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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Collective and Individual Actions to Envision and Realize the Next Era of America’s Transportation Infrastructure: Phase 1</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2256323</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), through the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 20-24 (138), initiated a multiyear process to describe and advance the implementation of a vision for the next era of transportation in the United States. From August 2021 through October 2022, the NCHRP research team reviewed prior eras and transformational events in the history of transportation and other industries; compiled and analyzed external trends, uncertainties, and potential disruptions shaping the future of transportation; and engaged the leadership of all 52 state departments of transportation (DOTs) as well as thought leaders and subject matter experts from other industries in a conversation about the future of transportation. In October 2022, the AASHTO Board of Directors adopted a vision framework developed through this process and an accompanying resolution committing to the implementation of this vision. The vision is for a transportation system focused on connecting communities, moving people and goods, and meeting customer needs at all scales—from local to global—delivered as a partnership between state DOTs and other public, private, and civic organizations. The vision includes six aspirational goals that describe how the transportation system should function. These are intended as shared values, with each state DOT defining success and progress on each goal in a unique way. Implementation will include continuing to collaborate with a range of nontraditional partners; advancing a small number of bold ideas or “moonshots” to transform transportation through the end of this decade; and identifying a range of individual and collective actions for state DOTs to pursue. This report documents the research and engagement activities conducted for this project. It also describes how they were used to produce the vision framework and initial implementation recommendations ultimately adopted by AASHTO.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Oct 2023 19:02:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2256323</guid>
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      <title>Program Management Insights for the Section 5310 Program, Including Subrecipient Consolidation and Urban 5310</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2093294</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The research results identify current program management practices used by Section 5310 recipients, including state departments of transportation (DOTs), metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs), and urban transit agencies, to effectively manage multiple Section 5310 subrecipients. The Task 79 research was conducted with the intent of producing results that help Section  5310 recipients identify new Section  5310 program management approaches that could be implemented in their own areas to make overseeing and providing assistance to multiple subrecipients not only more effective but also less demanding. Research findings will also inform transit industry leaders such as the American Public Transit Association (APTA) and the Community Transportation Association of America (CTAA) on how best to influence the future of Section 5310 programs under the current authorization as well as those yet to come.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 08 Jan 2023 18:06:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2093294</guid>
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      <title>Payment of Attorney Fees in Eminent Domain and Environmental Litigation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1564750</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purposes of this paper are to explore the background of the present trend toward payment of attorneys' fees in eminent domain proceedings and to determine those situations in which attorneys' fees should be paid and should not be paid, the manner of determination of the fees, and the factors considered by the courts in determining the amount thereof. In addition, the paper discusses those situations in which attorneys' fees may still be awarded in environmental actions in spite of the decision of Alyeska v. Wilderness Society, 421 U.S. 240, 44 L.Ed.2d 141, 95 S.Ct. 1612 (1975).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Oct 2018 14:18:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1564750</guid>
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      <title>The Meaning of Highway Purpose</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1565422</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper reviews all relevant case law from the decade of the 1920's to date to ascertain if the courts have remained consistent in their interpretation of the "highway purpose" concept. Cases are considered which can be identified as involving an expenditure of highway funds for uses and purposes directly related to highway construction (expenditure for purpose of right-of-way, for roadside rest and vista sites, for salaries and expenses of highway personnel, for building construction, purchase of machinery, for safety, for lighting and structures), as well as for indirectly related purposes (expenditure for purchase of insurance, for advertising). Cases involving the use of funds to defray cost of administration and funds for turnpike construction are also considered. A distinct category of cases has been decided that involve the use of highway funds to reimburse third persons in the private sectors. Such cases relate to expenditure for breach of contract, for personal injuries and other damages, and for utility relocation. The use of funds to reimburse public third persons - special improvement districts and sales tax, the use of tax to support other forms of transportation, and the question of whether earmarked funds may be used for other public purposes (related or unrelated to highway purpose) are also considered.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Oct 2018 14:18:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1565422</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Effects of Federal and State Public Information Acts on Highway and Transportation Department Activities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1565424</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The impact of the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) on government will be felt for a long time. The concepts have been picked up by state legislatures and by state courts in interpreting their own public record and information statutes. Exorbitant costs and many abuses resulting from FOIA, apart from its impact on the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) have caused the current administration and the Congress to take a further look at the statute. Apart from the agencies mentioned, drastic changes are not anticipated but a lack of sympathy for the abusers of the FOIA is apparent from amendments already introduced. Perhaps this current mood extends to the private litigant who uses the Act as a discovery tool. Heretofore, Congress' major concern with the FOIA has been to amend it because of some restrictive Supreme Court decision. In the future, the Congress and the Supreme Court may both be more concerned with the broader effects of FOIA disclosures in relation to the overall welfare of the public.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Oct 2018 14:18:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1565424</guid>
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      <title>Liability of the State for Highway Traffic Noise</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1565421</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this paper is to study the extent of the liability of the state for damage attributable to highway noise. The cause of action for noise damage lies either in inverse condemnation or direct condemnation. This paper is divided into two parts. The first deals with the situation where the complaining party was a stranger to the condemnation for highway purposes; and the second relates to the situation where the condemnee in a proceeding to take land for highway purposes seeks damages for diminution in value of the remainder attributable to traffic noise. It is noted that the evolution of the law of liability for noise damage is largely the history of litigation against the railroads for noise damage. By the time the automobile came into common use, the general principle governing liability for noise injury had become firmly established. The rules of law laid down in the railroad cases described in this report can be summarized by stating that noise from the normal operation of a railroad that is shared in common by all abutting property owners is not constitutionally compensable. On the other hand, noise that is not shared in common by all, but is localized and involves a special damage, constitutes compensable injury. If the injury is compensable, it is compensable in a "taking" state or in a "taking or damaging" state. The rules governing liability for noise and highway traffic are very similar to those of railroads and street railways. Normal noise from the movement of traffic that is suffered in common by the general public is not constitutionally compensable. That noise which is localized to a particular piece of property may be constitutionally compensable. In instances where traffic noise is considered as an element of damage in direct condemnation cases, there is ample case law which adheres to the view that traffic noise is not a compensable item of damage where such injury is one suffered in common with other landowners. In Dennison v. State, it was held that noise injury must be compensated because it cannot be separated from other elements of consequential damage. It is concluded that there is, at the present time, no unanimity of judicial opinion or approach on the question where the rules governing general and special damage should be given application to traffic noise when considered as an element of severance damage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Oct 2018 14:18:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1565421</guid>
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      <title>Recovery for Condemnation Blight Under Inverse Law</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1563333</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report addresses the issue of compensation to property owners for condemnation blight (i.e., the threat of imminent condemnation causing property values to be seriously depressed while the owner must still bear the burden of maintenance costs, mortgage and insurance payments and taxes). Several state court cases dealing with this issue over the last decade are discussed. No consistent precedent seems to have emerged, as some courts have denied damage claims on the basis of a narrow interpretation of the grounds of recovery, while others have granted compensation by virtue of a broader interpretation. However, because the injury of condemnation is so severe, it is suggested that the law will move in the direction of the broader interpretations of the grounds of recovery.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Oct 2018 14:18:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1563333</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Trial Aids in Highway Condemnation Cases</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1564748</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This discussion of the various objects and devices to supplement oral testimony and argument in eminent domain cases, reviews some of the problems of admissibility of evidence and suggests a course based on general rules. In the opening statement, the use of plans, drawings, maps or aerial photographs is almost mandatory for orientation of the court or jury. Jury view of the premises is the best of all trial aids. There are instances, however, when a jury view would not aid the trier of the fact. It is noted that rejected offers of exhibits are much more frequently grounded on the basic principles of competence, materiality and relevance, than on the object form of evidence. The counsel should put an exhibit in proper perspective even though it may be admitted. The use of aids in cross-examination is discussed and comments are made on the closing argument. The preparation and choice of exhibits are discussed. Several techniques are available for the addition of relevant details. These include: plastic overlays, scale models, diagrams, charts, graphs, maps, photography, renderings, and videotape.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Oct 2018 15:25:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1564748</guid>
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      <title>Liability of State Highway Departments for Defects in Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1563342</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses tort liability of highway agencies for injuries caused by negligence in the design, construction, and maintenance of bridges. Comments are made on tort claims against highway departments. The state's duty to the travelling public is discussed with reference to design defects (limited immunity for negligent design under the discretionary function exception); exception for unlimited or unreasonable decisions (exceptions for decisions made without adequate prior study or deliberation, and exception for changed circumstances); construction defects; and maintenance defects (installation of warning devices, maintenance of bridge railings, control of ice and snow, defects in the bridge surface, and structural defects). Tort liability for design, construction, and maintenance defects in highway bridges is governed by the same principles applicable to defects in other highway components. Courts have interpreted the State's general duty to maintain highways in a reasonably safe condition for the travelling public to be applicable to bridges in cases involving defective warning devices, guardrails, road surfaces and other features common to highways and bridges. The widely divergent conclusions of courts with respect to certain issues and some emerging trends in recent cases are also noted.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Oct 2018 15:25:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1563342</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Payments to Public Utilities for Relocation of Facilities in Highway Rights-of-Way</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1564745</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The subject of relocation of public utilities located in highway rights-of-way has been an important topic for many years.  This paper is concerned, first, with the extent to which either the State or the utility must pay the cost of relocation when the utility is required to move its facilities because of highway construction or improvements.  Discussed second is the reimbursement of States for payments to utilities pursuant to Title 23, Section 123 of the U.S. Code.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Oct 2018 15:25:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1564745</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Trial Strategy and Techniques in Highway Contract Litigation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1563331</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report includes ideas and suggestions for strategy and trial techniques--together with legal authorities in support thereof--for use by legal counsel in contract litigation.  After an introduction, sections discuss case preparation, pleadings and motions before trial, and presentation of the case.  An appendix lists affirmative defenses.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Oct 2018 15:25:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1563331</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Legal Implications of Control of Access to Uncontrolled-Access Highways</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1564747</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper, which attempts to illustrate where the courts draw the line between non-compensable and compensable impairments of access, discusses the extent to which access control to existing uncontrolled-access highways may be utilized without the necessity of compensation to abutting landowners for loss of access. It is noted that the abutting landowners' access is a constitutionally protected right of property; access can be acquired by purchase or condemnation; and access can be impaired significantly by various methods of state action. Cases are discussed which identify some of the elements considered and suggest some limits to the ability of the state to impair access without paying the abutting landowner. The decisions show that the underlying central issue is whether the landowner retains reasonable access that is suitable to the requirements of the abutting property. Consideration is given to the difficulty of the remaining access, the impact if any of the loss of access, the availability of other access, the degree of circuitry of travel and any other hardships. The often conflicting and irreconcilable decisions of the court are discussed. In spite of this inconsistency, however, many forms of access control, reasonably applied, may be used to control access to uncontrolled-access highways. It is concluded that as long as the impairment of access is reasonable and the abutting landowner retains suitable access to his property, there is no requirement of compensation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Oct 2018 15:25:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1564747</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Liability of State and Local Governments for Negligence Arising Out of the Installation and Maintenance of Warning Signs, Traffic Lights, and Pavement Markings</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1564749</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses the duty of the state or local governmental agency to install and maintain highway warnings, traffic lights or pavement markings, and examines the state or local government defenses against negligence actions arising out of such signs, lights or pavement markings. The paper also discusses uniform laws, regulations or standards as affecting liability. It is noted that courts generally require the agency to maintain warnings properly once they have been installed and the motorist has come to rely upon the warning for his safety. As seen, liability is determined on the basis of the factual circumstances of each case, and the question in most jurisdictions, except those with highway defect statutes, is whether the department has exercised ordinary and reasonable care under the circumstances. The defense that the highway department is either governmental or discretionary in nature is discussed, and it is noted that the courts have held that the initial plan or design of the traffic light system is discretionary in nature. Most courts hold that the failure to follow the uniform law or regulation is not negligence per se, but merely some evidence of negligence to be considered with all other evidence.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Oct 2018 15:25:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1564749</guid>
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      <title>Procedural Aspects of Inverse Condemnation--Title on Interest Acquired by Transportation and Other Public Agencies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1563334</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report deals with the procedural aspects of inverse condemnation.  The paper addresses:  judicial means of securing title in the public agency; judicial refusal to secure title in the public agency; the possibly questionable view that conveyance of title is not necessary in inverse condemnation; "tortfeasor in inverse" as an "inverse condemnor;" and the quality of title received as affected by cross-petition, counterclaim, or third-party complaint.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Oct 2018 15:25:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1563334</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Legal Aspects of Historic Preservation in Highway Programs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1563343</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this paper is to review briefly the background and development of historic preservation law, and to outline the principal federal legislation and case law relating to historic preservation which may be encountered in the course of administering state highway and transportation programs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Oct 2018 15:25:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1563343</guid>
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