<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="https://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <channel>
    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanical properties assessment of corn husk fibre-reinforced cement-treated lakebed sediments for road construction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643652</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of waste materials for soil stabilization has attracted considerable attention due to both environmental and engineering benefits. This study investigates the performance of cement-treated lakebed sediments (LS) reinforced with corn husk fiber (CHF) for potential application in road construction. LS sourced from Phayao Lake in northern Thailand was mixed with cement at a ratio of 7% and reinforced with CHF at varying contents of 0.5%, 1%, and 2%, with fiber lengths of 10, 20, and 40 mm, respectively. The mechanical properties of the reinforced LS–cement mixtures were assessed through unconfined compression, indirect tensile, flexural, resilient modulus, and free-free resonance tests. The results demonstrated that fiber reinforcement significantly enhanced ductility, toughness, and residual strength, thereby mitigating the brittle behavior typically observed in cement-treated LS. The optimal performance was achieved at 1% CHF with fiber lengths of 10–20 mm, improving both the compressive strength and flexural strength while maintaining satisfactory workability. Furthermore, microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction revealed improved bonding and matrix densification due to fiber addition, contributing to increased toughness. These findings suggest that CHF-reinforced LS–cement mixtures represent a sustainable solution for road construction, effectively reducing agricultural waste while enhancing the mechanical performance of road materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Jan 2026 17:02:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643652</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Bayesian framework for modelling soil-cement response using the adjusted porosity/cement index</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2622314</link>
      <description><![CDATA[While the adjusted porosity/cement index is a proven tool for dosing soil–cement mixtures, the conventional frequentist approach treats its model parameters (B, b, and c) as fixed constants, hindering a comprehensive uncertainty analysis. This paper introduces a novel Bayesian framework that overcomes this limitation by treating these parameters as random variables, yielding their full probability distributions. This approach enables two significant advances: first, it provides a richer understanding of parameter interdependence previously obscured by deterministic methods; and second, it allows for direct probabilistic comparisons between mix designs to assess their practical equivalence. Using a custom Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling algorithm implemented in Python, our results revealed a strong correlation between the model parameters and confirmed that most dosages with similar η/Cᵢᵥᶜ values have probabilistically indistinguishable mean responses. Ultimately, this work provides a more rigorous quantitative framework for decision-making and corroborates the importance of the frequentist porosity/cement index-based approaches.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 05 Jan 2026 09:52:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2622314</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation of Cement and Polymer Stabilization in Gravel Soil-RAP Mixtures for Full-Depth Reclamation Applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550457</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study provides new insights into the plastic and resilient behavior of gravel soil and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) mixtures enhanced with Portland cement and an organic acrylic-styrene polymer. Triaxial repeated load testing assesses the potential of these mixtures for full-depth reclamation in pavement applications. The research aims to evaluate the synergy between traditional materials and modern polymers, focusing on improving durability and structural integrity while promoting sustainability through recycled materials. This work evaluated mixtures between gravel soil and RAP to assess their suitability in Full Depth Reclamation services, with tested RAP percentages of 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%. Conventional geotechnical characterization tests, compaction, Resilient Modulus tests, and permanent deformation tests were conducted. Based on the test results, the most promising mixture was selected, and stabilization was carried out using 1% Portland cement and an organic acrylic-styrene polymer. The findings indicate that a 50% RAP mixture provided the best technical and economic balance. Adding Portland cement improved the rigidity and resistance to plastic deformation, whereas the polymer did not significantly enhance the soil-RAP mixture—particularly concerning permanent deformation at the studied content. Changes in the microstructure of the soil and mixture specimens were observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Jun 2025 11:58:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550457</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Soil-aggregate-cement mixtures for base pavement layers: A strength and stiffness characterization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2476643</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pavements subjected to high volume load require a robust structure. In Brazil, cemented base layer is usually used instead of asphalt concrete thick layer due to cost issues. Soil-aggregate-cement (SAC) mixture is an alternative in pavement application, but the lack of design and dosage protocols hinders the understanding of the parameters influencing its mechanical behavior. This study presents a mechanical characterization of SAC mixtures in terms of strength (UCS and ITS) and stiffness (Mr), focusing on integrating the needs of pavement design to dosage purposes. For this, different SAC mixtures are produced, varying the soil-aggregate proportion (30:70 and 20:80) and cement content (3, 5 and 7 %). Mechanical properties were measured on cured mixtures at 0, 7 and 28 days and compared to structural responses of hypothetical pavements computed by mechanistic analysis. The results indicate a potential for using SAC mixtures in base layers due to their higher strength and stiffness. Predictive models relating ITS x UCS, Mr x UCS, and Mr x ITS with good statistical fit were proposed to assist researchers and engineers in selecting mixtures more adequate and durable for pavement applications, based on the concept of limiting the tensile stress acting on the cemented base course.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Feb 2025 10:56:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2476643</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanical properties and engineering applications of low-dosage cement/lime-stabilized loess improved with nano-MgO and nan-SiO₂</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2465176</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Loess has poor engineering performance and needs to be improved for engineering applications by adding a large amount of lime or cement, which is not consistent with the goal of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”. In this study, nano-SiO₂ (NS) and nano-MgO (NM) were applied to improve the engineering performance of low-dosage lime/cement- stabilized loess. The improvement mechanisms of each binder on loess were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) tests. The impact of binder dosage and curing time (T) on unconfined compressive strength (UCS), resilient moduli (MR), California bearing ratio (CBR), internal friction angle (φ), cohesion (c), and compression coefficient (a1-2) of each stabilized loess were also explored by conducting a range of laboratory experiments. The results show that the addition of NS did not result in the formation of new substances. However, theformation of MH was noted with the addition of NM. The combination of lime and NS can significantly enhance the UCS, CBR, MR, and c of the stabilized loess, followed by the combination of cement and NS. With the increasing NM content, the above mechanical indices first increased and then decreased for the stabilized loess. Both the binder content and type caused a lesser impact on the φ and a1-2 than on other mechanical indices. Moreover, the mix ratio and feasibility of each stabilized loess applied in various engineering fields were analyzed based on relevant standards and the construction requirements of lime and cement. Finally, estimation models were established for the above mechanical indices of lime-NS stabilized loess, which can provide a reference for engineering design and quality control.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Jan 2025 09:41:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2465176</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characterizing Lime- and Cement-Treated Soil with the PM Device at a Full-Scale Pavement Test Track</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2319720</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, the plastic mold compaction device (PM Device) was used successfully during full-scale construction of lime- and cement-stabilized pavement layers for which strict quality control measures were taken, such as multiple spread rate calibration, frequent moisture contents, and close attention to compaction timing and density measurements. Even with these precautions to minimize variability, there was quantifiable variation in density, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and elastic modulus (E) for soil–cement and soil–lime mixtures. Over the 61-m test section, density varied by 5.2% for soil–cement and by 5.0% for soil–lime, UCS varied by 861 kPa for soil–cement and by 246 kPa for soil–lime, and E varied by 2,628 MPa for soil–cement and by 1,036 MPa for soil–lime. There also were noticeable differences in PM Device density and E measurements compared with nuclear gauge and falling weight deflectometer–calculated modulus. This paper also serves as the first known and documented use of the PM Device with lime-stabilized material, and is the first known and documented comparison of PM Device specimens and beams compacted with a Proctor hammer. Compared with other field projects in which the PM Device was implemented, the variability of density and UCS in this project was lower than in other typical Mississippi Department of Transportation (MDOT) projects. When using the data collected at the National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) test track as a baseline for soil–cement materials, variability likely will be no less than 5% for density as a percentage of the target density and 75% for UCS as a percentage of the average UCS value when using current MDOT construction protocols.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 2024 09:15:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2319720</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Variations in strength and stiffness of cement-stabilized reclaimed asphalt pavement and marginal lateritic soil blends in tropical climate</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2293254</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article investigated the effects of temperature on the variations in strength and stiffness of cement-stabilized reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and marginal lateritic soil (MLS) as a sustainable bound base course of flexible pavement. A site investigation to assess the temperature profile of highway pavement in the northeast of Thailand was conducted to find the temperature variation of pavement structure in tropical country. Laboratory tests including unconfined compressive strength (UCS), modulus of elasticity (E50), and indirect tensile strength (ITS) tests were conducted on cement-stabilized RAP and MLS blends at varying mix proportions and temperatures. It is evident that the temperature significantly affects the strength and stiffness of specimens containing RAP due to the presence of bitumen covering the RAP aggregate. The additional MLS and cement can reduce the viscoelasticity of RAP aggregate. The strength reduction due to the temperature is characteristic of the RAP mixtures with MLS and cement. The normalized relationships of UCS and temperature and the empirical correlations between E50 and ITS versus UCS were presented. This set of relationships is a valuable tool for the mix design of cement-stabilized RAP and MLS blends as a bound base course in tropical countries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Dec 2023 08:46:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2293254</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Shrinkage of Cold Recycled Cement-Treated Mixtures of Asphalt Pavement Materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2125987</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As with other chemically stabilized materials, cold recycled cement-treated mixtures inherently shrink. Shrinkage cracks might accelerate the rate of pavement deterioration. The research reported here aimed at studying variables that may affect the shrinkage of recycled mixtures. An experimental plan was set to evaluate the effects of cement and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) contents and curing time on the shrinkage of such mixtures with different recycled base course materials (namely cement-treated base [CTB], soil-cement [SC], and lateritic soil [LS]). Previously studied recycled mixtures with graded crushed stone (GCS) base course material were also considered in the analysis. From test results and statistical analysis, it was concluded that the finer the recycled mixture (with SC and LS base course materials), the higher the shrinkage potential. Conversely, coarser mixtures (with CTB and GCS as base materials) tend to shrink less. Accordingly, increasing RAP contents might help to reduce the shrinkage of finer mixtures because of coarser RAP gradation. Shrinkage increases with time and shows higher increasing rates at the early stages. Statistics showed that a stronger curing time effect occurs by the third week, and because of that, it is important to avoid moisture loss at the early stages. For the levels considered (1–7 %), cement content did not greatly impact the shrinkage, although it was statistically significant in most cases. Statistical analysis confirmed this, contradicting the practice of often adopting low cement contents to reduce shrinkage hazards.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Apr 2023 16:19:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2125987</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Alkali Activated Fly Ash and Slag Combination for Soil Cement Mixing Piles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2015443</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper reports the results of laboratory investigation carried out on soft soil collected from Padma Bridge Rail Link Project site to determine an optimum mix ratio of two stockpiled industrial waste by-products fly ash and LRF slag-based geopolymers for cement soil mixing piles. A total of six combinations were investigated for strength evaluation following specific patterns of soil-cement-binder mixtures on samples with 14 and 28 days’ curing conditions. It was observed that B15C5 (15% slag and fly ash +5% cement) gained the highest compressive strength in both at molding water and dry conditions in each age. The maximum strength of this combination was found at 4,158 kPa in dry condition and 792 kPa in wet condition in 28 days. With the increment of binder contents in alkali activated samples, compressive strength reaches a peak value of 407 kPa and 3,987 kPa at molding water and oven dry conditions, respectively, for B25 (25% geopolymer) and gradually decreases with more use of geopolymer noticeable in both conditions and ages. The findings of the study with alkali activated fly ash and slag may lead to a durable soil stabilization solution along with a solution to waste management.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Oct 2022 09:03:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2015443</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bear Ridge Base Stabilization Investigation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2012634</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bear Ridge base stabilization Project S-4769(6) is located approximately eight miles south of Deary, Idaho on S.H. 3 in Latah County. Winter climate in the area is severe and truck traffic consists mainly of heavy logging trucks, wood chip trucks and wheat trucks. An untreated base constructed on this roadway section in 1957 was to be used as a gravel surface with a roadmix surface to be added later. Extensive pot holes and weak spots developed in the base during the winter, however, and it was determined that the roadmix surface could not be placed on the existing base without risk of serious failure. Approval was thus obtained from the Federal Highway Administration to construct a 2.15 mile long stabilized base project to compare the effectiveness of hydrated lime, portland cement, SS-1 emulsion asphalt, and a special road oil in improving base stability and preventing further aggregate degradation. Seven different test sections were constructed in 1959 consisting of five treated base sections and two untreated base sections for comparison. Numerous tests were made during construction to establish the quality of the roadway materials for comparison with similar future test results. The roadmix surface course was added in 1960. Benkelman Beam tests have been performed at various times since construction to determine changes in wheel load deflections. Moisture contents have been obtained at various depths in the roadway ballast by a nuclear moisture probe. Unconfined compression strength and weight per cubic foot have been determined periodically for the cement treated base and lime treated base sections, while aggregate gradation, asphalt content, Atterberg Limits, sand equivalent, and resistance values have been obtained for the SS-1 emulsion asphalt, special road oil and untreated base roadway sections. And finally, periodic visual inspections of the roadway have been made to observe any signs of distress which may have developed and to help determine the serviceability of each test section.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 11 Sep 2022 18:58:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2012634</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An investigation of sulfate effects on compaction characteristics and strength development of cement-treated sulfate bearing clay subgrade</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1884892</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For road construction on sulfate (saline) soil, whether cement stabilisation could be effectively used must be determined. This study improves understanding of strength reduction characteristics for cement-stabilised sulfate soil subjected to variations in water content, cement content, and curing time. A series of laboratory tests to examine soil properties and compressive strength characteristics of soil-cement mixtures in conjunction with microstructural observations were performed. The compaction curves of cement-stabilised sulfate bearing clay and cement-stabilised high plasticity clay (a benchmark material) were established as nearly identical. This indicated minor effects of sulfate on the compaction characteristics of soil. The experimental results also showed that the rate of compressive strength loss escalated with an increase in cement content and curing time. While producing test samples through the compaction process, a series of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests on both materials exhibited a bell-like relationship with a peak at the optimum moisture content (OMC). The UCS of both study materials while compacted with water content below the OMC was lower than that while compacted with water content higher than the OMC. The microstructure observations in this study also supported this characteristic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Nov 2021 14:28:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1884892</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Flexural strength, stiffness and fatigue of cement-treated mixtures of reclaimed asphalt pavement and lateritic soil</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1848321</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper evaluates the flexural static and cyclic behaviour of cement-treated mixtures of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and lateritic soil (LS). Flexural strength and resilient modulus increased with RAP percentage. Strain at break increased with higher RAP and lower cement amounts, increasing mixtures flexibility. Higher cement contents led to stronger and stiffer mixtures. Strain-based fatigue relationships were obtained. Mechanistic analyses showed that the fatigue life of cement-treated recycled base layers of RAP and LS increases with RAP percentage and with the thicknesses of asphalt wearing course and recycled base layer. The effect of cement content depends on the thickness of the layers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Jun 2021 14:23:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1848321</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of compaction delay on the strength and consolidation properties of cement-stabilized subgrade soil</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1758125</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Soil compaction is a considerable construction activity to ensure safety and durability, notably in the transportation industry. Compaction delay (CD) occurs because of unpredictable cases which may be related to the climatic, environmental, and logistics reasons. Since the time delay in compaction process affects the engineering properties of the materials in road construction, the current study evaluates the effect of CD on mechanical and consolidation characteristics of cement-stabilized subgrade soil. To achieve this purpose, a set of experimental tests including standard compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and one-dimensional consolidation tests are performed. Samples are mixed with 1.5, 3, 6, and 9% Portland cement on their maximum dry density (MDD) considering different ranges of CD up to 120 minutes. Delayed samples show a reduction in MDD (3.46–5.43%), and UCS (11.31–37.25%) compared with those of non-delayed ones. Morphological findings from scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis confirmed that the CD has a destructive effect on the mechanical characteristics of the soil-cement samples even in the long run. Correspondingly, delayed samples show lower secant modulus (1.81 times) rather than immediate compacted ones. Furthermore, higher CD yields mixtures with higher compression index and void ratio. Finally, laboratory test results are used to develop MDD and UCS regression models considering the CD parameter. The sensitivity analysis, based on regression models, shows that the MDD and UCS are noticeably influenced by cement content variations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Jan 2021 09:37:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1758125</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanical performance of cement-stabilised soil containing recycled glass as road base layer</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1746868</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The increase in the volume of solid waste constitutes a global environmental challenge. The use of recycled materials in road construction reduces the environmental impact of civil engineering works and contributes to the achievement of recycling targets. Waste glass is 100% recyclable, non-biodegradable and has potential uses as engineering material. This paper aims to evaluate the potential use of Recycled Glass (RG) as aggregate replacement in road applications. The effect of RG inclusion in soil strength is studied. For that purpose, a laboratory testing programme was conducted, including the modified Proctor compaction, compressive strength and the California Bearing Ratio tests. Different proportions of RG and stabilising cement are tested. The results indicated an improvement in the shear resistance of tested mixtures, and also met the standards requirements for road base layers design. This study supports the technical feasibility of adding RG to cement stabilised soils for it use in base layers in light-load roads.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2020 14:22:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1746868</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Equivalent Strength for Tunnels in Cement-Admixed Soil Columns with Spatial Variability and Positioning Error</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1723388</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cement-admixed soil columns are often used to strengthen the surrounding soft soil for enhancing tunnel stability. Such improved soil surrounds possess high spatial variability and heterogeneity in the strength and stiffness properties. In this paper, three-dimensional random finite-element analysis is conducted to compute the equivalent strength and stiffness for tunnels constructed in overlapping cement-admixed soil columns surrounded by soft clays. The heterogeneity and spatial variability of the improved soil surround are studied by varying coefficient of variation, considering anisotropic scale of fluctuation in mean strength and stiffness, as well as varying positioning error arising due to the off-verticality in cement-treated columns. Finally, strength reduction factors are computed for obtaining the equivalent strength of tunnels in such spatially variable improved soils. The proposed range of strength reduction factors can be used in numerical analysis by engineers in practice to compute the appropriate values of equivalent strength and stiffness of homogeneous improved soil surrounds around tunnels. The influence of varying permeability of improved soil surround and time of excavation of tunnel opening on the equivalent strength is also studied and was not found to be significant.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Jul 2020 16:16:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1723388</guid>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>