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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=PHNlYXJjaD48cGFyYW1zPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJzdWJqZWN0aWQiIHZhbHVlPSIxNzcyIiAvPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJkYXRlaW4iIHZhbHVlPSIyeWVhcnMiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9InN1YmplY3Rsb2dpYyIgdmFsdWU9Im9yIiAvPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJ0ZXJtc2xvZ2ljIiB2YWx1ZT0ib3IiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9ImxvY2F0aW9uIiB2YWx1ZT0iMCIgLz48L3BhcmFtcz48ZmlsdGVycyAvPjxyYW5nZXMgLz48c29ydHM+PHNvcnQgZmllbGQ9InB1Ymxpc2hlZCIgb3JkZXI9ImRlc2MiIC8+PC9zb3J0cz48cGVyc2lzdHM+PHBlcnNpc3QgbmFtZT0icmFuZ2V0eXBlIiB2YWx1ZT0icHVibGlzaGVkZGF0ZSIgLz48L3BlcnNpc3RzPjwvc2VhcmNoPg==" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Accelerated Pavement Testing Working Group</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2761146</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The goal of this pooled fund is to provide a forum for the exchange of technical information on accelerated pavement testing (APT) facilities. The main objective is to focus discussions, studies and knowledge exchange on the entire operation process, including experimental design, sensor selection and installation, data collection and analysis, monitoring processes, and database documentation and data storage with best data management practices, and disseminate research results and the road map for 
APT research. This will be done through formalized online meetings, face-face operational meetings, and one online international conference once during this pooled fund. A consultant will be hired to help document the desired outcomes of this pooled fund. APT operators and agencies will also be held responsible for full participation to make this effort successful. Currently there is no “common” way for all facilities to coordinate with each other than individual partnerships between facilities. Members of this pooled fund could include test tracks like (MnROAD/MnDOT, NCAT/Auburn, Florida, Virginia Smart Road, …) and linear vehicle simulators (LVS) like (FHWA Turner Fairbanks, University California Davis, University of Illinois, CRREL, ERDC- Waterway Experiment, Purdue University, Texas, Florida, …) along with international partnerships from Sweden, Japan, China, France, Spain, …).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 22:01:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2761146</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>NAMAs in the Transport Sector: Case Studies from Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico and the People's Republic of China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685471</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to reach international goals of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by more than 50% below 1990 levels by 2050, developing countries must significantly reduce their own emissions compared to the business-as-usual scenario. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), these countries may voluntarily propose nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs). This report presents case studies that were commissioned by the Asian Development Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank as part of the Climate Instruments in the Transport Sector project. Two Asian and two Latin American cities with proposed urban transportation NAMAs were chosen for the case studies: Jakarta, Indonesia; Hefei, China; Mexico City, Mexico, and Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The studies showed that transport sector NAMAs can significantly reduce GHG emissions and make a substantial contribution to sustainable development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 15:05:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685471</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A Unified Computationally Efficient Model Predictive Control for Multilevel Inverter–Fed Multiphase PMSM Drives for Electric Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685847</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Multiphase PMSM drives fed by multilevel inverters are attractive for transportation electrification because they deliver high reliability, smooth torque, and good voltage quality. However, finite-control-set MPC in these multiphase, high-level converters suffers from an exponential growth of switching candidates, which jeopardizes real-time implementation on automotive-grade controllers. This paper aims to develop a generalized MPC scheme that preserves dynamic performance while drastically reducing computational burden. The proposed method restricts the evaluation to at most 2m (with m denoting the number of phases) neighbouring switching states around the present vector, independent of inverter level, thereby shrinking the search space from nᵐ (where n is the number of inverter levels) to a small fixed set. An outer ultra-local model-free speed controller generates the i∗q reference directly from speed and current measurements, removing PI retuning across machines and converter configurations. Simulation and dSPACE-based experimental results on three- and five-phase PMSM drives with three-, five-, and seven-level inverters show balanced, nearly sinusoidal currents with reduced current THD and torque ripple comparable to or better than conventional MPC, while keeping execution time within the <100μs budget for 10 kHz operation. These results confirm the real-time feasibility, harmonic-quality improvement, and scalability of the proposed strategy for multiphase, multilevel traction drives.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 15:05:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685847</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CarTraC: A Lightweight IoT-Based System for Post-Crash Accountability in Hit-and-Run Incidents</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685846</link>
      <description><![CDATA[CarTraC is a post-crash evidence-sharing proof-of-concept system for hit-and-run incidents, to cooperatively exchange crash data through direct V2V communication. The proposed architecture focuses on an overlooked aspect of V2V systems, post-crash evidence sharing, while prior research focuses on pre-crash safety. CarTraC detects collisions by monitoring motion data and upon detection automatically broadcasts encrypted and signed messages to nearby vehicles. These messages contain crash-related and vehicle-specific information retrievable by trusted authorities. The system operates without cellular networks or roadside infrastructure and supports two modes: Self-CarTraC, for direct data exchange, and Cooperative-CarTraC, where uninvolved vehicles assist in rebroadcasting. The security properties of the CarTraC protocol were formally verified using ProVerif. A proof-of-concept prototype was implemented on a custom ESP32-based embedded platform equipped with inertial sensors and a 2.4 GHz transceiver. Experimental validation was conducted using two stationary vehicles in an outdoor semi-urban environment, demonstrating reliable post-crash data exchange without external connectivity. The implementation achieved delivery rates of up to 100% at 15 m and 70% at 85 m, with end-to-end latencies below 34 ms.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 15:05:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685846</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beyond the footpath: grammars of walking and the walking subject in Wordsworth and Shehadeh</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703968</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article shows how the act of walking embodies one’s cartographic identity in landscape and decolonizes the walking subject through physical re-mapping of places, corporeal self-definition and resistance to socio-political abstraction. In Wordsworth’s poetry, walking turns into a sublime experience that embodies the poet’s, speaker’s and/or walker’s subjective identity, his organic unity with the natural world and subsequent rejection of materialism. Shehadeh’s writing, likewise, reveals that physical interaction with nature produces authentic tempo-spatial dimensions which refute the political and socio-economic forces that constantly seek to change geographic realities in national landscapes. In fact, Wordsworth’s and Shehadeh’s productions of subjective cartographic identities and protest against material ideologies in cosmopolitan centres are expressed via the employment of certain grammars of walking. While these grammars reflect Wordsworth’s poetic practice of walking as a regenerative activity that underpins essential truths about the value of spontaneous correspondence between the human self and natural order in the humdrum of England’s industrial advent, they demonstrate Shehadeh’s discursive construction of knowledge. Shehadeh’s discourse not only fashions a cosy familiarity between the Palestinian walking subject and his/her lived places but also challenges the Zionist cartographic propaganda or tradition of “knowing the land”.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 15:05:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703968</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Data visibility of cyclists: social justice implications of Strava Metro data in transport planning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703964</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article investigates how the ‘datafication’ of cycling risks exacerbating existing mobility injustices associated with the privileging of data visibility over diversity. It focuses on the social justice implications of UK and US transport professionals’ perceptions of Strava Metro data, specifically around sample representativeness and bias. Our findings show how experts simultaneously recognise Strava Metro data as: (a) statistically valid and representative of observable cycling activities, including correlation with complementary cycle counter data. And as (b) demographically biased and unrepresentative of society, as Strava Metro data samples disproportionally capture journeys made by younger male cyclists. All expert interviewees emphasised the importance of considering a variety of data sources to support transport planning decisions, and emphasised Strava Metro data sample biases and limitations. However, our analysis of transport professional’s perceptions reveals how cycling app data, such as Strava Metro, has implications for social justice. These implications include distorting understandings of cycling at the detriment of diversifying cycling participation. Left unchecked, a privileging of hyper-visibility of select cyclists may slow efforts for socially sustainable and diverse cycling. The article closes with a discussion of the research and policy implications for emerging debates of artificial intelligence (AI) in transport.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 15:05:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703964</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Distributed Operation of Hydrogen Integrated Microgrids and Transportation System Considering Energy Sharing and Ancillary Service Market</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2735067</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (HVs) is tightening the interdependence between power and transportation systems (TCs), calling for better coordination between them. To address this challenge, this article proposed a distributed coordination method for the hydrogen-integrated microgrids (MGs) and transportation system. First, we introduce energy sharing among MGs, which reduces the overall system cost by 16.2%, and analyze how it improves the traffic flow. Additionally, we develop bidding models for MGs participating in joint energy and ancillary service markets, maximizing flexible resources utilization and increasing revenue by 147%. A mixed vehicle flow TS model is then established, including EVs, HVs, and gasoline vehicles (GVs). To coordinate the two individual systems efficiently, a distributed algorithm is proposed, incorporating a filtering mechanism that reduces the communication burden by 63% during the iterative process. Uncertainties and nonlinearities are handled using distributionally robust method and linearization techniques. Finally, case studies validate the effectiveness of the proposed method and highlight the mutual impact between the two systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 15:05:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2735067</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental investigation of neat ethanol combustion via exhaust rebreathing in a heavy-duty diesel engine from low to medium load</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706083</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The carbon footprint and particulate matter emissions of diesel engines may be reduced by replacing conventional diesel fuel with ethanol. However, ethanol has a poor tendency for autoignition, and is therefore difficult to use with conventional diesel combustion strategies. In this study, exhaust rebreathing is used to increase cylinder temperatures and enable mixing-controlled compression ignition of ethanol in experiments on a heavy-duty diesel engine. The exhaust rebreathing strategy is also implemented with conventional diesel fuel. Results with each fuel are compared to results with conventional diesel fuel using a production-like calibration at a medium torque condition. Finally, the same exhaust rebreathing valve strategy is applied to extremely low load operation with ethanol to investigate the feasible limit of exhaust rebreathing operation. Diesel-like engine performance was achieved with ethanol at medium torque. Analysis of apparent heat release rates revealed that ethanol ignition delay was sensitive to backpressure, whereas diesel fuel ignition delay changed very little across a similar backpressure sweep. As compared to a production-like diesel baseline, the exhaust rebreathing strategy with ethanol penalized thermal efficiency and NOₓ emissions slightly, but improved particulate and CO emissions. At 1 bar IMEP, coefficient of variation of IMEP as low as 5% was achieved with ethanol, indicating that stable, diesel-like combustion could be achieved at even the lowest loads via exhaust rebreathing. The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of operating a heavy-duty diesel engine on ethanol, diesel fuel, or any mixture of the two using an exhaust rebreathing strategy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 15:05:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706083</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modern gasoline direct-injection engines: Key challenges and mitigation pathways: A critical review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706082</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines have become a cornerstone of modern automotive technology due to their significant advancements in fuel efficiency, emissions reduction, and combustion optimization. However, challenges remain in managing particulate emissions, improving engine performance, and addressing knocking phenomena. This review explores the latest developments in GDI engine technologies, focusing on pathways for enhancing combustion stability, reducing emissions, and optimizing engine performance across various operating conditions. Key technologies such as Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR), Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs), have been instrumental in addressing the emission challenges. Moreover, alternative fuels like ethanol, methanol, and hydrogen have been explored for their potential to improve combustion efficiency and reduce emissions. The review also discusses various injection strategies, including single, double, dual-fuel, and water injection, as well as the promising role of flash boiling in improving fuel atomization and mixture homogeneity. Despite these advancements, the review identifies several ongoing research gaps, particularly in optimizing injection systems and improving the fuel blends. The paper concludes by highlighting the need for continued research into hybrid systems and advanced modeling techniques to further improve GDI engine performance while meeting increasingly stringent emissions regulations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 15:05:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706082</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical and experimental investigations on tribological characteristics of engine main bearings</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706080</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The careful design of engine main bearings can significantly reduce friction losses while maintaining high reliability, which is very valuable for reducing emissions of commercial vehicles. Simulation analysis based on high-precision models can provide effective means for achieving this goal. Therefore, a comprehensive model considering elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication and tribo-dynamics of the main bearing-crankshaft system is built in this study, and the effectiveness of the model is verified through an online ultrasonic measurement of oil film thickness. Then, the potential design improvement solutions are analyzed for the main bearing of a commercial vehicle engine. The results indicate that there is still an opportunity for optimizing the design of engine main bearings. This study can provide an effective method for the low friction design of commercial vehicle engines.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 15:05:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706080</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Description, development and application of the integrated transport and health impact modelling tool for global cities (ITHIM-global)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2717859</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Integrated Transport and Health Impact Modelling Tool for Global Cities (ITHIM-Global) was recently developed as an open-source tool to assess the impacts of transport mode shifts on public health and the environment, including in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where the need for such assessment is urgent and rising. The model simulates the impacts on all-cause and cause-specific mortality and years of life lost through a multi-pathway framework, specifically including physical activity, air pollution exposure, and road traffic fatalities. In addition, the model estimates changes in carbon dioxide emissions resulting from these mode shifts. ITHIM-Global employs a quasi-microsimulation approach that enables individualized exposure estimates by age, sex, and activity levels and utilizes up-to-date exposure-response and dose-response functions which account for the non-linear relationship between physical activity and health. In this article, the authors apply the model to Bogotá, Colombia, simulating three hypothetical scenarios, each shifting 5% of baseline trips to one of bus, car, or cycling. The authors describe the model's elements, demonstrate its functionality, and document its strengths and weaknesses. Results indicate that increasing public or active transport improves population health, primarily through large gains in physical activity and, to a lesser extent, reductions in traffic-related emissions. In Bogotá, shifting trips to buses yielded the greatest net health benefit. In contrast, a shift toward increased car use worsened health outcomes due to reduced physical activity and greater exposure to air pollution. Trade-offs and interactions between these pathways are quantified and described. ITHIM-Global serves as a flexible, detailed Health Impact Assessment (HIA) tool adaptable to urban areas, including those in LMICs. This article is the first detailed and transparent account of this tool and delves into underlying assumptions and their influence to advance generalizable lessons on risk assessment and model development. The modular structure of ITHIM-Global, its coverage of individual and population-level analyses, and extensive documentation provide an accessible, evidence-based approach for planners and practitioners to develop and optimize transport policies that support population health at scale and mitigate environmental harm.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 15:04:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2717859</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modelling driver behaviour as a continuum between defensive and neutral states</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2716713</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Improving road safety requires more than identifying collisions or near misses. It calls for understanding how drivers perceive, interpret, and adapt to risk in real time. The authors introduce a behavioral dimension of conflict severity: the probability a driver is in a defensive state in response to perceived risk, contrasted with a neutral state reflecting routine, goal directed driving. Using a dual state latent discrete choice model, driving is represented as a probabilistic blend of these latent modes rather than a binary safe/unsafe label. The framework is grounded in the affect–behavior–cognition (ABC) triad in psychology. It assumes drivers interpret a dynamic spatial risk field in which proximity, motion, and relative direction guide adaptive shifts in state. The model is applied to naturalistic road user trajectories and yields interpretable state membership probabilities. The defensive state shows stronger sensitivity to spatial and temporal risk indicators. The neutral state captures context appropriate but less reactive patterns. The authors also propose a diagnostic to assess the quality of the estimated defensive state probabilities. Due to the duality of states, consistency in one implies reliability in the other. A multi-step validation across five driving contexts, including free flow and diverging scenarios, tests generalizability beyond the estimation sample. Results indicate behaviorally consistent and reasonably stable estimates across contexts. From a theoretical perspective, this work draws on behavioral science to inform traffic safety analysis by modelling a dimension of conflict severity that has largely remained implicit. From a practical standpoint, the continuous defensive state probability offers a richer diagnostic than binary conflict classifications, with potential applications in real time safety monitoring and infrastructure design. These findings frame probabilistic behavioral states as proactive safety indicators and offer a path to integrate perception, attention, and adaptive control into quantitative traffic safety analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 15:04:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2716713</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>When words split on the road: Recognition costs of across-line destination-name order in pavement markings</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2716704</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Destination names are often painted directly onto road surfaces. When lane width is limited, these names are typically split across two lines, creating a design choice regarding their vertical order. While current models of reading propose that preserving canonical order (Top-to-Bottom) facilitates word recognition, real-world implementations often violate this principle. In two go/no-go lexical decision experiments, the authors examined whether vertical ordering of split destination names influences recognition efficiency across two display settings. Spanish city names were presented as split markings in either canonical Top-to-Bottom order (e.g., BARCE above LONA) or inverted Bottom-to-Top order (e.g., LONA above BARCE); in the inverted arrangement, the first fragment appeared on the lower (nearer) line. Experiment 1 used a neutral asphalt texture, whereas Experiment 2 embedded the markings in a realistic road scene. Bayesian mixed-effects analyses showed clear evidence for an advantage of canonical ordering, with response times substantially faster for Top-to-Bottom than for inverted layouts (164 ms in Experiment 1; 211 ms in Experiment 2). From a traffic and road-design perspective, preserving canonical reading order when splitting destination names appears to be a simple, low-cost strategy to reduce processing demands and increase effective preview time for lane-choice decisions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 15:04:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2716704</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impact of dispositional and situational factors on willingness to use shared autonomous shuttles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2716693</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The integration of shared autonomous shuttles (SASs) into existing transportation networks is crucial for fostering user acceptance. Optimizing public adoption of SASs requires public trust in their ability to provide safe, efficient, and effective transportation. While it is evident that trust is a key factor that influences adoption, certain inherent dispositional traits may moderate individuals' baseline trust and interact with situational factors to affect their willingness to adopt SASs. This study advances both the transportation technology acceptance and trust literature by using structural equation modeling (SEM) to identify key dispositional and situational factors that have an impact on individuals' trust in, attitudes towards, and intention to use SASs. Data was collected via online survey to adults residing in multiple cities within the United States of America and Australia. The results of the study confirm trust is a significant predictor of both attitude towards and intention to use SASs. The model also shows dispositional traits, such as the propensity to trust and the plasticity Big Five meta-trait (which consists of the openness and extroversion personality traits), significantly influence perceptions of and willingness to use SASs. Trust and plasticity had mediating effects that influence perceived risk and perceived usefulness - factors that in turn shaped both attitude towards and intention to use SASs. The results from this study are vital for informing strategies aimed at increasing acceptance and usage of SASs, ultimately contributing to the development of more effective and user-friendly autonomous mobility solutions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 15:04:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2716693</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Workplace road safety: How does safety culture and safety climate impact work-related driving?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2714562</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Workplace safety culture and safety climate are important components of creating safe and thriving workplaces. This study sought to examine the peer-reviewed and grey literature that includes a focus on safety culture and safety climate, as it relates to workplace road safety. A scoping review was undertaken. To identify the peer-reviewed literature, a systematic search of relevant electronic databases was conducted. To identify the grey literature, Google was used. No time limits were placed on the search. 170 resources were identified following the peer-reviewed and grey literature search. Following removal of duplicates, 162 results remained. The title and abstract of the peer-reviewed literature sources were screened, with 28 included for full-text review. The title and brief details (e.g., executive summary) of the grey literature were screened, with 57 included for full-text review. Following full-text review, 7 peer-reviewed and 38 grey literature resources met the inclusion criteria. These resources highlighted the responsibilities of employers and individual drivers in relation to safety culture and safety climate, in the context of road safety. There is a limited body of peer-reviewed literature that has examined safety culture and safety climate in the context of workplace road safety. In the small number of included peer-reviewed studies, the review suggests that, despite managers and leaders being the primary players responsible for the promotion of a positive safety culture and safety climate, there is a tendency to focus on drivers. Comparatively, the grey literature makes it clear that managers and leaders have legislative responsibilities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 15:04:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2714562</guid>
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