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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Bridging hazard perception gaps in aviation: Design and initial evaluation of systemic training and reporting tool interventions based on the Accident Scenario model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2675059</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Aviation Safety Management Systems (SMS) are often undermined by persistent gaps in hazard perception and reporting effectiveness, which conventional interventions fail to address systemically. This study confronts this challenge by developing, justifying, and initially evaluating two theory-driven interventions designed to improve hazard identification consistency and analytical capability: a systemic training program and an enhanced reporting tool. Employing design-based research, we grounded this work in needs identified within a diverse Indonesian aviation provider (encompassing flight operations, maintenance, airfield, and training) and utilized the Accident Scenario model as the theoretical framework. We designed targeted “Accident Scenario Training” program to build shared mental models and an enhanced Safety Observation Report (SOR) form integrating model elements to structure hazard analysis. Initial formative evaluation of the training (N≈20) yielded a detailed curriculum and SOR prototype. While the model showed potential for clarifying hazard concepts, severe organizational barriers (attendance <50% due to systemic workload conflicts) hampered implementation feasibility, revealing crucial context-intervention interactions. The enhanced SOR offers a structured mechanism shifting reporting from description to proactive analysis. This paper details a systematic, theory-driven design process for practical interventions targeting cognitive SMS gaps, providing rare empirical insights into implementation challenges, and offering a novel model-based SOR design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2026 11:57:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2675059</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Road conditionality among male and female motorcyclists</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2589070</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The population of motorised 2-wheelers is part of the category of vulnerable road users because motorcyclists are over-exposed to risks. In the field of social thinking, the theory of conditionality studies the relationship between legal norms and social norms demonstrating the importance of the latter which are conditional and reflect ‘calculated risk-taking’. This research analyses the riding behaviour of 127 male and female motorcyclists. They completed a conditional scripts questionnaire based on 3 scenarios and 57 situations. The results confirm the importance of legitimate transgressions for speeding and significantly different conditionality scores for men and women. The analysis of conditionality according to riding experience shows that less experienced motorcyclists (driving experience and km travelled) are less conditional. These results are discussed in relation to the existing literature.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Sep 2025 13:39:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2589070</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Road casualties analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2556902</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article examines the circumstances of road casualties over the period 2012–2021 in Greater Manchester in North West England. In particular, the demographics of road casualties, the nature of the road activity involved, and the nature of the roads where the casualties occurred are examined. Over the period studied there was an overall decrease in road casualties, similar to that of Great Britain overall, and there were 1.55 times as many male as female road casualties. The largest decrease in road casualties by age group was amongst those aged less than 18. The majority of road casualties occurred on urban roads with a speed limit of 21–30 mph. There was a strong relationship between age group and the rate of road casualties for pedestrians, driver/riders, and passengers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Aug 2025 12:16:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2556902</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Identifying drivers’ perception-reaction time (PRT) in car-following processes via two different methods using vehicle trajectory data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2519202</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To judge whether the connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) could perform better than human, this study proposes two methods to identify perception-reaction time (PRT) of human drivers using vehicle trajectory data - the calibrated-based and duration-based methods. The calibrated-based method utilises an intelligent driver model (IDM) to capture the longitudinal driving behaviours and delineate the PRT as a model parameter. While the duration-based approach collects PRT by manually extracting the PRT value based on the trajectory data. To investigate the factors influencing these types of PRTs, two regression models are proposed. Results reveal important contributing factors affecting the PRT values of human drivers, including the mean and standard deviation of the leading vehicle’s speed, and the speed and gap difference between leading and following vehicles, as well as the mean speed of the following vehicle. Besides, the same factor has different effects on the calibrated and selected PRTs. For instance, the std of the gap between leading and following vehicles manifests negative and positive impacts on the calibrated and selected PRTs, respectively. In summary, findings of this study can provide valuable insights into the identification of the PRT values of human drivers, potentially improving future design of CAVs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2025 15:34:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2519202</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prediction of water–main failures and management of the associated risks using integrated predictive analytics approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2519200</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Water distribution networks are vital to delivering potable water. They commonly include interconnected water mains (WMs), pumps and other hydraulic controls. Numerous WM failures have occurred due to ageing and harsh climate. This paper aims to predict the probability of future failures and integrate the predictions into risk-management strategies. The novelty lies in emphasising on the relevance to networks in cold regions like Canada. This study applied clustering and principal component analysis to the WM data from the Canadian City of Kitchener network. Clustering is shown to improve the failure prediction outcomes from the random forest algorithm and risk analysis output. Compared to without implementing clustering, the improvement reached 67–80% for WMs with high-rating risk. This paper successfully produced risk maps for Kitchener’s network, showing that only a small percentage (0.07–1.02%) of the existing WMs needs immediate action (prioritised rehabilitation or replacement). In addition to WM length and diameter, freeze index is shown to be an influence factor for failure predictions. The integrated, proactive approach discussed in this article can be applied to other cold-region WDNs. The results help reduce water losses and develop cost-effective, practical risk-management strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2025 15:34:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2519200</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The application of multi-criteria decision analysis in gaining a premier sort of stability in airplane safety</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2422957</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Improving the aeronautical safety has been of high importance for the experts. Different factors influence the static and dynamic stability of the plane. These factors play important roles in the plane safety. The static and dynamic safety include several factors. Taking all the technical criteria and elements into account, this article tries to find a suitable method for evaluating and eventually deciding on the best alternative. One of the methods of multi-criteria decision analysis is the concordance analysis (CA) which is an important way of evaluation in solving issues of different miscellaneous criteria that cannot be incorporated into one another. Also, Best-worst method (BWM), one of the most practical decision-making methods, is used in this article. Using the CA and BWMs and based on different criteria, this research prioritises the premier stability alternatives and uses them in the design and finally suggests a suitable alternative out of the influential linear and lateral ones. To do this, a combination of extant varieties including 15 criteria and three alternatives is used and the concordance and non-concordance collections and criteria are defined. The results showed that in addition to the fact that the use of both methods led to the same results; as a result, the linear, lateral and directional became the best options for aeroplane safety, respectively, for design purposes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Oct 2024 11:10:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2422957</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>State-of-the-art in managing reliability in mega railway projects. A systematic literature review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335166</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mega Railway Projects (MRPs) are expensive and account for an increasing percentage of many a nation’s annual infrastructure expenditure. These MRPs frequently exceed their budget and schedule. The challenge of achieving reliability or availability targets stands out as a contributing factor to these overruns. A robust and targeted Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM) process, which covers systems and subsystems that comprise the railway, that is imbedded in the project from the outset and that is managed throughout the life cycle of the project, is crucial for success. However, a RAM process for MRPs is not readily available. While BS EN 50126-11 sets out the required RAM related tasks there is no guidance on how these tasks are to be undertaken or managed. This omission is likely to increase the challenge faced by RAM or Systems engineers as they put forth their case for ring-fenced funds and labour at the outset of an MRP. It is therefore important that RAM on an MRP is reviewed so that next steps in developing robust RAM process plan guidelines can be determined. The authors of this paper discuss why RAM is undertaken and the conceptualisation of RAM along with its fundamental features. Its application on railways focusing on RAM techniques and BS EN 50126-1 is outlined. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is undertaken to show the state-of-the-art by using a meta and content analysis within the context of railway systems, RAM techniques, RAM standards and Reliability levels. Furthermore, a set of Derived RAM requirements (DRR) based on BS EN 50126-1 are derived to determine the critical areas of RAM and are thus recommended for further development by researchers or RAM practitioners.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Apr 2024 09:16:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335166</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rail and road infrastructure: cross-modal safety risk evaluation and assessment principles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335170</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors explore the similarities and differences between the governing Risk Evaluation and Assessment (REA) principles for rail and road infrastructure. They frame their analysis with infrastructure managers in mind. In England, Network Rail and National Highways are the key rail and road infrastructure managers, respectively. The intention is to demonstrate that seemingly unrelated rail and road infrastructure upgrade projects are not that different – at least from the REA point of view. By breaking the potential REA barriers between the two modes, a number of benefits can be realised across the project lifecycle and beyond. Safely allowing the space for future change and innovation is a key guiding principle. These findings point towards ‘systems thinking’ where rail and road can be approached as a single system – at least from the REA activities point of view. At a project level, this means that there are potentially many unexplored synergies between the two sectors. This may not only be in terms of safety, but also in terms of managing capital expenditure and operational expenditure and efficiencies. Future work would concentrate on drawing parallels between rail and road REA approaches for operating companies (and vehicles) to support the ‘Systems Thinking’ vision.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Apr 2024 09:16:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335170</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modelling the influence of platform dimensions on platform-train interface (PTI) incidents on metro railways</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335169</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Injuries caused by falling in, or tripping over, the gap between the train and platform edge represent a significant portion of all accidents occurring annually in the rail sector. Based on discussions with subject matter experts and by literature searches it appears that previous attempts to understand the relationships between gap dimensions and incident occurrences have been limited and often unproductive. This study defines that relationship by analysing incident data relating to trips and falls at the platform-train interface over a period of a decade on the London Underground system. A positive correlation between the horizontal gap dimension and fall incident parameters has been identified using Spearman’s Rank coefficient and Kendall’s τ–B. Less prominent correlations with vertical and diagonal gap dimensions were also observed. Fitted exponential models were found to represent relationships with horizontal gap most effectively and showed excellent correlation with incident data gathered for the rollout of a new rolling stock type. These models have been used to define safety mitigation strategies which have been successfully implemented on the London Underground, reducing PTI incidents and hence injuries to passengers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Apr 2024 09:16:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335169</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Operational risk assessment of railway remote driving system</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335180</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The level of automation in transportation systems is steadily on the rise, particularly in railways. However, this increase in automation implies a review of the previously established safety assessments, safety cases, and safety principles. Concretely, to ensure the overall safety of automated systems, it is crucial to provide conclusive assurance not only for their functional systems but also for any potential operational interactions that may arise unexpectedly. In this paper, the authors propose a risk assessment method to deal with the operational safety of the remote driving of freight trains. The established approach is based on the GAME principle (i.e. the French safety principle ‘Globally at least equivalent’), which tends to assure the non-regression of the railway safety level. Firstly, the approach aims to perform a risk gap analysis with respect to driver’s handbook procedures to identify the (operational) hazards and dangerous situations/scenarios generated by remote driving on the rail system. This analysis is completed by the identification of hazards due to the fact that the remote driving is not able to fully comply with the requirements of the driver’s handbook. Then, the methodology is used to identify the risk control measures and the safety requirements to meet safety targets (i.e. maintaining the safety level at least equivalent to that obtained so far with in-cab driver). The obtained results are presented and structured in a table inspired by the preliminary operational hazards analysis (P-OHA) process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Apr 2024 09:16:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335180</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The application of inherent safety to functional safety</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2304489</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Functional safety has experienced evolution over the years aimed at further risk reduction in society. Changes have taken place in the form of the creation of new domain-specific standards such as ISO 26262 (automotive), EN 50129 (railway), ISO 13489 (machinery), etc. from the parent IEC 61508 standard. Besides, these standards also undergo periodic revisions to keep abreast of innovations in technology. As the technological space expands and increases in complexity, it needs more than procedural, passive and active risk reduction strategies to achieve optimal risk reduction due to potential deficiencies with the use of instruction manuals and physical safety barriers. Inherently safer design (ISD) is expected to bring about a consolidated and cost-effective risk reduction since it does not require the installation of degradable add-on features and can be applied across the product development life cycle. Hence, this paper aims to apply ISD to the functional safety aspect of safety system development according to IEC 61508. The paper focuses on hardware design and does not cover all aspects of active safety system design. The main objective is to investigate how ISD can reduce risk by reducing random and systematic failures. The paper builds on the review of literature and standards.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Dec 2023 13:26:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2304489</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Introducing the detailed semantic interface description to support a modular safety approval of automated vehicles – S²I²</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2304487</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The concept of a modular safety approval for automated vehicles dispenses with tests on vehicle or system level. Individually approved modules can be updated and reused without requiring new safety approvals. Similar to a system’s operational design domain description, an environmental description is required for a safety approval on module level. This paper presents how the environment of a module can be described at module interfaces. Uncertainty about other modules’ behaviour, dependencies between modules, and impacts of their outputs on the system behaviour are key reasons for missing specifications or tests of existing methods, leading to an erroneous approval of modules. To reduce uncertainties, the authors expand the state-of-the-art syntactical and semantic interface description and additionally describe dependencies to other modules’ behaviour or conditions and impacts of their outputs. The resulting detailed semantic interface description is categorised into syntax, semantics, influencing factors, and impacts. The novel description structure is a condensed way to consider the behaviour and its impacts on other modules in module development and testing. The description fundamentally supports the modular safety approval by identifying stimuli usually only seen during integration.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Dec 2023 13:26:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2304487</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Acceptance of hydrogen and ammonia as fuel for ships: inherently safer design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1988695</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The urgency to decarbonise shipping is such that the industry will develop hydrogen and ammonia fuelled ships whether or not prescriptive regulations are available. This will require specialist risk assessment or alternative approaches. One alternative is to investigate the application of Inherently Safer Design principles coupled with existing risk assessment practices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Aug 2022 15:05:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1988695</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An approach to managing the operational safety of autonomous vehicle trials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1937033</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper summarises the methodologies that HORIBA MIRA have developed to ensure acceptable safety mitigations are identified and applied within research projects involving the physical trialling of autonomous vehicles. Two complimentary approaches to risk assessment are advocated: a risk matrix to provide a qualitative scoring of hazards, which has been developed specifically for the challenges of autonomous vehicle trials and therefore differs significantly from ‘traditional’ risk matrix approaches, and a GAMAB (Globalement Au Moins Aussi Bon, or ‘globally at least as good’) approach, which compares how the most prevalent hazards for manually-driven vehicles will be affected by the presence of an autonomous vehicle. In addition to being applicable to autonomous vehicle research projects, the methodologies presented are applicable to Advanced Driver Assistance Systems on production vehicles, and indeed to any risk assessments concerned with changes to safety-critical systems that involve human interaction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 May 2022 09:37:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1937033</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Developing a new Safety Risk Model (SRM) methodology for the GB rail industry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1850331</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents research recently undertaken by RSSB to develop a new Safety Risk Model (SRM) methodology. The SRM provides a network-wide risk profile for the mainline railway in Great Britain (GB) and has underpinned the industry’s evidence and risk-based approach to safety management for the best part of two decades. Firstly, users’ requirements were identified, collated and prioritised. The current SRM was then reviewed, summarised and appraised against these requirements to determine areas where there was potential to improve the current methodology. Potential new methodologies were then investigated to determine whether there were any which may enable the new SRM to better meet current user requirements. The feasibility and potential benefits of these alternative methodologies were assessed to determine the best approach for building the new SRM. This paper gives an overview and understanding of the processes that have been carried out in this research and will be of interest to others who may wish to undertake a similar appraisal of their risk models.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Jun 2021 16:40:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1850331</guid>
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