGTH ESTIMATES AND RELIABILITY OF DAMAGED PARALLEL WIRE CABLES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/663269</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cable reliability analysis involves the combined evaluation of cable capacity and cable load in a probabilistic manner. Assessment of cable capacity is only possible through visual inspections of the wires, field sampling, laboratory analysis of the degraded wire populations, and analytical techniques. In addition to a brief presentation of cable mechanics and deterministic models that approximate cable strength, this paper discusses inspection methodologies and statistical methods of estimation of the sizes of the degraded wire populations, and wire properties, leading to cable capacities. These capacities are described by probability distributions. The paper also discusses fundamentals of reliability analysis as they apply to bridge cables. Load criteria of present standard specifications (such as AASHTO or other international codes) are not applicable to long-span suspension bridges. The paper discusses criteria of bridge loading and reliability indices for bridge cables. More work is needed in the evaluation of loading for long-span bridges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Aug 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/663269</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FUNDAMENTALS OF TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC OPERATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/473047</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The basic concepts in the transportation and traffic operations field that should be understood by every transportation professional are presented here in a thorough, coherent, and self-contained way.  Introductory chapters on "tools" cover topics such as graphical methods, optimization, probability, stochastic processes, statistics, and simulation; these are complemented by application chapters on traffic dynamics, control, observation, and scheduled modes, where the fundamental ideas are presented in depth.  A key element of the author's approach is that only that material is presented which is definitely known and correct.  At the same time, an effort has been made to point out various pitfalls and common errors so that they can be avoided.  The result is an invaluable source of reliable, well grounded and clearly explained ideas, tools and techniques for the transportation professional.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Mar 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/473047</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TRAFFIC ANALYSIS: NEW TECHNOLOGY AND NEW SOLUTIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/291335</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The material presented in this book was initially prepared as part of a series of courses in traffic engineering held at monash university in may 1986.  For some time the transport engineering profession had been aware that practising planners and engineers lacked courses that would teach them, in detail, about the fundamentals of modern traffic data collection and analysis.  The scope of the courses was limited to the two areas of traffic data collection and traffic data analysis.  The traffic survey methods workshop was concerned with existing and new techniques and technologies for undertaking traffic surveys. There was an emphasis on the use of microprocessors in data collection.  The traffic data analysis workshop examined the design of traffic experiments, and the uses to which the traffic data may be put in analysis and design.  It emphasised microcomputer based techniques.  The notes from these two workshops have been combined as a basis for this book.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Mar 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/291335</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HYDROLOGY FOR TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/192345</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This manual is intended to be a comprehensive coverage of hydrology for transportation engineers.  It is more than a "how-to-do-it" review; it is intended to provide a fundamental background which the user can use to develop his understanding in the application of concepts of hydrology. The manual has three basic kinds of information.  The first is introductory, basic information on hydrology, data management, models, and empirical methods.  The second consists of basic fundamentals of probability and statistics.  The third kind of information consists of very applied information related to each particular kind of problem the hydrologist faces.  This manual is aimed at the engineer with a B.S. in Engineering and several years of experience.  (FHWA)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Feb 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/192345</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FUNDAMENTALS OF PROBABILITY THEORY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/46826</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The components of a pavement system, its loadings and responses, its constitutive materials, and conditions of weather vary in time and location in a random manner. Mathematical models of such systems are known as stochastic processes.  This paper presents some fundamentals of probability theory that form the building blocks of such processes.  Specific topics treated are deterministic and stochastic systems, randomness and probability, tree diagrams, permutations and computations, conditional probabilities, independence, and Bayes' theorem.  Examples are presented to demonstrate the use of the concepts relative to factors entering the analysis, design, construction, and proofing of pavement systems.  The concept of chance as it applies to dice or cards is discussed.  In this paper a collection of tools is described, and their use is demonstrated.  /Author/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Sep 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/46826</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PROBABILITY, STATISTICS, AND DECISION FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/90907</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE PRINCIPLES ARE PRESENTED OF APPLIED PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS NEEDED TO OPTIMIZE AND UNDERSTAND DECISIONS UNDER UNCERTAINTY FROM AN ENGINEERING VIEWPOINT. WRITTEN SPECIFICALLY FOR STUDENTS OF AND PROFESSIONALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING, THE TEXT EMPHASIZES THE RELATION OF ANALYSIS TO PRACTICAL DECISION MAKING, THE READER'S THOROUGH COMPREHENSION OF FUNDAMENTALS, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIS ABILITY TO FORMULATE PRACTICAL MODELS. BAYESIAN DECISION THEORY AS WELL AS CONVENTIONAL STATISTICAL METHODS ARE INCLUDED; COMMON DISTRIBUTIONS ARE DEVELOPED AS MODELS OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES; ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS INVOLVING ECONOMIC DECISIONS UNDER UNCERTAINTY ARE EMPHASIZED; AND REALISTIC AND COMMON CIVIL ENGINEERING EXAMPLES, ILLUSTRATIONS, AND PROBLEMS ARE STRESSED AT ALL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT. /AUTHOR]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 19 Oct 1970 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/90907</guid>
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