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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>SUPERVISION STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVED RELIABILITY OF BUS ROUTES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/359865</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This synthesis will be of interest to transit agency managers and supervisors, as well as to operating and planning personnel who are concerned with the reliability and scheduling of buses.  Information is provided on service monitoring, service supervision and control, and supervision strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Nov 1992 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/359865</guid>
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      <title>COLLECTION AND APPLICATION OF RIDERSHIP DATA ON RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/359866</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This synthesis will be of interest to rail rapid transit agency managers and to those in the agency who are concerned with scheduling and operations planning, long range planning and design, financial planning, cost and subsidy allocation, performance analysis, and preparation of external reports. Information is presented on the passenger data collection methods and the use of passenger data by several rail rapid transit systems in North America.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Nov 1992 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/359866</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ISSUES IN THE SHIFT FROM REGIONAL TO LOCAL PROVISION OF BUS SERVICE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/308407</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This synthesis will be of interest to transit administrators and planners as well as local and regional politicians and officials who may be contemplating using local bus service to supplement or replace service provided by a regional operator.  Information is provided on the costs and other issues involved in this type of change in service.  Since 1975 a number of local governments have augmented or replaced transit service previously provided by a regional transit agency.  This report of the Transportation Research Board describes the various issues that will have an effect on the decision by a local agency to operate transit service.  The issues include funding and organizational environment, costs, quality of service, politics, and impact on the regional operator.  Because most of the shifts in service provision have taken place within the last six years, no conclusions as to their long-term implications can be drawn.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 May 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/308407</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EXTRABOARD MANAGEMENT: PROCEDURES AND TOOLS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/270046</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although transit agencies employ sufficient regular operators to provide scheduled service, they also employ operators to cover work assignments that are temporarily unfilled because of vacations, illness or absences. Extraboard management may be generally defined as the process of utilizing available manpower to perform work assignments in accordance with labor agreement provisions and work rules to ensure the provision of scheduled transit service.  The challenge is to assign manpower to open work, ensuring scheduled service delivery with minimum cost.  Significant cost savings or expenditures can result from extraboard management. Ineffective practices can increase payment of unscheduled premiums and for unproductive time.  Three general paramaters define extraboard managament: (1) Available manpower; (2) Open work; (3) Labor agreement provisions and work rules. For any given open work and given available manpower situation, there are normally several alternative decision paths.  Such decisions are affected by two conditions: (1) Those established by prior actions of the transit system such as service planning, scheduling and work force planning; (2) Those that change daily.  Both have service delivery and/or financial implications.  Opportunities exist to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of extraboard management.  Current computerized methods, primarily focused on making the process more efficient, can be building blocks to structure more effective decision making.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/270046</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>TRANSIT BUS FARE COLLECTION: PROBLEMS WITH AND ALTERNATIVES TO PAPER CURRENCY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/270047</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bus transit agencies find that an increase in fare to 80 cents triggers a significant influx in paper currency, posing problems in all areas of fare collection.  Until recently fareboxces were not designed specifically to accept paper, leading to jams that require a roadcall or reduce the capacity of the farebox.  Because fareboxes generally process currency more slowly than coins, dwell times can increase significantly on routes with high passenger volumes.  While coins can be handled quickly and reliably by machines, processing paper currency is a largely labor-intensive and expensive operation that provides opportunities for the security of the revenue to be compromised.  Transit industry solutions have focused on streamlining revenue-handling capability or reducing the amount of currency collected.  Solutions include: Electronic fareboxes; installation of automated currency-processing equipment; use of contract services; bans on paper currency; subsidized low fares; fare prepayment; or postpayment.  A clear-cut solution has not yet evolved. Each alternative presents a number of trade-offs.  The immediate choices are to use existing fareboxes and encourage fare prepayent or to acquire the latest electronic fareboxes.  The electronic farebox appears to be the long-term solution.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/270047</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PASSENGER INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR TRANSIT TRANSFER FACILITIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/288220</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Availability of passenger information encourages use of transit and is especially important at transfer points because these are often the initial points of entry into the public transportation network.  This report describes the information aids used to communicate with passengers and gives general guidance on the factors that are important when designing a program of information aids.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/288220</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BUS INSPECTION GUIDELINES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/284376</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This synthesis will be useful to maintenance managers, general managers, and others concerned with preventive maintenance and inspection of buses.  Information is presented on the features of preventive maintenance programs in use at selected transit agencies, and this information should be useful in evaluating current practices and alternative approaches.  Preventive maintenance and inspection programs are the backbone of effective fleet maintenance.  This report of the Transportation Research Board describes current criteria and procedures used by transit agencies and gives some general guidance that may be useful to agencies in revising or improving their preventive maintenance and inspection programs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Aug 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/284376</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>USE OF INCENTIVES TO ATTAIN SPECIFIED PERFORMANCE STANDARDS IN COLLECTIVE BARGAINING FOR MASS TRANSIT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/282231</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This synthesis will be of interest to transit administrators, union leaders, and others in the transit field who are concerned with the use of incentive pay plans for transit employees.  Information is presented on the use of incentive pay plans in general and in the transit industry.  Transit agencies have tried incentive pay plans to obtain improved performance by employees with varying degrees of success.  This report of the Transportation Research Board describes the conditions necessary for incentives to work, gives evaluation criteria, outlines the steps in designing and implementing an incentive plan, and gives detailed information on the plans used at two transit agencies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Apr 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/282231</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>TRANSIT MARKETING: SUCCESSES AND FAILURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/282232</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This synthesis will be of interest to transit planners, administrators, and others in the transit field who are concerned with the marketing of transit services. Information is presented on transit marketing programs that have been successful and on some that were not successful. Transit agencies have tried many different types of marketing programs to increase ridership or revenue or to improve operations; these have met with varying degrees of success.  This report of the Transportation Research Board describes several of these programs and gives general indication of why some are more successful than others.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Apr 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/282232</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>USE OF PART-TIME OPERATORS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/277531</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years transit systems have been employing part-time operators in an effort to improve productivity and reduce costs while maintaining the quality of transit services. Information is presented on the factors that influence the use of part-time operators and general guidance is given to assist in the consideration of part-time operators, within the context of a system's operating environment, labor agreements, and work rules. The synthesis also gives information on the practices that are more likely to achieve the potential benefits to an agency from the use of part-time operators.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 28 Feb 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/277531</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TRAFFIC CONTROL AND REGULATION AT TRANSIT STOPS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/284377</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This synthesis will be of interest to traffic engineers, transit planners, and others in the highway and transit fields who are concerned with parking restrictions at bus stops.  Information is presented on the regulations, signing and markings used at bus stops.  Although there is almost always some kind of sign at a bus stop to indicate that it is a place where buses stop, there is a wide variation in the use of signs and markings to prohibit vehicles from parking at those stops.  This report of the Transportation Research Board describes the practices used by cities to regulate parking at bus stops.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Aug 1987 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/284377</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BUS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/283739</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There have been major changes in bus communication systems over the last 20 years as two-way radio communications equipment has experienced rapid growth in capabilities and reliability.  This synthesis presents information on the types of radio equipment and systems currently available and the uses that can be made of the various features for more efficient bus operation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 1987 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/283739</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DIESEL FUEL QUALITY AND EFFECTS OF FUEL ADDITIVES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/208888</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This synthesis presents information about diesel fuel and fuel additives, with emphasis on their use in transit buses.  Rising fuel costs and a gradual decline in diesel fuel quality provide incentives to use fuel more efficiently.  Environmental and public relations factors encourage reducing smoke and gaseous exhaust emissions. The use of additives is often proposed as a remedy for fuel-related problems but, because of their cost, additives must be shown to be effective by careful evaluation before and during their use.  The study of fuel additives necessarily involves the broader subject of fuel quality and engine performance, which additives are expected to improve.  Diesel fuel quality is not a constant, and major causes of changes are identified in the study. Performance in transit buses includes concerns for emissions and efficient combustion.  This synthesis describes additives in functional categories and presents a generalized approach to methods for evaluation.  Additive evaluation depends on a measurable change in fuel properties, engine performance, or both.  Therefore, a background discussion of diesel fuel quality is included. This discussion covers measurement of fuel properties and how those properties relate to performance.  Information on fuel quality trends and alternative fuels is also important for planning purposes.  With this background the description of fuel additive benefits should be more useful in developing evaluation methods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 28 Sep 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/208888</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ALLOCATION OF TIME FOR TRANSIT BUS MAINTENANCE FUNCTIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/210012</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This synthesis reviews use of standard maintenance job times (work standards) for transit bus maintenance.  Work standards, a set of objectively based criteria for measuring the adequacy of work performed, are used by 20 of 50 U.S. and Canadian agencies surveyed.  Most standards programs cover the full array of bus hardware systems. Types of work typically standardized are inspection, preventive maintenance, corrective maintenance and unit repair.  The least attention has been given to troubleshooting.  Computer technology is starting to be used to support work standards programs, although capturing performance data at its source has received little attention.  Time-oriented work standards are based on the assumption that each job is done properly, an assumption to be verified by quality control.  Standards are most often based on in-house historical data, augmented by some data from external sources.  Time-and-motion study is seldom used to set standards in the transit industry. Work standards are used to identify problem areas, establish work schedules and for monitoring of personnel performance. The work standards program of the Chicago Transit Authority and of Metro Transit of Seattle have the most extensive documentation.  A 9-step process for establishing bus-maintenance work standards includes: Definition of all jobs to be covered, standards to be used, establishment of data handling system, data collection and reports, evaluation of job performance, improvement of job performance, establishment of time standards, establishment of accuracy standards and updating of work standards.  Work standards must be kept current if they are to retain credibility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Dec 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/210012</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CLEANING TRANSIT BUSES: EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/180803</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transit buses must be clean to be attractive to passengers. Practices used in cleaning bus interiors and exteriors vary greatly among transit agencies. This report includes information on equipment and procedures currently used for cleaning buses, including washing equipment, problems with automatic washing, bus design features affecting interior cleaning, and suggested changes to improve cleaning with brush washers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Sep 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/180803</guid>
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