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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Assessing and predicting crash dynamics with and without road safety measures on the Dejen to Bahir Dar highway in Ethiopia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604541</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reducing road traffic accidents and enhancing road safety remain pressing concerns for effective transportation systems worldwide. However, in developing countries like Ethiopia, addressing these issues faces significant challenges. Despite the success of cost-effective safety measures in developed countries, similar strategies are often lacking in Ethiopia. This study aims to assess traffic crash patterns, contributing factors, and the effectiveness of safety measures along the Dejen to Bahir Dar highway in Ethiopia. The primary objective is to identify the key determinants of accident frequency and severity and evaluate the impact of safety interventions using advanced statistical models, including Empirical Bayes. The study finds that several factors significantly influence crash occurrence, including vehicle type, crash type, weather conditions, operational factors, road geometry, and driver demographics such as age, sex, and experience. By analyzing these factors, the paper proposes a set of practical engineering solutions, prioritizing high-risk groups like young and inexperienced drivers and advocating for stricter regulations on high-risk vehicles. Further recommendations focus on improving road safety during adverse weather conditions, enhancing road maintenance on straight sections, and implementing better enforcement of speed limits and driver fatigue regulations. Other proposed interventions include the installation of roadside barriers, new traffic signage, and improved pedestrian facilities. This study contributes valuable insights into the determinants of traffic crash in Ethiopia and offers data-driven recommendations for improving road safety. It also outlines future research avenues, such as improving data quality, conducting spatial analyses of crash hotspots, and exploring the influence of environmental and road conditions through advanced statistical, and Empirical Bayes methods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Apr 2026 11:14:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604541</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Evaluating urban rail travel reservation strategy: a dynamic passenger flow simulation approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643231</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During peak hours, major urban rail transit lines often face severe overcrowding, leading to operational risks and diminished passenger experience. Therefore, it is crucial to assess the effectiveness of novel passenger demand management strategies, such as Transit Reservation Strategies (TRS), in alleviating congestion on overcrowded lines. This study employs a dynamic passenger flow simulation model and K-means clustering to evaluate station saturation levels (SL). Focusing on Nanjing Metro Line 3, the study identifies optimal reservation quota scheme that minimizes passenger travel delays and compares the impact of different TRS gate entry methods under an arithmetic sequence reservation quota scheme on passenger flow regulation. Results indicate that TRS significantly manages passenger demand at high-traffic stations and effectively reduces saturation delays for reserved travelers. Furthermore, the implementation of dedicated TRS fare gates and optimal TRS quotas demonstrates superior effectiveness in alleviating passenger over-saturation, highlighting the considerable potential of TRS for practical application.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 15:50:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643231</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Static and dynamic scheduling of flex-route transit services using constraint programming</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2670108</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Flex-route transit (FRT) has emerged as a promising solution for low-density areas, but its operational scheduling, particularly in real-time, presents significant challenges. This paper develops a novel scheduling system to generate optimal and efficient schedules for both static (pre-planned) and dynamic (real-time) FRT operations. The system utilizes a two-stage algorithm based on Constraint Programming (CP). In the first stage, a Constrained-Insertion heuristic generates an initial feasible schedule. In the second stage, this solution is systematically improved using a CP-based local search procedure that explores various neighborhoods to find an optimal schedule while satisfying all operational constraints. The algorithm’s effectiveness is validated through a series of numerical experiments. This network was designed with realistic operational parameters, including a 10 km route, varying demand rates, and systematically adjusted slack times and schedule adherence constraints to test the model under diverse conditions. Results demonstrate the proposed mechanism’s ability to generate high-quality schedules in a timely manner. The two-stage algorithm significantly outperforms a conventional insertion algorithm, especially under tight constraints. For instance, relaxing the on-time arrival constraint at intermediate stops by just one minute increased the percentage of served static requests from 86% to 91.5%. Furthermore, the system effectively utilizes available slack time, enhancing service capacity for both static and dynamic requests. The findings show that introducing small, controlled schedule flexibility at intermediate stops can substantially improve FRT service efficiency and passenger accommodation. This suggests that less rigid schedules, when managed by an intelligent optimization system, can make FRT more reliable and cost-effective services.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Mar 2026 09:00:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2670108</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Non-Traditional Safety Measures on Highway construction site</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663607</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This technical paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of non-traditional safety measures implemented during the construction of a reserved lane on Highway 15 in Quebec, specifically between Blainville and Mirabel. The study focuses on the innovative use of painted shield pavement markings as a visual aid to enhance driver navigation and safety during the relocation of exit ramp 35. Drawing inspiration from historical practices such as those on U.S. Route 66, the painted shields were strategically placed to compensate for the temporary removal of overhead signage. The effectiveness of these measures was assessed through collision data analysis, video surveillance, and a survey conducted among provincial police officers. Results indicate a positive impact on road safety, with a majority of respondents acknowledging the usefulness of the painted shields in reducing collisions. Additionally, the integration of a cloud-based document-sharing system improved coordination between the construction team and the law enforcement. The findings support the broader adoption of painted pavement markings and digital collaboration tools as effective strategies for enhancing safety and operational efficiency on highway construction sites.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 2026 08:52:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663607</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Incorporating reservation strategies into demand management and train scheduling in metro systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2626089</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Emerging reservation-based travel technologies offer a promising solution to mitigate supply-demand mismatches in metro systems. This paper presents a framework to support metro operators by optimizing time-varying reservation slot allocation plans, passenger flow control strategies, and train schedules. The proposed approach ensures that passengers with reservations can directly access platforms and board the first available train services, while those without reservations are managed through effective passenger flow control strategies to optimize train capacity utilization. To address this, an integer nonlinear programming model is formulated, incorporating constraints that capture interactions between passengers with and without reservations, with the objective of minimizing passengers’ waiting time and line congestion. A hybrid algorithm is developed to improve computational efficiency, combining the adaptive large neighborhood search method with a commercial solver and incorporating valid inequalities tailored to the properties of the model. The effectiveness of the proposed approaches is demonstrated through numerical experiments using real-world operational data from the Beijing metro Batong line. Computational results indicate that the integrated optimization approach reduces the objective value by 6.19 % compared to a step-by-step optimization method, achieving better alignment of capacity with dynamic passenger flows. In addition, the extreme unfairness between reserved and unreserved passengers, where passengers with reservations have a 100 % service ratio compared to less than 20 % for unreserved passengers, is mitigated by increasing passenger waiting times by 3.51 % and line congestion by 0.51 %. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm efficiently solves large-scale and real-world instances, outperforming the state-of-the-art commercial solver.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Feb 2026 09:11:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2626089</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Speeding across Texas: Identifying high-risk locations using probe data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2667358</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Speeding contributes to one-third of all motor vehicle fatalities in the U.S., making it crucial to understand speeding behaviors for traffic safety. This work compares a random sample of 39.1 million vehicle speeds in November 2024 to posted speed limits (PSLs) at 1.04 million roadway points across the Texas network, and reviews non-infrastructure strategies to ensure greater PSL compliance. Weighted least squares (WLS) and spatially weighted binomial logistic regression models control for design variables, congestion, and land use to examine how average speeds and shares of vehicles exceeding the PSL vary by time of day, day of week, and a host of other variables. Results indicate that speeding is most common during late-night hours and on weekends, especially on roads with lower PSLs (30 and 40 mph), where 43% of drivers exceeded the limit. Almost half the probe vehicles exceeded the PSL and 20% exceeded it by more than 15% (e.g., by more than 9 mph in a 60 mph zone) between 3 a.m. and 5 a.m. each day. PSL and rural settings were the top predictors of increased average traffic speed, with a 1 mph increase in PSL associated with a 0.72 mph rise in average speed – everything else constant. Access control and weekend variables were the factors most strongly associated with increased speeding behaviors, with weekends showing 7.7% higher speeding and access-controlled roads exhibiting 5.7% to 9.8% higher speeding, depending on the level of access control. This paper also reviews the effectiveness of non-infrastructure speed management strategies (like automated speed enforcement), and connects speeding behaviors to appropriate non-infrastructure strategies, highlighting enforcement for high-speed hotspots and community or operational measures for lower-PSL local roads. This work provides insights to help transportation agencies identify targeted enforcement locations and implement more effective speed management policies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Feb 2026 08:53:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2667358</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Early Merge Static Work Zone Signing in Oklahoma</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635927</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research examined the safety and operational benefits of having traffic merge early into the open lane prior to a work zone merge area. A 2007 law in Oklahoma adopted the use of additional “STATE LAW MERGE NOW” static signing in the advance warning areas approximately 1/2-mile upstream from freeway merge areas. Work zones that were continuations from the 2006 construction season did not use this signing, while new work zones did. This provided a unique opportunity to compare the impact of early merge signing in actual work zone environments. Measures of effectiveness examined included the number and percentage of traffic that remained in the closed lane and the number of conflicts that occurred at the merge area. It was found that the early merge signs did not appear to reduce the percentage of vehicles that remained in the closed lane. However, at least for right-lane closures, there appeared to be a significant benefit to using the STATE LAW MERGE NOW signing to reduce the number of observed conflicts at the merge area. This was evident when the hourly volumes were more than 550 vph. It seemed likely that although the early merge signs themselves did not improve early merging, the signs seemed to encourage drivers to consider earlier how they would make their merge maneuver, so when they reached the merge area the drivers that must merge were more likely to be able to make the merge without the need to vie for position against other drivers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 2026 17:40:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635927</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tactical demand and capacity balancing using incremental search in spatio-temporal graphs with flight uncertainty</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608545</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Demand and Capacity Balancing (DCB) operations, typically implemented pre-flight, face limitations in effectiveness due to uncertainties during airspace operations. Therefore, executing DCB during the tactical phase (as close to the departure time as possible) holds promise for better addressing these uncertainties. This study proposes a tactical-phase DCB method that accounts for uncertainties to meet practical application scenarios and requirements: compatibility with dynamic environments, high-speed computation, fairness and transparency, and high customisability. The large-scale tactical DCB problem is transformed into a hotspot-free trajectory planning problem based on sequential planning to accommodate stakeholders’ diverse performance preferences. An adaptive directed spatio-temporal graph method is introduced, enabling the integration optimisation of multiple Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM) measures (ground delay, rerouting, and speed control) while considering flight uncertainties and fuel consumption constraints. A Heterogeneous Multi-Objective Incremental A* (HMOIA*) path search method is also developed to significantly accelerate problem-solving and meet tactical operational demands, ensuring optimal solutions by designing an admissible heuristic function. Simulation experiments based on historical European data demonstrate that the proposed method can resolve all overloaded air traffic service units with acceptable arrival delay time and fuel consumption. Compared to the Computer-Assisted Slot Allocation (CASA) method currently used in European operations, the proposed approach reduces the number of delayed flights and average delay time by approximately 79.4 % and 92.1 %, respectively. The proposed method demonstrates its value for further development to explore its potential as an upgrade to the CASA method in real-world operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 05 Jan 2026 09:54:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608545</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tour Bus Traffic Management: Enhancing Sustainability and Reducing Conflicts in Urban Areas</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572596</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study addresses the environmental and operational challenges associated with tour bus traffic in urban settings, focusing on Berlin’s city center. Through the use of agent-based traffic simulation, various strategies are explored to mitigate pollution, noise, and waiting times while enhancing efficiency and reducing conflicts among stakeholders. Key findings highlight the effectiveness of measures such as designated parking spaces, maximum stopping times, and reservation systems in reducing emissions, optimizing routes, and improving user-friendliness. The study underscores the importance of coordinated efforts to promote sustainable and efficient tour bus transportation systems in urban areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 10:55:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572596</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Methodologies for Assessing the Effectiveness of VMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601661</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Variable Message Sign (VMS), one of the key Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) components, provides access to realtime traffic information on the road network, which helps choose the best route and mitigate traffic congestion. However, the compliance behavior of the drivers depends on various factors such as size, font, color, light intensity, vertical and horizontal position, the distance of the VMS installation site from the displayed event, message display duration, etc. Given the limited funds and resources available, it's crucial to concentrate the investments on only the most highly effective VMS. Hence, there is a need for a thorough VMS assessment methodology that analyzes installation techniques, applications, and deployment strategies for these signs. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of methodologies used for assessing the effectiveness of VMS and proposes a framework for selecting the assessment methodology suitable for the particular design aspect, intended use, and operational practice. This proposed framework takes into account all three-assessment aspects i.e., design, application, and operation, both qualitative and quantitative VMS effectiveness measures, and the most commonly used assessment methods i.e., survey methods, driving simulation methods, and field study methods. Assessment of the effectiveness of VMSs is expected to improve VMSs' operational practices and allocation of resources by investing in effective VMS practices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 Dec 2025 16:14:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601661</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing the effectiveness of Augmented Reality warnings for improving safety at highway merging zones in a connected environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627564</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The merging process of vehicles moving from the on-ramp to the right lane of a highway is quite critical at interchanges for both safety and operational efficiency. Several studies have emphasized the importance of merging zones at interchanges, identifying them as major sites of conflicts between passing and entering vehicles. Incorrect assessment of gaps and precedence in these zones can result in serious collisions and traffic disruptions at interchanges. This study looks at how effective Augmented Reality (AR) solutions in a connected environment are in improving safety at merging zones, helping drivers keep a safe distance from vehicles entering the highway from on-ramps. In a driving simulation study, four different safety measures are evaluated: i) a vehicle-to-vehicle spacing measurement support, which integrates a Variable Message Signs panel (VMS) with a new type of road pavement marking; ii) a Head-Up Display (HUD) that projects a static symbol onto the vehicle windshield, advising the driver to maintain a safe distance from the entering vehicle; iii) a connected vehicle system that integrates AR technology consisting of a dynamic symbol on the road surface, which provides the driver with additional visual cues about the actual longitudinal distance from the entering vehicle; iv) the same AR-based system with an additional audible warning. The driving behavior of forty-four participants in four different configurations with the safety measures was compared with their behavior in a configuration without any measures (baseline condition). The results demonstrated a significant positive impact from all tested measures, with the most effective solution being AR systems, which demonstrated the ability to assist drivers in adjusting their distance from the entering vehicles. This study confirms the high potentialities of AR technologies and connected vehicles in enhancing the overall safety of road networks, particularly in high-risk scenarios and challenging maneuvers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Dec 2025 09:57:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627564</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Intersection importance assessment for an operationally resilient urban traffic network: A multi-criteria decision-making-based framework</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601846</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Assessing the importance of intersections and identifying critical ones whose failure significantly impairs the operational efficiency of the urban traffic network is essential for effective transportation planning. Prior studies often rely on simplified network representations, single-method evaluations, or approaches limited by data availability. To overcome these shortcomings, there is a need for advanced network modeling and holistic evaluation of intersection importance, utilizing adaptable methods capable of functioning in the absence of complex data or expert-dependent input. This study proposes a practical and comprehensive framework to assess intersection importance, primarily leveraging objective Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methods. Particularly, the introduced approach models urban road networks as directed and weighted graphs using accessible foundational traffic characteristics data and their integrations derived through MCDM weighting methods. Intersection importance is then evaluated employing centrality measures and two-stage hybrid methods that combine these measures using MCDM weighting and ranking techniques. The weighting methods utilized include equal, entropy, CRITIC, CILOS, IDOCRIW, angular, Gini coefficient, and variance; the ranking methods applied include TOPSIS, VIKOR, SPOTIS, ARAS, COCOSO, CODAS, EDAS, MABAC, MAIRCA, MARCOS, and ELECTRE III. The performance of constructed objective methods is further compared with that of subjective approaches based on AHP and BWM. A case study of the urban road network of Philadelphia, United States, demonstrates the framework’s effectiveness. Results indicate that intersections with the highest strength and PageRank centrality scores in the constant-weight graph are identified as critical under mild and severe disruptions, respectively. Notably, MCDM-based hybrid methods outperform most centrality measures in assessing intersection importance, with objective hybrid methods performing comparably to subjective ones. Furthermore, spatial analysis reveals that first-tier critical intersections are located around the downtown periphery, highlighting it as a priority area for resilience-focused interventions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Nov 2025 17:07:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601846</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bayesian optimization bidirectional LSTM approach for the condition assessment of underground-operating trains</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594221</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Underground railways play a crucial role in global intercity transport networks, necessitating the implementation of diverse measures to mitigate vibrations during train operations. However, with the variable damping, the structures of underground trains can inadvertently impact passenger’s comfort when taking them. Consequently, the development of the online monitoring system becomes imperative to assess the operational conditions of these trains. This research applies the ISO2631 standard to analyze the dynamic responses of train’s accelerations, utilizes the ride comfort index to determine the operational state of the train, and uses online monitoring data to evaluate its overall conditions. The study proposes an online monitoring system that utilizes the long short-term memory (LSTM) algorithm, which has demonstrated effectiveness in time-series prediction and identification tasks. By learning from historical and future signal segments, the LSTM algorithm enables the diagnosis and identification of underground train-operating conditions under varying working conditions. To enhance the accuracy of prediction results, the algorithm is optimized by adopting the bi-directional structure and Bayesian optimization method. Quantitative analyses demonstrate that the optimized bi-directional LSTM model achieves a correlation up to 94.32% for overall dataset and 90.45% on test dataset. Finally, an illustrative case is presented to highlight the performance of the proposed method in assessing the conditions of underground trains.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Oct 2025 13:34:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594221</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental Study on Train-Induced Longitudinal Movements and Control Measures for a Suspension Bridge Using a Scaled Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2603901</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the longitudinal reciprocating movement of the stiffening girder caused by trains passing over suspension bridges, which can adversely impact expansion joints, bearings, dampers, and overall train running safety. In contrast to previous studies, this work employs a scaled model experiment to investigate the longitudinal motion and its control strategies. A 1:100 scale model of a suspension bridge and a trainset model are designed and fabricated, based on a railway suspension bridge currently under construction. The design and fabrication processes of these models are described in detail, with particular attention on how the scaling factor is utilized to approximate the dynamic behavior of the full-scale structure. The dynamic characteristics of the scaled model, including key modal frequencies and damping ratios, are rigorously tested and analyzed, particularly the influence of friction at bearings and switches on the structural dynamics. Additionally, train-running tests under various conditions (such as changes in driving direction, train weight, and speed) are conducted to measure the longitudinal and vertical displacement responses of the stiffening girder. The resulting measured data provided invaluable insights into the bridge's behavior under different operational scenarios. For the purpose of response mitigation, the study also evaluates the effectiveness of three cable-based structural control measures and an eddy current damping technique. The scaled model testing approach adopted in this study, together with the validated effectiveness of various longitudinal motion control strategies, not only provides direct insight into the characteristics and mechanisms of train-induced longitudinal movements, but also offers practical methodological guidance for the design of longitudinal restraint systems in long-span railway suspension bridges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Oct 2025 16:38:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2603901</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Division of Engineering Research On-Call (ROC) Task #08 - Re -examining Level of Service as a Measure of Effectiveness for Roadway Improvements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2603397</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report evaluates the effectiveness of Level of Service (LOS) as a metric for roadway improvements. The study examines alternative measures, such as Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) or Vehicle Hours Traveled (VHT) and other Measures of Effectiveness (MOE) to assess roadway performance beyond traditional peak-hour analyses. By analyzing practices from multiple state Departments of Transportation (DOTs), including California, Colorado, Minnesota, North Carolina, and Virginia, the report identifies best practices and operational methodologies that optimize design, enhance safety, provide access for modes, and address varying land use contexts. The findings suggest that a shift towards more comprehensive metrics like multimodal considerations can provide a more holistic look at how a corridor is operating for all modes. Additionally, looking outside peak hours to see how a corridor operations throughout the day was also discussed. Recommendations for modifying existing practices and guidelines are provided to align with evolving transportation goals, ultimately aiming to "right-size" Ohio's roadway network for improved functionality and sustainability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Sep 2025 10:23:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2603397</guid>
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