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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>BEFORE-AFTER ACCIDENT ANALYSIS FOR TWO SHOULDER UPGRADING ALTERNATIVES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/182267</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation has tried several techniques to improve operating conditions on rural two-lane highways.  One common treatment has been the addition of paved shoulders. An innovative treatment that provides additional capacity at a minimum cost has been the conversion of two-lane roadways with full-width paved shoulders to undivided, four-lane roadways without shoulders.  Although both treatments improve traffic operations, their effect on safety has not been fully quantified.  A study was conducted to establish the consequences related to safety whenever these two treatments are implemented.  An accident frequency comparison for accident type by class of roadway was made for the before and after improvement time periods.  Separate comparisons were made for both all accidents and nonintersection accidents.  To supplement this analysis, a paired t-test was used to determine significant changes in either accident type or severity.  The findings of the analysis are as follows: (a) Addition of full-width paved shoulders to a two-lane roadway is effective in reducing the total number of accidents, (b) conversion of a paved shoulder to an additional travel lane results in fewer total accidents only if traffic volume is greater than 3000 vehicles/day, and (c) the type of accident change varies with type of roadway and volume level.  (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Dec 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>OPERATIONAL AND SAFETY EFFECTS OF DRIVING ON PAVED SHOULDERS IN TEXAS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/171674</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Paved shoulders in Texas are used by many drivers for making a large variety of traffic maneuvers and for satisfying numerous driving task demands. Unfortunately, there is little information as to the types and frequencies of this usage and the impacts and conditions under which they occur. This report documents research that was directed at providing answers to these questions. A combination questionnaire and personal interview technique was used to gain additional insight into this issue. The study also investigated driver preferences for and experiences with shoulder usage. Accident histories were determined for three different types of rural Texas highways - two-lane without paved shoulder roadways, two-lane with paved shoulder roadways and undivided four-lane without paved shoulder roadways. Data were collected on 21,000 vehicles at 18 different sites. Recommendations for more efficiently utilizing and controlling paved shoulder usage are presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Mar 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>EFFECTS OF PAVED SHOULDERS ON ACCIDENT RATES FOR RURAL TEXAS HIGHWAYS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/174267</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The shoulder is one of the most extensively studied roadway elements; however, its effectiveness in reducing accidents has been the subject of much debate. A study is described in which accident rates and characteristics were compared for three different types of rural Texas highways: two-lane roadways without paved shoulders, two-lane roadways with full-width paved shoulders, and four-lane undivided roadways without paved shoulders. Approximately 30 roadways of each type were selected for the study. A rigorous screening procedure was developed to ensure that each site was a "typical" Texas roadway. A detailed three-year accident history was obtained for each site. More than 1250 km of highway and 16,000 accidents were included in the study data base. For each roadway type, accident rates increased as traffic volume increased. Two-lane highways without paved shoulders had the highest accident rates and were the most sensitive to changes in traffic volume. Two-lane highways with paved shoulders had the lowest accident rates until the traffic volume reached 7500 vehicles/day. At that point, four-lane undivided highways without paved shoulders were safer. Based on the study findings, it was concluded that full-width paved shoulders are effective in reducing the accident rate on rural highways. It also appears that the presence of full-width paved shoulders may reduce the number of rural intersection accidents. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Mar 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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