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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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    <item>
      <title>OVERVIEW OF THE U.S. GOVERNMENT'S ELECTRIC VEHICLE PROGRAM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/278338</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The U.S. Government's Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Program is divided into four major program areas: (1) battery research and development, (2) propulsion system development, (3) test and evaluation, and (4) studies and assessments.  This overview describes the progress and status of the technology development of six battery couples (lead-acid, nickel-iron, sodium-sulfur, nickel-cadmium, iron-air, and zinc-bromine). The status of the development of two major a.c. propulsion systems by Ford Motor Company and the Eaton Corporation is given.  The testing and evaluation activities both in the laboratory and in fleet operations are described including the product improvements by the Site Operators' User Task Force.  The results of the Advanced Vehicle Systems Assessment and the Hybrid Vehicle Technology Assessment are reviewed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Feb 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/278338</guid>
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      <title>ZINC-BROMINE BATTERY DEVELOPMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/274969</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A 20 kWh electric vehicle battery, Z20-low profile, was assembled and tested as part of a contract sponsored by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL).  Cycling included capacity tests, power tests, and standing self-discharge test.  A 20 kWH load-leveling module was also designed, assembled, and tested at the  recently completed load management test facility at JCI.  Two 21 kWh battery systems were constructed and tested in a modified full size Dodge van.  This was the first integrated demonstrationof a zinc-bromine battery in a road worthy vehicle.  The vehicle was equipped with full instrumentation to study the battery's characteristics under actual driving conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 1987 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>STATUS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY DEVELOPMENT AND MANUFACTURING ACTIVITIES OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/268484</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A study was conducted to summarize and analyze current activities outside of the United States in battery technology for electric vehicles.  Emphasis was placed on batteries which are either commercially available now or may be fully developed within the next ten years.  The battery systems of greatest interest currently are sodium/sulfur, nickel/iron, zinc/bromine, and advanced lead/acid.  The countries with the largest programs are England, Japan, and the Federal Republic of Germany.  Performance and cost goals do not vary significantly from one country to another, with the possible exception of the Soviet Union.  The number of joint ventures and consortia that have been formed in recent years has increased, and international cooperation is now an important feature of current activities in battery technology.  US Excutive Branch policy is now very supportive of joint ventures.  For this and other reasons, organizations in the United States could benefit from increased involvement in cooperative international activities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 1987 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/268484</guid>
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      <title>ZINC-BROMINE BATTERY DESIGN FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/196332</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Design projections for zinc-bromine batteries are attractive for electric vehicle applications in terms of low manufacturing costs ($28/kWh) and good performance characteristics.  Zinc-bromine battery projections (60-80 Wh/kg, 130-200 W/kg) compare favorably to both current lead acid batteries and proposed advanced battery candidates. The performance of recently developed battery components with 1200 square cm electrodes in a 120V, 10 kWh module is described.  Similarly constructed smaller scale (600 square cm) components have shown lifetimes exceeding 400 cycles and the ability to follow both regenerative braking (J227aD) and random cycling regimes.  Initial dynamometer evaluations of full scale 20 kWh batteries is expected in early 1984.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Dec 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/196332</guid>
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      <title>BATTERIES FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES--RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, TESTING AND EVALUATION SP-541</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/185577</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The subject matter of this collection of papers cover the broad field of batteries for electric vehicles. System analysis, costing, and testing parameters are addressed in addition to the developmental status of the various batteries currently being considered for mobile applications. Lead-acid batteries constitute a significant portion of this document. This system represents the state-of-the-art with a substantial data base; it is the standard to which all other systems are compared. Test and design information is also presented on the nickel/zinc and nickel/iron systems, which are candidates for near-term commercializations. The advanced systems discussed are: sodium/sulfur, lithium/iron sulfide, zinc/bromine, zinc/chlorine, and aluminum/air. These advanced batteries offer the potential of high specific energy and power and extended vehicle range.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 May 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/185577</guid>
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      <title>DESIGN OF BIPOLAR, FLOWING ELECTROLYTE ZINC-BROMINE ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/189694</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The integration of bipolar, flowing electrolyte zinc-bromine technology into a viable electric vehicle battery system requires careful analysis of the requirements placed on the battery system by the EV power train. An analysis of the influence of these factors on zinc-bromine EV battery system design has been carried out for two types of EV propulsion systems. The first of these is a nominal 100V dc system, while the second is a high voltage (200V dc) system as might be used with an advanced design ac propulsion system. Based on these studies, low profile, 12 sq dm bipolar cell components have been developed which are readily incorporated into a variety of motive power and stationary energy storage system designs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 May 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/189694</guid>
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      <title>METAL-HALOGEN BATTERIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/175994</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Zinc-chlorine and zinc-bromine batteries have recently found increasing attention.  This renewed interest has been stimulated by recent advances in materials coupled with several intrinsic features of both systems that make them appear as possibly attractive candidates for electric vehicle applications.  The major fundamental characteristics and design features of the two batteries are described.  The research and development status is reviewed in terms of polarization behaviour, charge and discharge performance, energy efficiency and cycle life.  Furthermore, the results of economic analyses are presented.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Jul 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/175994</guid>
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