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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Relating Seismic Modulus to Strength Parameters of Portland Cement Concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2567158</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Impacts of mix design and curing regime on the development of strength and modulus parameters of portland cement concrete (PCC) were investigated. The feasibility of using seismic nondestructive testing techniques to monitor and predict the strength and modulus development of PCC was enhanced. The seismic modulus can be related to the strength parameters and static modulus obtained from conventional testing on the molded specimens or drilled cores. A database, containing results from about 1200 standard cylinders made from fifteen concrete mixes, has been developed. Preliminary relationships between the seismic modulus and the strength parameters and static modulus are proposed on the basis of the type of coarse aggregate. Unlike a strength-maturity relationship that is usually very specific to a particular mix under a particular curing condition, a seismic modulus-based relationship is mainly affected by the nature of coarse aggregate. The techniques used in this study have shown to be a rapid, simple and economic means for estimating the strength and modulus development of concrete and for determining the time required to open a repaired or newly constructed concrete pavement to traffic. Findings from this study would be useful in the following two ways: 1. Improving Rigid Pavement Design: The developed relationships can be incorporated in the design codes such as CRCP-II to improve the assumptions with regards to the relationships between the strength and modulus of the concrete in early ages. In that manner, the models that predict several distress types can yield more realistic results. 2. Construction Quality Management: It was found that the strength and the seismic modulus for laboratory-cured specimens are highly correlated. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that such relationships are not significantly impacted by the environmental-related and most material-related parameters. Also it was demonstrated that the seismic moduli obtained from field testing are well-related to the seismic moduli obtained from laboratory testing. Therefore, seismic nondestructive testing (NDT) devices can be utilized for quality control of in situ concrete to minimize coring.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Aug 2025 16:31:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2567158</guid>
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      <title>Evaluation of the Long-Term Durability of Joints Cut Using Early Entry Saws on Rigid Pavements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1278488</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Early-entry sawing is an attractive operation to expedite the construction of jointed concrete pavements; however, there are some concerns that early-entry sawing may compromise a  pavement’s long-term performance. The Illinois Department of Transportation sponsored this study as an initial effort to investigate the feasibility of using early-entry sawing on rigid highway pavements in terms of expected joint durability. Joint performance as a function of cut depth and time was also considered. The investigation of early-entry sawing was integrated into an active construction project on Illinois Route 59 in Plainfield, IL featuring three 300-ft test sections (a control section cut to a depth of one-third of the slab thickness using a conventional wet saw, a test section cut to a depth of one-third of the slab thickness using an early-entry dry saw, and a test section cut to a nominal depth of 1.25 inches using an early-entry dry saw). During construction, paving and sawing operations were observed and documented; of particular interest were the sawing operations, during which signs of surface scarring, joint raveling, and slab edge breakouts were recorded and the extent of sawing-related damage was subjectively assessed. In addition to general pavement construction observations, climatic conditions were also monitored, along with  pavement temperatures. Ambient climate conditions and slab mixture and temperature data were used to perform an analysis to assess the potential for early-age cracking. Compressive strength cylinders were also cast and tested at 3, 7, and 28 days. Additionally, cores were retrieved from joints throughout the test site (6 cores from each test cell), and a battery of durability tests were conducted, including petrographic analysis, freeze-thaw testing, and susceptibility to salt scaling.  Overall observations from the field construction and findings from the laboratory testing program are summarized in this report.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Dec 2013 09:09:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1278488</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of the Long Term Durability of Rigid Pavement Joints Cut Using Early-Entry Saws</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1212517</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Early-entry sawing is an attractive operation to expedite the construction of jointed concrete pavements; however, there are some concerns that the early-entry sawing may compromise the pavement’s long-term performance. The Illinois Department of Transportation sponsored this study as an initial effort to investigate the feasibility of using early-entry sawing on rigid highway pavements in terms of expected joint durability. The joint performance as a function of cut depth and time was also considered. The investigation of early-entry sawing was integrated into an active construction project on Illinois Route 59 in Plainfield, IL featuring three 300-ft test sections (a control section cut to a depth of one-third of the slab thickness using a conventional wet saw, a test section cut to a depth of one-third of the slab thickness using an early-entry dry saw, and a test section cut to a nominal depth of 1.25 inches using an early-entry dry saw). During construction, paving and sawing operations were observed and documented; of particular interest were the sawing operations, during which signs of surface scarring, joint raveling, and slab edge breakouts were recorded and the extent of sawing-related damage was subjectively assessed. In addition to general pavement construction observations, climatic conditions were also monitored, along with pavement temperatures. Ambient climate conditions and slab mixture and temperature data were used to perform a HIPERPAV® analysis to assess the potential for early-age cracking. Compressive strength cylinders were also cast and tested at 3, 7, and 28 days. Additionally, cores were retrieved from joints throughout the test site (6 cores from each test cell), and a battery of durability tests were conducted, including petrographic analysis, freeze-thaw testing, and susceptibility to salt scaling. Overall observations from the field construction and findings from the laboratory testing program are summarized in this report.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Sep 2012 11:14:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1212517</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Early age strength of concrete: a comparison of several nondestructive test methods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1174630</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The concrete tests currently in widespread use were developed decades ago, and although there have been continual updates and refinements, there are inherent limitations which cannot be overlooked.  Most important, current test methods are often rendered unrepresentative of the concrete in the field, especially at early ages or under different curing conditions.  The study described herein was conducted to evaluate the applicability and effectiveness of several nondestructive test methods for assessing concrete strength in the field. The test methods used in this study included compressive cylinders, flexural beams, penetration resistance, rebound hammer, pullout, maturity, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and drilled cores.  Test results from the different methods being evaluated were compared at concrete ages ranging from 1 to 28 days. Each test method was also evaluated for within-test variability among sets of companion specimens. Three different concrete mix designs were used, including cement plus fly ash contents ranging from 300 to 500 pounds per cubic yard, three maximum sizes of river gravels, and one maximum-size crushed limestone coarse aggregate. Specified design concrete strengths were 3,500 and 5,000 psi, resulting in measured 28-day cylinder compressive strengths ranging from 3,700 to 8,700 psi.  Full-size test slabs were cast and cured outdoors under simulated field conditions during the period from August through May. Test specimens were cured both under laboratory-controlled conditions and under field conditions adjacent to the slabs. Of all the test methods studied, the maturity method exhibited the lowest variability and most consistent agreement with the generally-accepted standards for concrete testing, including compression cylinder and flexural beams for test ages after 1 day. The maturity method can also be applied to predict the strength of concrete at 1 day; however, special considerations and curve-fitting techniques can lead to the development of an accurate strength versus maturity relationship.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Aug 2012 23:40:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1174630</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Potential Long-Term Durability of Joints Cut With Early-Entry Saws on Rigid Pavements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1092474</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Early-entry sawing is an attractive operation to expedite the construction of jointed concrete pavements; however, there are some concerns that early-entry sawing may compromise the pavement’s long-term performance. The Illinois Department of Transportation initiated this study as an initial effort to investigate the durability of joints sawed by using early-entry sawing. Joint performance as a function of saw-cut depth and timing was also considered. The study was integrated into an active construction project along Illinois Route 59 in Plainfield. During construction, paving and sawing operations were observed and documented; of particular interest were the sawing operations, during which signs of surface scarring, joint raveling, and slab edge breakouts were recorded and the extent of sawing-related damage was subjectively assessed. In addition to general observations, climatic conditions were monitored, as was pavement temperature from time of paving onward. Ambient climate conditions, portland cement concrete mixture, and slab temperature data were used to perform a HIPERPAV analysis to assess the potential for early-age cracking. Compressive strength cylinders were also cast and tested at 3, 7, and 28 days. In addition, cores were retrieved from joints throughout the test section and a battery of durability tests—including petrographic analysis, freeze–thaw testing, and resistance to salt scaling—was conducted. Overall observations from the field construction and findings from the laboratory testing indicate that the use of early-entry sawing is viable and that joint durability is not compromised.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Mar 2011 07:45:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1092474</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EARLY AGE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE: A COMPARISON OF SEVERAL NONDESTRUCTIVE TEST METHODS. FINAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/367705</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The concrete tests currently in widespread use were developed decades ago, and although there have been continual updates and refinements, there are inherent limitations which cannot be overlooked.  Most important, current test methods are often rendered unrepresentative of the concrete in the field, especially at early ages or under different curing conditions. The study described herein was conducted to evaluate the applicability and effectiveness of several nondestructive test methods for assessing concrete strength in the field.  The test methods used in this study included compressive cylinders, flexural beams, penetration resistance, rebound hammer, pullout, maturity, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and drilled cores.  Test results from the different methods being evaluated were compared at concrete ages ranging from 1 to 28 days.  Each test method was also evaluated for within-test variability among sets of companion specimens.  Three different concrete mix designs were used, including cement plus fly ash contents ranging from 300 to 500 pounds per cubic yard, three maximum sizes of river gravels, and one maximum-size crushed limestone coarse aggregates. Specified design concrete strengths were 3,500 and 5,000 psi, resulting in measured 28-day cylinder compressive strengths ranging from 3,700 to 8,700 psi.  Full-size test slabs were cast and cured outdoors under simulated field conditions during the period from August through May.  Test specimens were cured both under laboratory-controlled conditions and under field conditions adjacent to the slabs.  Of all the test methods studied, the maturity method exhibited the lowest variability and most consistent agreement with the generally-accepted standards for concrete testing, including compression cylinder and flexural beams for test ages after 1 day.  The maturity method can also be applied to predict the strength of concrete at 1 day; however, special considerations and curve-fitting techniques can lead to the development of an accurate strength versus maturity relationship.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 06 Oct 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/367705</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EARLY STRENGTH TESTING OF CONCRETE CORES AND CYLINDERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/451013</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During the 1989 construction season in Wisconsin, six projects, which were built by four different concrete paving contractors, were studied to assess the in situ early strength of concrete pavements, the early strength of lightly insulated field-cured concrete cylinders, and the 28-day strength of paving concrete. The projects were also studied to establish the relationship between cylinder and in situ strength typical on paving projects in Wisconsin.  The results of testing over 1,500 individual cores and cylinders indicate that most pavements constructed in warm weather attain compressive strengths of 20.7 MPa (3,000 psi) to 24.1 MPa (3,500 psi) in 3 days or less, approximately 95% of the paving grade concrete has a 28-day compressive strength of more than 27.9 MPa (4,050 psi), and the compressive strength of lightly insulated cylinders cured in the field provides a reasonable measure of the in situ compressive strength of the pavement as measured in core tests.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Sep 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/451013</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>REALISTIC STRENGTH OF AIR-ENTRAINED CONCRETES WITH AND WITHOUT FLY ASH</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/288893</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Effects of various curing regimes on the strength development of both plain and fly ash concretes were studied.  Three grades of air-entrained concretes with 28 day nominal strengths of 20, 30, and 40 MPa (2900, 4350, and 5800 psi) were cast.  For each grade, 0, 20, 35, and 50 percent of the weight of cement was replaced by two subbituminous fly ashes.  Cylinders were cured at 100 and 50 percent relative humidities and under outdoor ambient conditions--including a Canadian winter climate. Structural-size members were also exposed to the elements and strength was estimated by testing extracted cores. Results indicate exposure of test cylinders to site conditions does not adequately reflect strength development of the in situ concrete; this is particularly true if test cylinders are allowed to dry.  Prediction of in situ strength from site-cured cylinders is particularly inaccurate for the fly ash concrete.  For in situ concretes with a low total cementitious centent, the inclusion of fly ash in appreciable quantities is likely to result in slower strength gain than plain concrete.  However, for higher grade concretes (higher total cementitious content) even with high ash content, early exposure to the elements is no more detrimental than it is to plain concrete.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Aug 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/288893</guid>
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