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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Trends in road traffic injury mortality and age-period-cohort analysis among children and adolescents in China and globally</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686643</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road traffic injuries are a leading cause of death among children and adolescents under 19. Despite a decline over the past 30 years, mortality rates remain high. This study analyzes road injury mortality rates trends among children and adolescents aged 0–19 in China and globally from 1990 to 2021. Using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database, the authors gathered age-standardized and crude mortality rates for road injuries among children and adolescents in China and worldwide from 1990 to 2021. Joinpoint regression models were used to describe trends, while age-period-cohort (APC) models and Estimated Annual Percentage Change (EAPC) analyses evaluated mortality trends and changes from 1990 to 2019. In 2021, the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) for road traffic injuries in China was 4.38 per 100,000 population, lower than the global ASMR of 5.96 per 100,000. Joinpoint regression showed a decrease in road injury mortality for the under-5 age group in China from 1990 to 2021. For the 5–9, 10–14, and 15–19 age groups, mortality rates initially decreased, rose, and declined. Globally, road injury mortality rates decreased for all age groups under 15 and for females aged 15–19; for males aged 15–19, rates decreased, rose slightly, and then decreased again. The APC model indicated that the risk of road injury death varied by age, period, and cohort, with age-specific increases and decreases and a general downward trend across periods in China and globally. EAPC analysis from 2010 to 2019 showed a significant reduction in China (EAPC = −6.92%) compared to a modest decline globally (EAPC = −3.39%). From 1990 to 2021, China’s road traffic injury mortality rate demonstrated a continuous decline. Since 2014, China’s mortality rate from road traffic injuries has remained below the global average. However, the mortality rate among males remains higher than that of females. Notably, the mortality rate among Chinese children under the age of 5 has shown an upward trend.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Apr 2026 10:29:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686643</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Experimental analysis of vertical vibrations in child car seats with a swivel base</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665944</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 2021, there were 2,338 accidents involving children up to the age of 14 on Polish roads, of which 1,922 were injured and 50 died. Children were most often involved in accidents as passengers in vehicles and pedestrians. Afternoon hours and built-up areas, where traffic is the highest, proved to be particularly dangerous. Despite the general downward trend in the number of accidents, the number of fatalities in this age group remains worrying and requires further preventive and educational measures. Considering the amount of time spent in a vehicle due to the intensity of our lives, the topic of transferring vertical vibrations through vehicle elements to car seats was raised. Safe transportation of children in a car is not only a legal obligation, but above all a key element of protecting their health and life. A car seat, properly selected for the child’s height, weight and age, significantly increases the chances of avoiding serious injuries in the event of an accident - even at low speed. Unfortunately, statistics show that in Poland many children are still improperly secured in vehicles, which can lead to tragic consequences. Proper installation and use of the seat are of great importance, which is why educating parents and guardians in this area is so important. In recent years, numerous social campaigns and information activities have been undertaken to increase awareness of the safe transportation of the youngest passengers. The objective of this study is to conduct an experiment comparing vertical vibrations in child car seats with integrated swivel bases. The article addresses the issue of vertical accelerations acting on a child seated in a car seat attached to a swivel base. The activities undertaken in this work aim to verify vertical vibrations in child car seats produced by leading manufacturers in the industry. The child car seats used in the experiment have a base integrated with the car seat. In these models, the base is not a detachable element. There are also car seats available on the market that have a universal base for several age and weight categories of seats, and these are detachable. In this study, seats for children in the 0-13 kg age category were used. The tests are carried out on an MTS test stand. Four seats of three popular brands were tested. The seats differ in weight, the material they are made of, and the shape of the swivel base.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665944</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on design method of active energy absorption device for pedestrian classification protection</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663648</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Intelligent driving technology has significantly enhanced vehicle safety performance, but the risk of pedestrian–vehicle collisions remains due to the uncertainty of the road environment. As vulnerable road users, pedestrians face significant threats to their safety. In pedestrian–vehicle collisions, physiological differences between adults and children result in distinct injury patterns. Therefore, it is essential to develop targeted protection strategies for both groups. This study aims to address the problem by proposing a classification protection airbag system that can dynamically adjust the airbag parameters to be deployed in different states to achieve the classification protection of pedestrians. A pedestrian–vehicle collision numerical simulation model was established, and the general airbag was designed to protect the pedestrian. However, the general airbag failed to effectively protect the heads of an adult and child simultaneously. To address this issue, a classification protection airbag was designed, and its protection performance was investigated through finite element (FE) analysis. Additionally, an improved YOLOv5 pedestrian target detection model was proposed to realize the classification recognition for both groups. Based on the classification results, the vehicle control module can dynamically adjust the airbag parameters so that the airbag can be deployed to different states. The general airbag 1 was effective in protecting the adult, though it caused more serious injury to the child. The general airbag 2 was effective in protecting a child, though it performed poorly in protecting an adult. It was found that the installation of classification protection airbag system can accurately identify pedestrians. Compared with the original YOLOv5 network, the precision (P), recall (R), and average precision (AP) of the improved network were increased by 3.63%, 1.42%, and 1.74% for adult recognition and 5.84%, 15.79%, and 11.86% for child recognition. Additionally, the classification protection airbag can effectively reduce the head injury of adults and children; its corresponding peak acceleration was reduced by 61.7% and 53.2%, and the head injury criterion (HIC) value was reduced by 63.4% and 31.4%. The active energy absorption device designed in this study can realize the classified protection of pedestrians. The research results can provide reference for the design of a pedestrian protection device.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Mar 2026 09:00:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663648</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Special Crash Investigations: On-Site Heavy Truck Underride Crash Investigation; Vehicle: 2017 International ProStar LF687 Truck Tractor; Location: California; Crash Date: December 2022</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2672496</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report documents the on-site investigation of a fatal heavy-truck underride crash involving a 2017 International  ProStar LF687 truck tractor pulling a 2010 Hyundai trailer and a 2002 Ford Mustang in California in December  2022. The International was driven by a belted 52-year-old male. The Ford was driven by a belted 29-year-old male  with an unbelted 28-year-old female in the front passenger seat, a belted 9-year-old male in the second-row left seat,  and a 2-year-old female in the second-row right seat. The 2-year-old was using an unknown type of child restraint.  The International entered the intersection and began a left turn. The tractor had completed the turn, but the trailer was  still in the westbound lanes. The Ford’s front plane struck the Hyundai trailer’s left plane. The Ford underrode the  trailer, became wedged beneath, and came to rest. The Ford driver was fatally injured. The Ford’s passengers were  transported to a local trauma center with minor to moderate injuries. The International driver was not injured.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Feb 2026 09:33:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2672496</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spotting Danger: How child and adult pedestrians assess distracted drivers in hazard perception</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2667185</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Child pedestrian casualties in traffic accidents remains high, particularly when they cross the street alone. One contributing factor is their limited ability to identify potential risks. While vehicle motion cues and environmental factors are known to influence hazard perception, a driver’s distracted state may also signal risk. However, it remains unclear whether pedestrians, especially children, can assess danger based on a driver’s distraction. This study aims to investigate the effects of driver distraction on hazard perception of child (6–10 years old) and adult pedestrians. Participants assessed the safety of crossing at a crosswalk based on videos of approaching vehicles with drivers in various states of distraction (undistracted, texting, chatting, etc.). Results from Experiment 1 show that although both children and adults perceived greater danger when drivers were distracted, children were not as sensitive to different driver states as adults. However, when participants were guided to focus more on driver cues by enlarging driver images (Experiment 2), the influence of driver’s distraction on safety assessments increased significantly, particularly for children. This study reveals that even children can perceive potential hazards from driver, which highlights the significant role of driver distraction in pedestrians’ safety judgments and provide valuable insights for designing training programs to enhance children’s hazard perception skills.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Feb 2026 08:53:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2667185</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Thinking on Children’s Traffic Safety Propaganda under the Wave of Artificial Intelligence</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613031</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In spite of a significant decrease in the mortality of child injury in China over the past decade, road traffic accidents are still a major cause of child injury death. At present, publicity for children’s traffic safety still goes in a traditional mode, with little innovation and effect, but virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) technology, and language models provide new possibilities for the publicity-combining modern technology and innovating publicity forms. Based on artificial intelligence, this paper discusses the advantages and applications of its combination with the publicity for children’s traffic safety, analyzes the existing shortcomings and difficulties, and puts forward three solutions through science and technology empowerment. In conclusion, children’s traffic safety awareness can be improved, traffic accident injuries can be reduced, and children’s safety can be ensured.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613031</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Low Income Childhood Pedestrian Injury: Understanding the Disparate Risk</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635342</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A leading cause of death and injury to children is being struck by a motor vehicle. A disproportionate number of injured child pedestrians are of low socioeconomic status. The relationship between socioeconomic status and pedestrian injury is poorly understood. The existing literature is limited by the lack of pedestrian exposure data, a common measure of risk, and a clear conceptual framework for the interaction between socioeconomic status and pedestrian injury. Another issue is the limited availability of injury data. This paper proposes a model for understanding child pedestrian exposure and risk and its relationship to socioeconomic status. The analysis also identifies the need for additional data and research, and makes specific policy proposals.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Feb 2026 16:31:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635342</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Clinical outcomes of pediatric versus adult pedestrian motor vehicle traumas</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611454</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Collisions between pedestrians and motor vehicles result in over 60,000 injuries annually in the United States. The authors hypothesized that pediatric patients would sustain more severe injuries than adults due to their shorter stature, which exposes their torsos to direct impact from vehicles. Therefore, the authors analyzed the outcomes of pediatric and adult patients involved in pedestrian motor vehicle trauma (PMVT). Utilizing data from the 2022 Trauma Quality Improvement Program (ACS-TQIP) database, the authors classified PMVT patients into pediatric (aged 1 to 17 years) and adult (aged 18 years and older) cohorts. Patients who experienced pre-hospital cardiac arrest were excluded from the analysis. The primary and secondary outcomes focused on mortality and in-hospital complications. After conducting optimal propensity score matching (PSM), both cohorts contained 760 patients, with no significant differences in demographic and lifestyle factors. The average injury severity score was 28.0 for adults and 26.4 for children (p = 0.002). Adults experienced higher rates of mortality (18.8 vs. 8.1 %; p < 0.001) and other complications, including unplanned operation (5.53 % vs. 1.71 %; p < 0.001) and cardiac arrest (5.26 vs. 2.63 %; p = 0.008). Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that being an adult was independently associated with higher odds of mortality (OR = 2.8 [1.9, 4.1]) and unplanned operation (OR = 2.6 [1.4, 5.1]). Among pedestrians struck by vehicles, adults face significantly higher rates of post-trauma complications and mortality. Contrary to the initial hypothesis, children had less severe injuries and overall better outcomes. This may be attributed to children having greater cardiopulmonary reserves, enhancing their adaptation and physiologic responses to PMVT.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 05 Dec 2025 17:12:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611454</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An investigation of traffic safety knowledge, behaviour and risk perception for schoolchildren: a case study of India</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633298</link>
      <description><![CDATA[School-going children in India are disproportionately vulnerable to traffic-related injuries due to behavioural, infrastructural, and systemic shortcomings. Despite growing awareness of road safety, a major gap persists in understanding how cognitive and social factors jointly influence children’s safety orientation across different travel modes. This study examines the relationship between risk perception, safety attitudes, observed adult behaviours, and self-reported risky practices among Indian school children aged 12–18 commuting by two-wheelers, cars, auto-rickshaws, school buses, or private/state buses. Using a structured questionnaire, data were collected from 925 students across two Indian states through both online and offline surveys. Descriptive statistics, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), and Multiple Regression Analysis were employed to identify latent constructs and assess the predictive influence of attitudinal, perceptual, and observational factors on children’s safety behaviour. Although most students demonstrated adequate safety awareness, observed adult misbehaviour and permissive risk attitudes significantly predicted unsafe practices. Regression analyses revealed that adult rule violations (β = 0.099–0.307) and limited risk perception explained up to 50% of variance in risky acts. School bus users showed higher behavioural awareness and safer attitudes (β = 0.439), while two-wheeler, auto-rickshaw, and private/state bus commuters displayed greater risk-taking tendencies. The study concludes that children’s traffic safety is shaped by cognitive, social, and environmental factors rather than knowledge alone. Mode-specific, context-sensitive interventions integrating behavioural education, parental and driver involvement, and structured supervision are essential to bridge the gap between awareness and safe action among young commuters.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Dec 2025 10:00:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633298</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Preventing Real-World Pediatric Vehicular Heatstroke Events With Technology</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582306</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this article, the authors explore the use of technology as a strategy to prevent pediatric vehicular heatstroke events.  The authors reviewed cases of children dying in hot vehicles to identify scenarios that might be classified as “exemplar;” these ten cases were further defined as cases that were different from the norm based on characteristics of the child, caregiver, and the setting or context in which the event occurred.  In each of these 10 special cases, the authors considered whether currently-available detection, alerting, and intervention technologies would have prevented the heatstroke event. They found that the effectiveness of different technologies varied widely; no single technology by itself could have prevented all deaths. The authors conclude with a discussion of the Hot Cars Act (2021) which mandates that vehicles have child safety alert systems in all models starting in 2025. However, this Act does not provide any specific guidelines to manufacturers about which technologies should be used. The authors stress the need for using multiple features in tandem in order to prevent pediatric heatstroke events.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Nov 2025 10:19:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582306</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A mixed-methods study characterizing US caregivers’ attitudes toward pediatric vehicular heatstroke interventions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2617082</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Several behavioral and technological approaches have been proposed to help prevent pediatric vehicular heatstroke (PVH), or children overheating in cars. While studies have examined technologies’ efficacy in controlled settings, it remains unclear how end-users feel about adopting behavioral/technological interventions for use in the real-world. Thus, this study’s objective was to characterize caregivers’ attitudes toward available PVH interventions. We conducted a national survey and focus groups with caregivers of children less than 5 years old. Both studies gathered caregivers’ demographics, as well as their opinions about adopting/using broad and specific types of behavioral and technological interventions for PVH. Surveys were analyzed with descriptive statistics; focus groups were analyzed using a grounded theory approach to qualitative data. There were 1,500 survey respondents and 4 focus groups (16 participants total). Participants across studies shared similar interests in and generally positive opinions toward behavioral and technological PVH interventions, with caveats. A selection of survey findings include: (1) 90% of respondents were Somewhat or Extremely Willing to use technology that would remind them/warn them if they had left a child, (2) 58-64% would use Vehicle-based warning systems (e.g., occupant detection sensor + horn), Car seat-based warning systems (e.g., child detection sensor + siren), or Vehicle-based reminder technology (e.g., trip-based message or chime), and (3) 11% would not use any technology. Focus groups agreed generally with respondents in the survey, expanding results to state more caregivers should be aware of behavioral interventions and to raise concerns about some interventions’ ease of use, amount of effort required, risk of malfunction or lack of effectiveness, maintenance, and potential cost. For example, caregivers with rear-seat check reminders believed that chimes and dash messages may be ineffective in the long-term. The knowledge gained from this study can help to prioritize future PVH intervention efforts and enhance effectiveness among emerging approaches, along with informing how stakeholders may improve consumer awareness, adoption, and rates of correct usages. Based on our findings, this paper will inform ways to bolster caregivers’ engagement with behavioral approaches and simultaneous use of effective and accessible technological interventions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Nov 2025 17:09:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2617082</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characterizing suboptimal child passenger safety practices in crashes with fatalities: Child, driver, vehicle, neighborhood, and policy factors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2617076</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Suboptimal child passenger safety practices in the United States persist despite national guidelines, state laws, and safety benefits of child passenger restraint systems (CRS). Child passenger safety practices have not been characterized in a national crash dataset since 2011 updates to American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines. We sought to identify child, driver, vehicle, neighborhood, and policy-level factors associated with suboptimal child passenger safety practices in motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) with a fatality. We additionally present identified hotspots of suboptimal practices for intervention targeting. We conducted a cross-sectional study of children <13 years old in passenger cars and light trucks with known restraint status and seating location from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) database, 2011–2021.OutcomeSuboptimal practices defined as: 1) not using an age-appropriate CRS, 2) police reported misuse, or 3) front seat location. Child age, prior driver traffic violations, vehicle occupancy, driver’s ZIP Code-level Child Opportunity Index 3.0 (COI), state-level CRS and seatbelt fines, and state CRS law score by year. Geospatial hotspot analysis was conducted to identify counties with greater concentrations of suboptimal practices. Of 52,318 passengers <13 years old, 38,372 (73.3%) had a known restraint [29.4% CRS, 50.7% seatbelt, 19.9% unrestrained] and seating position [15.2% in front seat]. Suboptimal practices were identified in 26,731 (69.7%) children with 4-7 and 8-12 year olds observed to have the highest proportion. The strongest predictors of suboptimal practices were child age 4-7 years (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.09-1.12) vs. <4 years and vehicle over capacity (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.06-1.11). There was a decrease in suboptimal child passenger safety practices with increasing vehicle model year, COI level, fines, and law scores. Seventy-five counties each were hotspots for overall suboptimal practices and for premature transitions, 45 were hotspots for riding unrestrained, and 64 were hotspots for traveling in the front seat. Our findings can inform targets for populations with higher need for efforts to promote child passenger safety including drivers of children 4-7 years old, traveling with more passengers than seating positions, or from low COI areas. Associations with fines and CRS law scores signal the positive impact of legislation to discourage suboptimal practices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Nov 2025 17:09:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2617076</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Convolutional neural network-based sensitivity analysis of parent and child features of different vehicle types in single-vehicle crashes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582338</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study proposes a new approach to better understand the risk factors of single-vehicle (SV) crashes across different vehicle models. Using four years (2019–2022) of SV crash data from Shandong Province, involving motorcycles, passenger cars, and trucks, the authors developed a sensitivity analysis model based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to analyze various factors influencing driver injury severity. The model successfully quantified significant parent and child features for different vehicle models, revealing key risk factors for SV crash severity. The results showed that nighttime (20:00 – next 6:59) significantly increased the risk of serious or fatal (FS) injuries for all vehicle types, with drink-driving behaviors at night further exacerbating the frequency of crashes. Additionally, specific groups—drivers aged 51 and over, self-employed individuals, and staff—face higher FS injury risks while riding motorcycles. For passenger cars, rural roads, intersections, without signal control also raise the risk of FS injuries. In trucks, the risk of FS injuries increases under conditions such as driving with only a central divider, in daylight, when overloaded, and on non-intersection roads. This method provides valuable support for the targeted prevention of serious SV crashes across different vehicle types.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Oct 2025 09:36:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582338</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NASS-CDS national estimates of fatalities do not match FARS census</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606755</link>
      <description><![CDATA[NHTSA claims that NASS-CDS is a representative sample of crashes in the United States. They provide a case weight for each crash to estimate national incidence. NASS-CDS and the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) were analyzed using similar sorting parameters to compare annual fatality estimates from NASS-CDS to the census counts in FARS. Existing analyses of NASS-CDS and FARS were reexamined to compare the consistency of the annual fatality estimates and counts from the NHTSA databases. NASS-CDS was analyzed to determine fatalities in light vehicles from calendar years 1994 to 2013. Light vehicles were defined by body type (0 < BODY_TYP < 50) with 1994+ model year (MY) and no ejection (EJECTION = 0). Fatalities were grouped by 4 occupant ages 0–3, 4–7, 8–14, and 15+ years old and by front (first-row outboard) and rear (second-row) seats. Fatalities in NASS-CDS were defined by treatment (TREATMNT = 1), injury severity (ISS = 75), or police injury severity (INJSEV = 4). The average annual fatalities were determined with standard errors. FARS census counts were determined from 1996 to 2013 using the same parameters as NASS-CDS. Fatalities in FARS were defined by injury severity (INJ_SEV = 4). The average fatalities and standard deviation were determined. NASS-CDS estimated 6,736 ± 1,115 deaths per year to front outboard and second-row occupants in light-vehicle crashes. FARS counted 12,447 ± 3,857 deaths per year using the same search parameters. The NASS-CDS estimate was 54% lower than the FARS count. The difference was statistically significant (t-statistic 522, P < .0001). NASS-CDS estimated 223 deaths per year to 0- to 14-year-old children. FARS counted 523 child deaths per year. The NASS-CDS estimate was 57% lower than the FARS estimate. NHTSA’s decision to stop investigating older vehicles in 2009 increased the underestimation by NASS-CDS from 39% in 1996–2009 to 68% in 2010–2015 compared to FARS. NASS-CDS and the Crash Investigation Sampling System (CISS) under-sample older vehicles. NASS-CDS underestimates by 46% the census count of fatalities in FARS. The underestimates occurred for occupants of all ages in front and rear seats. NASS-CDS and CISS are not representative samples of fatal crashes in the United States.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Oct 2025 16:38:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606755</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>On the backseat: Analyzing motorcycle passenger injuries in children</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604534</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Despite the high risk of fatality from traveling in a motorcycle compared to motor vehicles, only five states have an age limit for motorcycle passengers. Literature is profoundly lacking on injury patterns of motorcycle passengers, particularly children. The authors studied injury patterns and helmet use for motorcycle passengers in children <18 years old in the US.  A 4-year retrospective cohort analysis of the ACS-TQIP for the years 2017-2020. All pediatric (age <18 years) trauma patients injured as motorcycle passengers were identified. Patients were stratified into two groups - preschool and kindergarten (Age 3-6 yrs [PK]), and school (Age 7-17 yrs [S]). Body region injuries were identified using region-specific AIS severity scores (AIS >=1). Primary outcomes were injury patterns and TBI between the groups and how helmet utilization affected these injury patterns. The authors used the independent samples t-test and Mann-Whitney U test to analyze differences between continuous normally distributed variables and skewed variables, respectively. The authors identified a total of 836 patients who were injured as passengers on a motorcycle (PK - 128, S - 708) across over 875 institutions. Overall, the mean (SD) age was 12 (4) years, and 57 % were male. The median ISS of both groups was 5. Helmet use was more common among school children compared to preschool and kindergarten group (S 40 % vs PK 18 %, p < 0.001). Preschool and kindergarten children sustained higher rates of head injuries (PK 66 % vs S 52 %, p = 0.002), whereas school children sustained higher rates of injuries to the chest (S 25 % vs PK 16 %, p = 0.020), abdomen (S 23 % vs PK 15 %, p = 0.033), extremities (S 77 % vs PK 63 %, p = 0.001), and fractures (S 30 % vs PK 11 %, p < 0.001). Helmeted children had lower rates of head injuries compared to non-helmeted children (48 % vs 58 %, p = 0.009). Preschool and kindergarten children were more likely to be managed at ACS-verified level I/II pediatric trauma centers (PK 49 % vs S 39 %, p = 0.035). There were no significant differences in terms of mortality between both groups (S 3.8 % vs PK 2.3 %, p = 0.411). Younger children had higher rates of head injuries and lower helmet use compared to older children. While mortality was similar between groups, helmet use was linked to fewer head injuries across all ages.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Oct 2025 09:08:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604534</guid>
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