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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Laboratory Investigations on Lateritic Soil Stabilized with RBI Grade 81, Coconut Fiber and Aggregates</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2408010</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Soil stabilization is an excellent old technique adopted to improve the properties of any weak soil. In the recent past, many chemical stabilizers came to the market. In this study, a commercial stabilizer-RBI Grade 81’s (dosage 2–8%) potential to improve lateritic soil properties was investigated. At 6% RBI Grade 81 dosage, the effect of reinforcement was evaluated by using 0.5 and 1.0% coconut fibers. Strength improvement of 6% RBI Grade 81 stabilized soil admixed with <12.5 mm size aggregates (5, 10, and 15%) was studied to know the effect of granular layer demolition waste incorporation. CBR and UCS tests were used for strength evaluation. Considerable improvement in mix strength was observed above 6% RBI Grade 81 dosage on 28 curing days for the soil incorporated with fibers and aggregates. A linear fit was established between UCS and soaked CBR, which shows a high correlation (>0.9), and Prob > F is <0.06 depicting high reliability for the estimation of soaked CBR from UCS. Further, fatigue and durability tests were carried out to understand stabilized soil’s behavior under dynamic load application and performance during monsoon to simulate the submerged condition of the pavement in dense rainfall areas (>3500 mm). Stabilized lateritic soil mixes sustained freeze–thaw cycles effectively with weight loss of <14%. However, even at an 8% RBI Grade 81 dosage, the mix has not satisfied the wetting–drying test requirement. Stabilized soil blends showed excellent fatigue performance under repeated loads. The 6% RBI Grade 81 treated soil mixes can be used for modified subgrade.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2025 15:24:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2408010</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Comparative Analysis of Performance and Cost of Chemical Stabilizers for Iowa Granular Roads: Field and Laboratory Evaluation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2551116</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates the role of surface-layer gradation and evaluates the effectiveness of ionic, enzymatic, and water-absorbent solutions as chemical stabilizers through laboratory measurements and field tests on gravel road test sections in Washington County, Iowa. Materials, including soil samples and surface aggregates, were collected from representative sources commonly used in county road construction. The study monitored six test sections over a 1-year period post-construction, documenting distresses and conducting cost and performance comparisons, revealing that the performance of gradation-controlled sections incorporating balanced mixes of gravel, sand, and fines surpassed that of control sections, showing significant enhancements resulting from chemical treatments in overall performance, dust-emission reduction, and structural strength. Water-absorbent solutions proved the most highly effective in moisture retention, enhancing durability, and suppressing dust, leading to a notable 19.1% reduction in overall construction and maintenance costs compared with conventional untreated sections. Enzymatic stabilizers reduced costs by 14.2% and the volume of ionic stabilizers by 11.0%. The study emphasizes the critical role of optimal blend design and chemical treatment in road stabilization projects, and advocates prolonged assessment and strategic stabilizer application to optimize performance under varying environmental and traffic conditions. Ongoing field-data collection aims to further validate these findings and refine gravel road stabilization methods for enhanced cost-effectiveness and durability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 12 May 2025 17:08:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2551116</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Low-Quality Recycled Concrete Pavement Aggregates for Subgrade Soil Stabilization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2410503</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is the byproduct of the demolition of concrete structures and pavements. The use of RCA to replace quarried aggregates in paving projects is one way to utilize these materials and alleviate concerns regarding this increasing waste stream. In this study, a low-plasticity clay in Kansas was stabilized using RCA and three stabilizing materials (lime, Class C fly ash, and a combination of portland cement and fly ash). Candidate mixtures with varying proportions of chemical stabilizers and D-cracked aggregates were evaluated using the standard Proctor, unconfined compressive strength, linear shrinkage, and California Bearing Ratio tests. Microstructure characteristics of selected mixtures were explored using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive Xray tests. Laboratory test results indicated that RCA, in conjunction with all cementitious materials except lime, improved clay strength, stiffness, and shrinkage properties. SEM results also indicated that RCA causes a low void space and a dense arrangement of soil particles. RCA effectively improved evaluated mixture properties when an adequate soil-RCA bond was reached using chemical agents. The long-term performance of full-depth flexible pavements with stabilized mixtures as subgrade was assessed in the AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design (commonly known as MEPDG) software, and the life-cycle cost of flexible pavements with stabilized mixtures was estimated for a 40-year design period. Economic analysis results indicated that RCA is cost-effective only if it is used with a combination of fly ash and portland cement in a mass ratio of 1:1.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 05 Aug 2024 13:53:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2410503</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Laboratory study and performance evaluation of cement treated base using chemical stabiliser</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2167145</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper provides an innovative approach to improve strength and durability of cement treated base (CTB) by the utilisation of StabilRoad, a chemical commercial stabiliser to reduce shrinkage and fatigue cracking shortly after construction. Aspects related to compaction, durability, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and microscopic behaviour are analysed due to the addition of different percentages of cement and the stabiliser. UCS increased substantially with the addition of this stabiliser. An average mass loss of 4.08% and 0.99% respectively after wetting-drying and freeze-thaw cycles have been observed. Microstructure analysis revealed the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH gels) and reduction in CH and SiO₂. Presence of ettringites and thaumasites in later phases were negligible which confirmed the resistivity against freeze-thaw actions and proved the design to be durable. Application of this stabiliser with cement improves durability, enhances strength and ensures a strong crack resisting base layer.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Oct 2023 17:09:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2167145</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Establishment of best practices for laboratory evaluation of stabilized base layers and comparative study on influence of different types of stabilizers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2228166</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The stabilization of pavement layers is nowadays widely accepted across the globe due to several issues like scarcity of good quality aggregates, weak subgrade, presence of undesirable material, heavy loadings, and many more. The present study envisaged the suitability of different stabilizers available commercially for the stabilization of the base layer. The primary objective of the study is to ascertain the stabilizer which will aid in attaining the required strength with a minimum curing period while keeping the other characteristics of the stabilized mix under permissible limits. Three different types of cementitious stabilizers were incorporated in the study, namely polymer-based cementitious material (Commercial Chemical Stabilzer-1 or CCS-1), fiber-based cementitious material (CCS-2), and Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Grade-53. The microstructure analysis of the three stabilizers was also conducted to understand their mineralogical compositions. The desired level of compaction was achieved through the vibratory hammer approach after adopting different compaction methods during the laboratory study. The optimum content of stabilizers was determined by a trial-and-error approach, and the corresponding moisture-density relationship was utilized further for sample preparation. Moreover, several sets of samples were prepared, which were subjected to different curing periods. The samples were prepared in different shapes and sizes as required for conducting tests such as Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), flexural strength, Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS), and durability. For a detailed investigation of the stabilizer effect on the stabilized mix, the micro-structure analysis through X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was performed. The laboratory study concluded that the minimum requisite UCS strength of 4.5 MPa was achieved by adding only 4% of CCS-1 in comparison to 4.5% of the other two stabilizers, i.e., CCS-2 and OPC-53. Moreover, the strength gains by stabilized mix prepared by the addition of CCS-1 are relatively fast, and the requisite strength was attained after 3-days curing only. The other test results also demonstrated the superiority of CCS-1 over the other two stabilizers. The microstructure analysis depicted that the formation of hydration products influencing the mix strength was relatively more for CCS-1.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Aug 2023 16:46:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2228166</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of the Curing Time Effect on the Swelling, Unconfined Strength and Resilient Modulus of an Expansive Soil Improved with Hydrated Lime</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1895177</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Soils with high plasticity and high swell potential undergo great volume changes in the presence of unstable water content changes. The resulting expansion leads to damage to pavements and/or lightweight structures with such a subsoil. Expansive soils can be improved by adding chemical stabilizers such as lime, fly ash and micro cement. To construct a highway on an expansive subgrade soil, the subgrade should be stabilized to satisfy the minimum requirements of the highway standards. In this research, expansive clay samples were collected from clay deposits in the Akyurt district of Ankara (Turkey), near Esenboga Airport. The swelling, strength and resilient modulus properties of the soil samples were determined via laboratory tests. First, reference tests were carried out on natural soil samples. Then, the clay samples were mixed with lime agent at different percentages (1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 9%) according to the dry weight of the soil. The index, swelling, strength and resilient modulus (Mr) properties of these samples were determined. The soil samples were tested at 7, 28, 56 and 90-day curing times for each percentage of lime agent considered. The changes in the abovementioned properties, especially with regard to the effect of curing time on improvement, were interpreted in this research. Designing for a 7% lime content and a 28-day curing time can be a sound solution for addressing the expansive clay studied in this research, since the criteria of the Turkish Highway Standards are satisfied under these conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 05 Dec 2021 18:49:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1895177</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Stabilization of Cohesionless Sandy Soil for Transportation Infrastructure </title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1751144</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The stabilization of cohesionless soils with cementitious materials is essential for local materials to be used for construction activities, due to the lack of strength of such geomaterials in their native state. Generally, such stabilization results in enhanced mechanical properties due to formation of pozzolanic compounds which may satisfy the design requirements. However, there is a high carbon-footprint when traditional stabilizers are used. During natural disasters, such as flooding and hurricanes, pavements built using cohesionless soils may undergo significant damages. Recently, researchers have started exploring other alternative form of chemical additives that will be effective in stabilization yet will have low carbon footprint with high sustainable benefits. A new class of alumino-silicate-polymers, commonly known as Geopolymers have emerged due to its eco-friendly and sustainable nature and its cementitious properties. Geopolymer has received significant attention as an alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and lime for soil stabilization, and other applications for pavements, bridges, and other transportation structures. However, most of the previous studies on using Geopolymers for soil stabilization focused on stabilization of clay-rich soils. Some preliminary results also suggest that stabilization of sandy soils with Geopolymers might even results in more durable solution when compared to clay-rich soils, or use of OPC stabilizers, due to the excellent adhesion of the Geopolymers to the send particles. However, very limited studies were reported in the literature in this area and the proposed research plan aims at evaluating the performance of Geopolymers in effectively stabilizing cohesionless soils typical for coastal region of Region 6. A collaborative research study is formulated by teams from Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Material Science and Engineering in Texas A & M University, College Station to investigate the feasibility of stabilizing cohesionless soils using Geopolymers and combination of Cement and Geopolymer for transportation infrastructure in Region 6. The effects of Geopolymer, dosage rates, and curing condition on overall performance and structural and mechanical properties of Geopolymer-stabilized soils have to be studied in order to optimize the use of Geopolymer derived from local waste and natural materials for transportation infrastructure in Region 6. As part of the proposed study, shrinkage, strength and stiffness tests in the form of unconfined compressive strength and repeated load triaxial tests will be conducted to evaluate the performance of stabilized soil. Both material characterization studies related to micro to macro behavioral changes of native soils and Geopolymer-and Cement-Geopolymer-treated soils will be carried out as a part of this research. During implementation phase, sustainable, resiliency, and life cycle analysis of Geopolymer-stabilized cohesionless soils will be evaluated. The proposed research should provide major benefits in the design of resilient, and ecofriendly infrastructure in Texas and other regional states in Region 6 where cohesionless soils are in abundance. The proposed research with Geopolymers, should provide sustainable greener alternative for transportation infrastructure that will be resilient with low distress problems. Therefore, proposed collaborative study focuses on these Tran-SET’s areas: Area 4: Improving durability and extending the life of the infrastructure (Sub-area: Application of new materials and technologies); Area 5: Preserving the environment; Area 6: Preserving the existing transportation system. Two doctoral students will work with PIs (Dr. Radovic, Dr. Puppala, and Dr. Chakraborty) to execute the proposed research tasks. The expected deliverable from this project is a technical report summarizing all tasks from both institutes including necessary design guidelines of resilient Geopolymer-stabilized cohesionless soils. The team also anticipates to publish several high impact research publications including journal and conference articles. Results of this project will be also disseminated in transportation related workshops and committee talks at TRB annual meetings and presented to the potential industry partners.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Nov 2020 19:54:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1751144</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of calcined textile sludge as a stabilizing material for highway soil</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1695911</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The textile industry is a pioneer in the industrialization process in Brazil and is relevant to the Brazilian economy. However, it also generates as operational residue a solid waste, commonly called textile sludge. Pavement construction, which mobilizes large volumes of soil, constitutes an alternative to the reuse of residue, especially when stabilization is involved. The use of stabilized soils with the addition of waste can provide technical, economic and environmentally friendly advantages. This research aimed to study the use of chemical stabilization technique with sludge and three additives (lime, cement and asphalt emulsion) applied in base and subbase of pavements. The scope of this study was divided into four phases, i) characterization tests, ii) physical stabilization, iii) chemical stabilization and determination of heavy metals in the sludge, and iv) addition of 10% of textile sludge and chemical stabilizers (lime, cement, and asphalt emulsion) in amounts of 3%, 5% and 7% as additives in a soil, based on the results obtained in the second phase. Test results indicated that the stabilization of mixtures of soil with textile sludge has the potential to be used in pavement layers (base and subbase). The addition of cement promotes the best chemical stabilization for the sludge. The use of textile sludge stabilization presents greater environmental benefits, given the malfunctions and problems that the incorrect waste disposal can cause to the environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Jul 2020 14:40:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1695911</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Efficacy of Road Bond and Condor as Soil Stabilizers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1423505</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT) uses lime-based stabilizers including quick lime, hydrated lime, Class C fly ash (CFA) and cement kiln dust (CKD) to increase bearing capacity of fine-grained subgrade soils within the state of Oklahoma. Lime, CFA, and CKD have been successfully used as soil stabilizers; however, lime-based stabilizers may react negatively when mixed with sulfate bearing soils which are prevalent in Oklahoma. In an effort to remedy the issues with sulfate bearing and non-sulfate bearing soils, multiple companies have developed alternative additives to the commonly used lime-based additives. Two companies, Earth Science Products and C.S.S Technology, Inc. have produced the acid based chemical additives Condor SS and Roadbond EN 1, respectively. The goal of this research was to determine how Condor SS and Roadbond EN 1 perform relative to lime and fly ash additives in sulfate and non-sulfate bearing clayey soils found within the state of Oklahoma. The approach for this project was to test the two aforementioned chemical additives against lime and fly ash additives according to the test methods outlined in ASTM D 4609 with three different soils from Oklahoma, one of which contained significant levels of soluble sulfate. The main test used to evaluate the two chemical stabilizers was the unconfined compression test (UCT) to evaluate strength gains from the stabilizer and free swell oedometer test to gauge whether chemical addition decreased swelling potential or swelling pressure. Roadbond EN1 and Condor SS did not substantially increase the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of any of the soils tested nor meet the requirements of ASTM D 4609 per OHD L-50. Roadbond EN1 and Condor SS did not appear to have a significant effect on the liquid limit, plastic limit, or plasticity index of any of the soils tested. The swelling potential of the soils tested were not reduced by the addition of Roadbond EN1 or Condor SS. While increases in UCS were not substantial, there was some noted improvement in the 28-day UCS in the sulfate bearing soil with Roadbond EN1 and Condor SS. In addition, these additives did not produce adverse swelling reactions as noted for fly ash and lime in this soil.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Sep 2016 10:45:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1423505</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zambia’s Experience on the Use and Performance of Sulfonated Petroleum Products and Other Non-Conventional Soil Stabilizers in Road Construction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1417370</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Soil stabilization is an important aspect in road construction that ensures improved stability of weaker or wetter soils used in pavement layers. Diminishing and scarcity of sources of good quality construction materials has led to an increase in innovative soil stabilization techniques. Most of the new soil stabilization techniques focus on the utilization of locally available marginal materials that ordinarily do not meet the required specifications. The road sector in Zambia has experienced considerable investment in the last 6 years, which has also attracted a variety of non-conventional soil stabilization products on the market. These include sulfonated petroleum and other related products such as lignosulfonates, synthetic polymer emulsions, enzymes, calcium or magnesium chlorides and clay additives. These products are normally promoted as a cheaper alternative to conventional chemical stabilization agents like cement and lime and are touted to work for dust suppression, as strength and compaction improvement agents on different types of soils. This paper discusses Zambia’s experience from the laboratory tests in the use and performance of sulfonated petroleum products and other non-conventional soil stabilization chemicals including the challenges in their evaluation. The measures that have been undertaken to manage and control the use of these non-conventional stabilizers in road construction in Zambia have been discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Sep 2016 09:07:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1417370</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental Assessment of Fly-Ash Stabilized and Recycled Mixes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1391885</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of fly-ash stabilizers, materials from fluidized combustion fly-ash, and other solid coal-burning residues, which are called coal combustion by-products (CCB), have good potential for application in subgrade structures and roadbed materials of roads as well as in the structural pavement layers. One of the many factors limiting the application of some CCB sorts is the relatively low resistance in repetitive contact with water, volumetric changes, and the risk of partly unsatisfactory hygienic and environmental parameters. With respect to the aforementioned negative characteristics of CCB, which occurred primarily under the repetitive impact of water and freezing, the experimental examination focused on improving CCB resistance to frost and water, verification of volumetric changes, and improvement of pozzolana characteristics of CCB by increasing the percentage of fine particles in the original material (e.g., by means of mechanical and/or chemical activation, including combination of both types). At the same time, the road construction industry strives to find a suitable substitute for the traditionally applied hydraulic binders as well as expand the existing base of the binders applied. The experience with using CCB as a binder or binder component has not been as extensive so far as to allow any generalisation of conclusions. Therefore, the possibilities of applying alternative additives as a replacement for the binders traditionally applied have been researched. Another application of the coal combustion by-products tested was in cold recycling mixes. In this case, the fly-ash from fluidized combustion is used as a substitute for the hydraulic binder. The fly-ash tested was subjected to mechanical activation, while the parameters of the mix under scrutiny reflected the impact on the strength and deformation parameters of the mix; last but not least, the water susceptibility indicator was also monitored. From the environmental perspective of practical applicability of the mixes a chemical analysis and leaching tests have been done.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jan 2016 09:01:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1391885</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance evaluation of stone matrix asphalt (SMA) using low cost fibres</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1279441</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Stone matrix asphalt (SMA) is hot mix asphalt developed during the 1960s in Germany and has been used successfully in various countries to provide better resistance to rutting. SMA consists of coarse aggregate skeleton with higher binder content intended to increase the durability of the mix. Even though the use of higher binder content improves the durability of the mix, it will also lead to asphalt draindown. Traditionally, cellulose fibre has been used to reduce the draindown of asphalt from SMA mixes. This investigation considers the use of various low cost stabilizers and also high viscosity binders as draindown retarders. The performance of the mix is elevated in terms of stability and the resistance to rutting. The stability of SMA is evaluated using the standard Marshall procedure. The rut depth is captured using wheel track test setup where the rut depth achieved after 20,000 repetitions is used to evaluate the performance of SMA mixes. It is observed that the use of low cost fibres as stabilizer additives improved the performance of SMA mixes when compared to the control mix. The stabilizers were able to retard the draindown of asphalt from the SMA mixes to a greater extent.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Dec 2013 11:06:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1279441</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Innovative Hybrid Sensor for Rapid Assessment of Sulfate-Induced Heaving in Stabilized Soils</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1278391</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Heaving has been observed in sulfate soils when they are treated with lime or cement additives. This heaving is attributed to the formation of an expansive mineral known as ettringite. Ettringite is known to form from reactions of calcium ions from the chemical additives, sulfates in soils and free reactive alumina released from treated clayey soils and stabilizers. Since chemically-treated bases have been used to support the pavement infrastructure, this type of heave has distressed the pavements and as a result, it became necessary to develop alternate stabilization techniques to treat sulfate soils. Evaluation of the sulfate heaving requires long laboratory-based mix designs, since it is important to perform the long term swell tests on treated soils. Hence, it is important to develop a faster and reliable device and test method to assess and evaluate sulfate heaving in chemically-treated sulfate soils in a short time frame. The intent of the present research was to develop an innovative hybrid sensor sensor comprised of Bender Element (BE) and moisture based Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) technologies to assess the sulfate heave in treated soils in a quick time frame. This hybrid sensor was successfully used in the laboratory for quick assessments of soil stiffness and moisture content variations in cement and lime-treated sulfate soils. After successful and quick assessments of the heaving, the sensor was used in the field test section to monitor stiffness and moisture content changes. Both laboratory and field studies showed that this sensor can be used in the field to assess sulfate heaving. More field studies will further enhance and promote the use of this sensor for quick evaluation of sulfate heaving.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Nov 2013 14:48:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1278391</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Design and Constructability of Emulsion-Stabilized Bases for Full-Depth Reclamation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1241416</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Full-depth reclamation (FDR) of base courses with calcium-based stabilizers has been a common practice in many areas of Texas.  Owing to its speed of operation and minimal lane closure period, asphalt emulsion has been recently used in a number of FDR projects in low volume roads as well.  A few cases of premature failure of these stabilized bases primarily due to improper (or lack of) mix design or construction techniques led to a thorough evaluation and recommendations for an improved mix design and construction specification.  The outcomes of a thorough evaluation of construction-related, material-related and environmental-related parameters that significantly impact the performance of emulsion-treated base materials were used to propose laboratory test procedures for mix design and guidelines for the construction of bases with emulsion. The practical aspects of this study that are incorporated in a trial specification are discussed in this paper.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2013 12:46:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1241416</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Accelerated Testing for Studying Pavement Design and Performance (FY 2003): Evaluation of the Chemical Stabilized Subgrade Soil (CISL Experiment No. 12)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/860188</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Midwest States Accelerated Pavement Testing Pooled Fund Program, financed by the highway departments of Missouri, Iowa, Kansas and Nebraska, has supported an accelerated pavement testing (APT) project to compare the performance of stabilized clayey embankment soil when portland cement, fly ash, lime and a commercial product were used as stabilizing agents.  The project aimed to improve the practices related to the design of flexible pavements when the top of the subgrade is improved by chemical stabilization.  The experiments were conducted at the Civil Infrastructure Systems Laboratory (CISL) of Kansas State University.  The test program consisted of constructing four flexible pavement structures and subjecting them to full-scale accelerated loading test.  The study indicated that cement and lime are the most effective stabilizers for the studied soil.  These stabilizers resulted in lower vertical compressive stresses at the top of the subgrade and lower rut depth at the pavement surface than the fly ash-treated soil.  After more than two million axle load repetitions, the pavement with cement stabilized embankment soil exhibited much less surface cracking than the pavement with fly-ash stabilized embankment.  The commercial product proved not to be effective in stabilizing the non-sulfate clayey soil used in this experiment, when the embankment is constructed at the same moisture content and compaction level as for the other three chemicals.  The unconfined compression strength measured on laboratory prepared samples of soil stabilized with the commercial chemical compound was very similar to that of the untreated soil.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 May 2008 15:56:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/860188</guid>
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