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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Factors associated with public transport substitution for private vehicles in Northern Taiwan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706453</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examined how traveler-centered evaluations of transport service quality and travel experience are associated with willingness to substitute private vehicle trips with public transport in urban northern Taiwan. A cross-sectional survey of 1,002 adults measured the importance of 11 service-quality dimensions, mode-specific evaluations, and substitution intentions. Repeated-measures comparisons, PLS-SEM, and logistic regression were used to analyze cross-mode evaluations, intention relationships, and perceived private-vehicle replaceability. Intention to substitute private vehicle trips with bicycling was the strongest predictor of intention to substitute such trips with public transport, while public transport satisfaction had a smaller positive effect. In addition, 69.4% of respondents considered private vehicles replaceable. Higher perceived replaceability was associated with cost considerations, safe cycling experience, environmental and infrastructure priorities, weaker attachment to vehicle ownership, and gender. These findings support bicycle–public transport complementarity and integrated strategies to reduce private motorized travel dependence in high-density urban contexts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 2026 09:19:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706453</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Global assessment of bike-sharing sensitivity and resilience to extreme weather</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706450</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As global climate extremes intensify, assessing how bike-sharing systems respond and recover from weather disruptions is increasingly important for urban resilience. This study develops a comparative framework using a time-series Transformer model and scenario-based simulations to evaluate bike-sharing demand under extreme heat, cold, heavy rain, and snowfall, using hourly trip and weather data from 14 cities worldwide between 2023 and 2025. The weather sensitivity analysis shows that extreme heat reduces demand by over 40% in hotter cities but has limited impacts in temperate ones, while extreme cold and snowfall cause the strongest suppression effects, often exceeding 80%. To further evaluate system resilience, we simulate recovery curves after rainfall and snowfall shocks. North American systems typically rebound within 6–7 hours, whereas Montreal and Seoul show more prolonged recovery periods, while Oslo and New York recover faster due to stronger winter cycling adaptation and operational preparedness. These findings highlight how climatic exposure, travel behavior, and operational readiness shape resilience and provide evidence to support climate-adaptive management and long-term system planning.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 2026 09:19:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706450</guid>
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      <title>Cycling with nature in cities: a scoping review considering weather and climate</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701248</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This scoping review examines how urban natural environments, particularly green and blue spaces, influence cycling behaviour in cities, as reflected in the existing body of research on this topic. Specifically, it considers how weather and climate conditions are taken into account, and whether they influence the consistency of the relationship between nature and cycling. A systematic search of the Scopus and Web of Science databases identified 36 empirical studies, mainly conducted in Europe, North America, and East Asia. Overall, the findings show that natural characteristics encourage cycling, with their visual aesthetic appeal being one of the most important drivers of this relationship. While studies on eye-level visibility mostly report positive results, data on overhead greenery and land cover frequently show weak or negative correlations. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that the nature-cycling association is generally less stable under harsher climate conditions. This suggests that the natural environment is more challenged in these settings, and that its role should evolve from that of a desirable aesthetic amenity to that of a necessary climate-resilient infrastructure providing essential thermal comfort, particularly in warmer climates. This finding highlights the need for the climate-specific design of natural infrastructure in order to successfully promote sustainable micromobility in the context of rising global temperatures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Jun 2026 13:20:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701248</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Heat and noise exposure during active travel: a systematic review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701242</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Exposure to heat and noise during active travel can offset some health benefits from walking and cycling as well as reduce travellers’ motivations to walk or bike. Most travel-based exposure studies focus on air pollution while neglecting heat and noise exposure. We systematically reviewed 94 empirical studies on heat and noise exposure during active travel and identified research gaps and future directions. We found that few studies have considered the bidirectional relationship between exposure and active travel. Most previous studies investigate the effects of active travel on exposure through simple designs with few designated travel routes or locations. They have identified a strong association between objective exposure and perception of exposure. However, little is known about how exposures affect active travel behaviour and human perception in actual travel. We identify research gaps such as the low space–time variability in exposure estimation and limited focus on different vulnerable groups. Few studies have focused on the combined effects of exposure to multiple environmental hazards and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies to reduce exposure. We also point out the need for studying the effects of exposure on travel behaviour and well-being. Overall, improved study designs – such as long-term mobility tracking of real-life active travel combined with high-resolution environmental data – could significantly enhance exposure assessment during active travel and better inform interventions for multiple exposure types.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Jun 2026 13:20:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701242</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Traffic, air quality, and health impacts resulting from transport interventions using a regional-scale agent-based transportation system model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679240</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transport interventions offer opportunities to reduce the adverse environmental impacts of traffic. However, the impacts on vehicle activities, emissions, air quality, and health outcomes are often assessed in silos and focused on aggregated effects. Current practice lacks a scalable, open-source, and modular tool that can efficiently simulate personal and vehicular travel and the resulting environmental impacts of a regional transportation system at high resolution. This paper presents a newly developed integrated assessment framework based on a high-resolution, agent-based transportation model for regional traffic simulations, emission modeling, pollutant exposure and health assessment. The integrated model is demonstrated for four transport intervention scenarios (Cordon Zone, Telecommuting, Walk/bike Incentives, and Free Transit) in the San Francisco Bay Area, highlighting different magnitudes and distributions of the multifaceted impacts across space and population. The tool can be extended to other regions and a variety of policy levers to inform sustainable, efficient, and effective transportation planning.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Jun 2026 09:33:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679240</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Access mode choice in low-income megacity: Perceived walkability and station context effects</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706724</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the factors influencing access mode choice to Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) in Dhaka, Bangladesh, with a focus on perceived walkability and station context. Data collected from three distinct station types—central business district (CBD), residential, and terminal + peripheral—were analyzed using a Hybrid Choice Model, incorporating objective variables and latent perceptions of walkability. Results show a distance-based hierarchy of access modes: walking dominates short trips, rickshaws serve medium-range trips, and buses cover longer distances. Among walkability perceptions, walkway quality significantly influences access mode choice, while street vibrancy and safety have limited effects. Other significant factors include travel time, cost, access time to feeder bus, and station context. Walking is preferred at residential station, while rickshaws and buses dominate at terminal + peripheral station. The findings suggest that developing integrated multimodal transit systems, prioritizing feeder strategies based on station contexts, and revising transit-oriented development (TOD) paradigms are essential for efficient and equitable urban development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Jun 2026 09:29:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706724</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CueTrack: Weak-Cue-Enhanced and Consistency-Aligned Framework for Robust Multi-Pedestrian Tracking</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2711992</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rapid advancement of urbanization and the growing demand for public safety present a strong impetus for multi-pedestrian tracking in surveillance systems. However, multi-pedestrian tracking still encounters several critical challenges: (1) the complexity of occluded or densely packed targets; (2) for targets exhibiting significant foreground–background contrast and subtle appearance features under occlusion, detection performance still encounters substantial challenges; and (3) when targets are occluded or crowded, there is often a high degree of overlap between objects, leading to the degradation of both spatial and appearance features, which increases the difficulty of maintaining identity consistency across frames. To cope with these challenges, we propose an enhanced tracking-by-detection framework, CueTrack, which integrates a novel detection module with a linear deformable convolution (LDConv) and high-resolution detection layer, together termed FlexDet, and introduces a confidence-based modeling strategy for more robust target association. In particular, unlike existing methods that rely solely on spatial or visual cues, our confidence-based approach adaptively compensates for the blurriness caused by frequent occlusion and crowded scenes. Extensive experiments conducted on the challenging MOT17 and MOT20 datasets have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed CueTrack, achieving 80.5 multi-object tracking accuracy (MOTA), 81.4 Identification F1-score (IDF1), and 65.2 higher-order tracking accuracy (HOTA) on the MOT17 dataset. This not only validates its superiority in detection accuracy and identity association, but also highlights its potential for real-world applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Jun 2026 09:16:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2711992</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Understanding Distraction Types: Comparative Analysis of In-Vehicle and External Driver Distractions in Pedestrian Fatal Crashes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712067</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Distracted driving remains a significant public safety concern, contributing to numerous severe injuries and fatalities in the world. This study analyzes 8 years of Fatality Analysis Reporting System data (2016 to 2023) from the United States using association rule mining to identify patterns associated with various types of driver distractions, specifically distinguishing between external and in-vehicle distractions. The findings indicated that in-vehicle distractions were predominantly associated with young drivers, drug and alcohol use, daylight conditions, arterial roads, high-speed limits, sport utility vehicles, and vehicles of recent model years (2019 to 2024). In contrast, external distractions were more commonly linked to middle-aged and senior drivers, local roads, lower speed limits, dark and unlit conditions, trucks, vans, buses, and vehicles from earlier model years (1980 to 1995). The study recommends strengthening primary enforcement of distracted-driving laws. Since several distracted-driving laws target in-vehicle distractions such as the use of handheld electronic devices, it is imperative to promote advanced driver-assistance technologies in newer vehicles that can mitigate external distractions in addition to in-vehicle distractions. Additional measures include improving signage, fencing, roadside assistance, and visibility in low-light areas, alongside implementing age-targeted educational campaigns to address distraction risks across different driver groups.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Jun 2026 14:35:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712067</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Developing Combined Crash Modification Factors: Challenges, Lessons Learned, and Recommendations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712015</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Combining crash modification factors (CMFs) often involves merging multiple CMFs to establish a unified CMF for either the same safety treatment or the overall effect of implementing multiple safety treatments simultaneously. This paper reports the combined CMF results for five safety countermeasures: change signal phasing, convert intersection to roundabout, install bicycle lane, change shoulder width, and change posted speed. More importantly, this paper discusses four challenges from the effort to create combined CMFs from the CMFs available in the CMF Clearinghouse that are related to CMF applicability, CMFs of different magnitudes with some showing a safety improvement and some showing non-improvement, the need of information beyond the CMF Clearinghouse, and issues with multiple CMFs from the same study. Based on the lessons learned, the paper also provides suggestions to mitigate these challenges in future research efforts to create combined CMFs, as well as recommendations to researchers who develop CMFs so that key information is reported and made available to facilitate similar work in the future.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Jun 2026 10:54:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712015</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Identifying, Assessing, and Managing Events for Critical Infrastructure Resilience in Surface Transportation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712209</link>
      <description><![CDATA[State departments of transportation (DOTs) play an important role in protecting critical transportation infrastructure from natural hazards, human-caused events, and emerging threats. However, there is currently no consistent methodology for identifying and assessing critical infrastructure within surface transportation systems. Definitions of “criticality” vary across agencies, and existing approaches often lack integration with broader resilience, security, and emergency management frameworks.

Previous research has focused on specific threats, such as terrorism or cybersecurity, or on resilience to natural hazards, but gaps remain in developing proactive, risk-based approaches that address the full range of threats and system interdependencies. Transportation systems are closely linked with other infrastructure sectors, such as power and water systems, and disruptions can have cascading impacts across regions.

Research is needed to help state DOTs better define their role in coordinating with law enforcement, emergency responders, and other planning partners and system owners to enhance preparedness, response capabilities, proactive resilience planning, stakeholder coordination, and implementation of national infrastructure protection frameworks.

The objectives of this research are to (1) identify and assess surface transportation system interdependencies and develop a risk-based approach to managing a wide range of threats; and (2) develop an infrastructure resilience guide with case studies, a list of stakeholder roles and responsibilities, and decision-making tools to help state DOTs identify, assess, and manage risks to critical infrastructure within surface transportation systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 10 Jun 2026 11:41:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712209</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Two-Lane to Three-Lane Roadway Conversions: Active Transportation Safety Implications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712207</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Land development patterns often shift two-lane collector roadways from serving primarily through traffic to accommodating a greater mix of through and local access traffic. In other cases, local destinations remain while downstream development increases through-traffic demand. In both scenarios, turning movements and through traffic increasingly conflict with each other. Where no alternative corridor options exist, through traffic remains on the road along with increased traffic volumes generated by new land uses. Prior to development, these roads may have included paved shoulders occasionally used by pedestrians and bicyclists, though active transportation activity was generally limited because fewer nearby destinations existed. As development intensifies, pedestrian and bicycle activity increases alongside turning conflicts, creating pressure on agencies to widen the roadway cross-section by adding center turn lanes, bicycle lanes, sidewalks, or shared-use paths.

While active transportation users benefit from dedicated facilities, they may not benefit from roadway changes that increase vehicle speeds, traffic volumes, or unprotected crossing distances. Meanwhile, motorists on two-lane roadways with frequent left-turning vehicles may experience more rear-end crashes, driver frustration, and risky drive-around maneuvers. Drivers making left turns under these conditions may also accept smaller traffic gaps or perform less thorough scans for pedestrians and bicyclists. When agencies determine that adding pedestrian and bicycle facilities alone is insufficient to meet operational needs, an important question remains: how can transportation agencies improve traffic operations while optimizing safety for active transportation users?

The objective of this research is to evaluate and compare the safety performance of two-lane roadway cross-sections without dedicated turn lanes and three-lane cross-sections with center two-way left-turn lanes along corridors that include bicycle lanes, sidewalks, and effective pedestrian crossing treatments. The research will identify the traffic, land use, and operational conditions under which each cross-section is more effective at improving pedestrian and bicyclist safety while balancing multimodal operational performance.

A secondary objective is to develop a guide with evidence-based recommendations, design considerations, and implementation strategies for improving multimodal safety along suburban and urbanizing corridors with current or projected high through-motorist travel and left-turn motorist demand.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 10 Jun 2026 11:36:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712207</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Guidance for Selecting Pedestrian Safety Treatments at Signalized Intersections to Address Permitted Turn Conflicts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712202</link>
      <description><![CDATA[State departments of transportation (DOTs) and local agencies work to improve pedestrian safety at signalized intersections while maintaining efficient vehicle operations. Traditional signal timing practices often allow pedestrians to cross concurrently with permitted turning vehicles, which can create unsafe or stressful conditions for pedestrians, particularly at intersections with high turning volumes and speed or complex geometries. Agencies have implemented treatments such as leading pedestrian intervals (LPIs), delayed-turn strategies, and protected-only turn phases, but these applications are often applied without nationally consistent, data-driven guidance.

Existing resources identify available pedestrian safety treatments but provide limited guidance on when specific strategies are most appropriate. This can lead to inconsistent practices and difficulty balancing pedestrian safety improvements with operational impacts to vehicles.

The objective of this research is to develop a data-driven guide for selecting pedestrian safety treatments at signalized intersections to address conflicts with permitted turning vehicles. Using field-collected data, the research will evaluate treatments under varying traffic, geometric, and signal timing conditions, with results to help agencies identify appropriate strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 10 Jun 2026 11:11:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712202</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Establishing Operating Characteristics for Non-Motorized Road Users</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712196</link>
      <description><![CDATA[State departments of transportation (DOT) have qualitative design guidance available to them for walkable and bikeable transportation system improvements. However, the specific design of non-motorized transportation facilities is often selected based on the amount of space available, rather than the physical and operational characteristics of their users and equipment.

Bicycle-related research into operational characteristics is limited, and more information about bicycles and their riders is needed. Recently completed research has improved our understanding of bicyclist acceleration and speed on conventional bicycles, but more information is needed related to reaction time, deceleration, braking, lean angle, coefficients of friction, and lateral shy distance. Further, the research does not capture the full range of users, such as those using e-bikes and other micromobility devices.

Pedestrian traits such as walking speed and space requirements have been well-studied, but only in certain contexts. Pedestrian walking speed influences traffic signal timings, and walking speed information has been collected through a variety of methods. Sophisticated modeling of pedestrian flow is available to apply toward the design of infrastructure such as transit stations. However, available guidance does not fully capture how pedestrians, including those using mobility devices, operate in a typical transportation context.

 The objective of this research is to collect information about the basic operating characteristics of a wide range of pedestrians, bicyclists, and other micromobility users to better understand their spatial requirements along sidewalks, bikeways, and roadways. This research will be useful to transportation planners and designers seeking to develop safe and effective infrastructure for non-motorized users.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Jun 2026 17:35:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712196</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Crash Evaluation of Roadsides in Urban and Suburban Contexts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712180</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) places strong emphasis on multimodal design, flexibility, and addressing bicyclist and pedestrian serious injuries and fatalities. Pedestrian and bicyclist fatalities account for approximately 20% of all roadway fatalities. Research is needed to help state departments of transportation identify roadside design or in-roadway or cross-section treatments that reduce vehicle speeds and that will significantly reduce vulnerable road user fatal and serious injury crashes.

The 7th edition of A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (the AASHTO Green Book) provides some qualitative guidance on roadside design within urban or restricted environments, but there also is a need for quantitative data on the benefits and drawbacks associated with lateral offsets and roadside treatments. Roadway designers currently lack the information needed to make related data-driven decisions on roadside and in-roadway design.

The objective of this research is to develop a guide to support designers’ efforts to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate potential safety impacts of various roadside design configurations. The guide will include measures to determine safety impacts on each type of user (drivers, pedestrians, bicyclists, motorcyclists, etc.) for each configuration. The research will provide greater insight into how roadside design decisions—primarily lateral offsets—affect the safety of all road users in different urban and suburban roadway contexts. The research will explore how future Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) specifications could offer new guidance for evaluating safety systems for vulnerable road users. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Jun 2026 15:10:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712180</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Innovative Approaches to Maintenance Funding for Active Transportation Infrastructure on State Highways Research</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712169</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Currently, no substantial detailed advice or research exists in the leading national work on active transportation maintenance or active transportation policy on innovative maintenance funding strategies. More robust resources do exist for capital expenditures and new projects. Current funding maintenance recommendations generally do not go beyond mentioning that consistent funding is good and having a plan is good. Good public policy requires more detailed thought and specific guidance, which are especially critical during the planning and scoping phases to build maintainability in from project initiation.

Research is needed to address this gap and build from recently completed maintenance research. A comprehensive list, an analysis of funding sources and their constraints, and a cost-to-benefits comparison will provide the necessary groundwork for an informed assessment of innovative research strategies and enable good case studies to be identified. Focusing on ongoing maintenance needs, guidance for planning and scoping phases, and guidance on how active transportation maintenance fits into the larger transportation context would help ensure that these strategies work for current maintenance teams and result in better new projects coming into maintenance obligations.

The objective of this research is to identify innovative funding strategies for active transportation facility maintenance on state highways. Appropriately maintained facilities provide road safety, economic development, and land value benefits that could be factored into strategies. The research will address how these strategies align with ongoing maintenance needs for these facilities and provide guidance on maintenance in the planning and scoping of projects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Jun 2026 12:38:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712169</guid>
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