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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Kollektivtrafikanpassad bebyggelse, mobilitetshubbar and Delade Autonoma Fordom (DAF)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2440089</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Purpose and goal: The aim of the project is to increase accessibility with new transport systems, to reduce car dependence and to decarbonize Swedish and American suburbs with innovations in urban design and Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) by introducing mobility hubs with electric Shared Autonomous Vehicles (SAVs). The project will focus on the experiential qualities of mobility hubs as public places with multiple and flexible functions that change during the day. A mobility hub can turn into a market during the day and act as a car pool with electric SAVs at night when public transport is scarce. Expected results and effects: The project will develop future mobility scenarios and explore implementations of mobility hubs with SAVs through a simulation analysis of accessibility and climate effects as well as a critical study on inclusive mobility aspects and gender and children perspectives. The results will be published as an urban design handbook on TOD with mobility hubs that aims to inspire and help planning consultants and municipalities to integrate mobility hubs with SAVs and create high-quality public places with shared mobility systems at public transport stations. Approach and implementation: The project will explore implementations of mobility hubs with electric SAVs. Firstly, mobility hubs will be classified using urban design theory and methods. Intermodal transfers from public transport to shared mobility systems will be simulated to analyze the accessibility potential and climate effects of SAVs at mobility hubs. A critical study on inclusive mobility aspects and gender and children perspectives will carried out to implement SAVs as a future mobility system. Finally, a design handbook on TOD with mobility hubs will be published to inspire urban planners.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Oct 2024 14:38:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2440089</guid>
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      <title>Commuting to College: An Analysis of a Suburban Campus on the Outskirts of Madrid</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2277085</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper aims to analyse human mobility in a university campus on the outskirts of the Madrid region. Several surveys which were distributed to students for completion during the 2017-2018, 2018-2019, and 2021-2022 courses were examined. Both an exploration of existing transport modes using clustering techniques and a statistical analysis on trip origins, travel times, and distances were performed. Not all municipalities with the highest number of trips were the closest to the university. The clustering analysis identified a lower variability in the use ratio of the transport modes in the 2017-2018 course. The private car, which exhibited a low sharing rate, was the most utilised transport mode. This was followed by public and university transportation. Similarities between the probability distributions of journeys using public and university transports were found. High and moderate correlations between the number of the existing stops and the amount of trips by subway and urban bus were detected. The lowest median values of travel distances corresponded to students, administrative staff, teachers, and researchers who exhibited very similar values. Considering the three analysed academic years as a whole, the most likely travel times were 30–60 minutes. It was detected that a higher gross annual income did not imply higher private car use. Residents in areas with the highest ozone concentrations also exhibited a high use of motorised vehicles. A low familiarisation with car-sharing and car-pooling platforms was also found. Globally, a high level of comfort during the trip was mostly perceived.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Nov 2023 09:01:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2277085</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Shared-Use of Autonomous Transportation Solutions: How Ready Are We for Them?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974742</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The goal of this paper is to assess the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and intentions of the future autonomous vehicle users, considering also socio-demographic attributes and mobility needs. The analyzed data are based on two surveys; one, conducted on car-pooling and car-sharing systems, thus addressing the private traveling; the other, conducted on public transport systems. Both surveys examined the expected benefits, the users’ concerns and their willingness to use the systems, under different levels of automation, based on international standards. Taking into account that fully automated private or public vehicles are not widely available in market, with the exception of some examples of fully-automated trams and pilot implementations, users’ acceptance was determined and analysed a priori, meaning that the majority of the respondents evaluated the shared autonomous transportation solutions before testing them. Analysis identified similarities and differences between private and public autonomous vehicles and assessed the level of possible usage by the travelers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Oct 2023 09:15:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974742</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Robomobility Revolution of Urban Public Transport: A Social Sciences Perspective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975532</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over the past two decades, society has been witnessing how technological, political, and societal changes have been transforming individual and collective urban mobility. Driven both by newcomers and traditional players, by disruptive as well as incremental innovations, the main objective now is to enhance mobility and accessibility while, reducing vehicle ownership, congestion, road accidents, and pollution in cities.  This transformation has been mainly enabled by the widespread adoption of internet-connected devices (e.g.: smartphones and tablets) and by the innovative business models, technologies, and use-cases that arose from this rapid digitalization, such as peer-to-peer, and two-sided markets providing several mobility schemes: car-sharing, car-pooling, bike sharing, free-floating (cars, bikes, electric scooter), ridesharing and ride hailing either for long distances as well as for urban and micro-mobility.  The book presents – in a holistic perspective – how this revolution is happening and what are the major cornerstones for the implementation of robomobility. It aims at answering several substantial issues, such as: What is robomobility and what does it imply for the different stakeholders of the public transport ecosystem? How do policy makers integrate this innovation and how ready the regulations are? How do citizens take part in this transformation? What is the level of user acceptance for this new type of mobility? What are its environmental impacts? What is the economic impact of deploying these shuttles in a local ecosystem?]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Jun 2022 13:20:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975532</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performing ambiguity : following multiplicity in shared mobility markets</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948878</link>
      <description><![CDATA[How do markets change and develop over time? The present PhD project focuses on the dynamic effects of market change in the context of the sharing economy. This phenomenon is of particular interest since it concerns how alternative market forms – such as gifting, collaborating, accessing – are challenging established market conceptions. Empirically, the project addresses emerging shared mobility platforms (ride sharing, car sharing, etc.) and follows their attempts to reconfigure extant market orders within the Swedish transportation sector. By turning the infamous conceptual confusion that surrounds the sharing economy into a topic in its own right, the individual studies address a number of issues related to the formation and change of markets in ambiguous environments. This includes, but is not limited to, the examination of conceptual controversies concerning what “the sharing economy” is, the changing roles of public actors, and issue of overlapping spaces during processes of marketisation. Using an Actor Network Theory approach across a number of empirical sites in Sweden and Ireland, this dissertation highlights the productive role of ambiguity in processes of market formation and change. The four articles comprising this thesis explore how ambiguity can be seized by a multitude of actors all wishing to shape markets in their own interests, potentially creating multiple economic consequences and material realities as a result. In addition, it illustrates how individual shared mobility markets exhibit clear systemic properties within and beyond the larger mobility realm; they depend significantly on enacted interrelations to other markets (e.g., for digital locks, batteries, telecommunication) and rely on broader, popular socio-economic trends, such as Sharing Cities and Smart Cities. Lastly, although processes of digitalisation are often associated with the removal of spatial barriers and borderless worlds, this dissertation combines insights from marketing and economic geography to illustrate that the many contingencies of local geographies still remain an important facet of contemporary economic organising.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 May 2022 17:07:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948878</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sharing vehicles or sharing rides: psychological factors influencing the acceptance of carsharing and ridepooling in Germany</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948002</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 May 2022 15:41:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948002</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Collaborative Mobility: Common Features in a new Generation of Mobility Business Models</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1897906</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mobility has been massively disrupted by new-generation telecoms and mobile apps, which allow an optimised utilisation of both transport means and infrastructures. When it comes to this kind of mobility, transport authorities and ‘traditional’ transport planning can only do little. Citizens step in and fill in the gaps at the local level by co-creating mobility solutions: private and commercial vehicles, tracking and geo-location capabilities, smart communication devices, a transportation infrastructure grid. Without additional investment in physical assets for marginal uses of the infrastructure, and without adding more vehicles to the streets, it becomes possible to ‘kick start’ a new mobility ‘metabolism’ through collaborative solutions that concatenate several ‘sharing’ approaches: car-pooling, car-sharing, crowd-parking, bike-sharing, cargo-pooling, data-sharing.In sum, new technologies can bridge social capital and citizen power with the valuable aspects of free market economics. In addition, crowd-sourcing mobility solutions make economic sense and bring democratic thinking and environmental conscience.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Dec 2021 17:16:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1897906</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Factors affecting the adoption of shared mobility systems: Evidence from Australia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1848006</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this paper is to examine the current impact and potential of the various forms of shared mobility, with a focus the shire of Wanneroo in Western Australia. Shared mobility options included in the study are car-pooling, ride-sourcing, car-sharing and bike-sharing. Residents of Wanneroo were asked about their use of shared mobility, their intended behaviour in the future, their views on the benefits, barriers to adoption, and their shared mobility use in travel to/from rail stations. Results show that a significant percentage of respondents had used shared mobility options, and the primary use of shared mobility was for social activities and secondly, work-related activities; a higher percentage of respondents said they were positive about shared mobility and would use it in the future. The findings indicate that gender is the most important driver to predict whether an individual will or will not use shared mobility. Employment status, annual income, attitude towards benefits of shared mobility, the capability to access shared mobility, and reasons for shared mobility have a positive correlation to the possibility of shared mobility use. Finally, the study reports that respondents are positive about the use of shared mobility options for travelling to and from the rail station.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 May 2021 11:20:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1848006</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The benefits of autonomous vehicles for community-based trip sharing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1764603</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This work reconsiders the concept of community-based trip sharing proposed by Hasan et al. (2018) that leverages the structure of commuting patterns and urban communities to optimize trip sharing. It aims at quantifying the benefits of autonomous vehicles for community-based trip sharing, compared to a car-pooling platform where vehicles are driven by their owners. In the considered problem, each rider specifies a desired arrival time for her inbound trip (commuting to work) and a departure time for her outbound trip (commuting back home). In addition, her commute time cannot deviate too much from the duration of a direct trip. Prior work motivated by reducing parking pressure and congestion in the city of Ann Arbor, Michigan, showed that a car-pooling platform for community-based trip sharing could reduce the number of vehicles by close to 60%.This paper studies the potential benefits of autonomous vehicles in further reducing the number of vehicles needed to serve all these commuting trips. It proposes a column-generation procedure that generates and assembles mini routes to serve inbound and outbound trips, using a lexicographic objective that first minimizes the required vehicle count and then the total travel distance. The optimization algorithm is evaluated on a large-scale, real-world dataset of commute trips from the city of Ann Arbor, Michigan. The results of the optimization show that it can leverage autonomous vehicles to reduce the daily vehicle usage by 92%, improving upon the results of the original Commute Trip Sharing Problem by 34%, while also reducing daily vehicle miles traveled by approximately 30%. These results demonstrate the significant potential of autonomous vehicles for the shared commuting of a community to a common work destination.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Mar 2021 11:13:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1764603</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A ridesharing choice behavioral equilibrium model with users of heterogeneous values of time</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1839292</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Mar 2021 14:32:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1839292</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>New mobility services: Taxonomy, innovation and the role of ICTs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1714244</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Supported by advancements of information and communication technologies (ICTs), various new types of mobility services such as car-sharing and ride-sourcing have seen rapid advancements in the last decade. The term new mobility or new mobility services is used in various contexts today.  “New mobility services” and the similar terms refer to a wide range of mobility services and vehicles that commenced service in the recent years or that are expected to be readily available in the near future. In this research, the authors call these emerging types of mobility services that make use of modern ICTs New Mobility Services or NMS. The emerging and envisaged vehicles with driving automation technologies with advanced ICTs and using electrification of the propulsion system are referred to in this paper as Connected, Autonomous and Electric Vehicles or CAEVs. Existing articles have discussed the application of different NMS, but there has so far been little holistic assessment of the ways in which such services might be integrated. To make strategic decisions and plans for mobility at local, regional and national scale, such an overview of the entire landscape of “new” types of services and their future outlook is essential as these NMS might well form the basis for mobility of passengers in the future. Furthermore, understanding in which respects these NMS are new, and how such innovations of NMS can be distinguished from each other, will potentially help to make relevant policy-making more systematic and avoid inappropriately selective adoption of NMS in long-term policy. To this end, the authors conducted an extensive review of NMS, focusing on their characteristics, development, innovatory factors and their deployment of ICTs. Furthermore, to gain a holistic outlook, they carried out a dependency analysis on ICTs, classification of innovation types and roles of ICTs, and timeline analysis to relate key ICTs to NMS. This paper is structured as follows. In Sections 2 and 3, they present theirextensive review of various types of emerging types of shared services. In Section 4, various app-based services are reviewed. In Section 5, they briefly review new vehicular technologies including autonomous driving. Based on these, in Section 6, they conduct an analysis of technological dependency of NMS on key ICTs, roles of ICTs in service innovations, and a timeline analysis of such dependencies. The authors conclude this paper in Section 7. Of note, terminology for various NMS differs from country to country, even among English-speaking countries. In this paper they use internationally-used terminologies: for example, what they refer to as “car-sharing” is what is called “car clubs” in the United Kingdom, while what they refer to as “ride-sharing” and “car-pooling” is what is called “car-sharing” in the UK. Other variations of terminologies related to NMS are mentioned in the following sections as necessary.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Jul 2020 16:10:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1714244</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Filling the mobility gaps: The shared taxi industry in Kano, Nigeria</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1599284</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper aims to analyse the growth of the taxi and shared taxi industries in Nigeria after the 1980s Structural Adjustment Programs. The reduction of public bus services and growing urbanisation fuelled the rise of (paid) car-pooling and eventually a change in the taxi regime. This new system offered an increasingly flexible shared service which (partially) met urban mobility demands. Although this system is common to many African cites, and similar to post-1989 socialist states in Europe and central Asia, focusing on the city of Kano (Nigeria) allows us to identify some of its peculiarities. Relying on secondary sources and on interviews with witnesses, this paper traces the trajectory of shared taxi services from the 1950s to today.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Apr 2019 14:37:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1599284</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The implications of the sharing economy for transport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1578972</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The sharing economy has gained a lot of attention in recent years. Despite the substantial growth in shared services, its impact overall on transport is unclear. This paper analyses the literature on sharing in transport and includes government and consultant reports, websites and academic journals. The drivers of ride-sharing, car-sharing, car-pooling and freight-sharing are largely economic and convenience related for participants. Trust, technology platforms and the trend to avoid ownership of assets are facilitating factors in its growth. Over-regulation, inconsistent quality of service and the need for recommendation are potential barriers. The transport journals in particular are relatively slow to research this topic with more focusing on bike-sharing than other modes of vehicle sharing. The paper discusses the impact of sharing on transport suggesting it is likely to be part of a solution to transport problems and congestion perhaps in combination with other developments such as driverless vehicles. It also warns of the dangers of over-regulation and under-regulation. The future will require holistic transport strategies that consider sharing options and will require government departments to work cooperatively.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Jan 2019 17:07:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1578972</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Tale of Taxi Reforms in Two Cities: The Failure of Closed Entry - Continued</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1537250</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The fight to enter the taxi market in parts of Canada and elsewhere in the world by Transportation Network Companies (TNCs), like Uber, continues. Uber is still unable to break into the BC taxi market and there will be no new taxis on Vancouver streets until at least Oct. 2017. In Europe, a report published by the OECD in May 2016 states ‘The rapid rise of commercial transport apps such as Uber or Lyft is challenging long-established rules in the for-hire passenger transport market. These platforms often fall outside existing regulations and governments have typically reacted by seeking to block them or by tweaking existing taxi regulation to include such services.’[1] The report goes on to state ‘Oversight tends to be tilted in favour of established providers - often because of the specificities of street hailing, but also due to market capture.’[2] This paper continues our description of the regulatory developments in the taxi industry in Toronto and Ottawa. The first section summarizes our earlier paper. The next section presents the taxi industry response to competition. Then the new regulations that were adopted by Toronto and Ottawa are described. The concluding discussion addresses the purpose of such economic regulations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Aug 2018 13:41:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1537250</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Mobility as a service - MAAS: describing the framework</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1506448</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mobility as a Service is a quite novel term and has not a commonly agreed definition yet. In this report we use the term Combined mobility services to describe a service offering, including public transport in combination with other transport modes such as taxi, car-sharing, bike-sharing etc. The drivers for the change in how we will consume mobility are multiple, but the report discusses Societal trends such as Urbanisation ad climate change and sharing economy, Economical trends such as excess capacity and new payment systems together with technological development as enabler for the transition. In the report, some models are introduced for describing different types of mobility services emerging, and the most important distinction of what the report describes as MaaS, is that a Combined Mobility Service provides a subscription of some kind and possibly also a re-packaging of included services, while integrated public transport mainly gives the user the possibility to plan, book, and pay for the whole journey with several transport modes in one service (app). CMS is therefore both a business model and a technical platform which draws its profitability on the reduction of privately owned cars, whilst integrated public transport represents mainly a technical integration which mainly simplifies the shift between modes for a single trip. Both these versions are often referred as MaaS-services.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Mar 2018 10:26:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1506448</guid>
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