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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Public Transport Sector Challenges and Zimbabwe’s Untapped Economic Opportunities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563789</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article explores the public transport sector challenges and associated lost economic development opportunities in Zimbabwe. The methodology used combined personal experiences and documentary analysis. Following extensive review of existing literature from previous research articles, institutional reports, government documents and expert magazines, the research established that, the country continues to lose its historical position in the Sub-Saharan Africa public transportation system as a strategic regional transport hub. This is despite a previous history of a robust multi-modal public transport system. The once vibrant multi-modal transport system is dead. The aviation industry is struggling, the railway system is disappearing and the mass public transit system is collapsed, with the multi-modal transport infrastructure being neglected. Consequently, transport agglomeration effects on economic growth, are reversed as distribution and supply chain costs escalate. Findings also confirm that public transport system is shambolic, with heightened informal road transport dependency crisis exposing public transport users to excessive road congestion, inflated transport costs and increased road accident risk, which magnify economic costs and uncertainty. Factors like declining economic productive capacity, huge transport infrastructure gap of US$29 billion, lack of new transport investment, rising national debt burden and unfinished transportation sector reforms are frustrating transportation development. To reverse the deteriorating trend, whilst upgrading and modernising public transport system, government policies that strengthen transport sector reforms and eliminate all costs associated with bureaucratic inefficiencies are urgently needed. A strong recommitment to a multi-modal transport system that reduces over-reliance on road transport at competitive and sustainable costs is necessary.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Aug 2025 09:19:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563789</guid>
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      <title>When embracing gender equality endangers women: Experiences of public transport female conductors in Gweru Town, Zimbabwe</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2445360</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article examines the experiences of female conductors in the public transport sector, particularly the parastatal, Zimbabwe United Passenger Company (ZUPCO) regarding gender equality and women empowerment using the case of Gweru town. It employs the concept of women empowerment as its analytical framework and is based on qualitative research methods involving in-depth interviews with 15 participants comprising female conductors and male drivers. The article argues that the implementation of gender equality policies in the public transport sector without addressing misogynistic attitudes driven by patriarchal norms endangers women rather than empowering them. It found that ZUPCO female conductors experienced humiliating informal initiation into the job, negative labelling, inability to reconcile work and family and sexual abuse and harassment, which undermined the noble goal of enhancing gender equality in the public transport sector. Regardless of these negative effects, female conductors also enjoyed some degree of empowerment through employment and monetary gain, which gave them economic independence. The article concludes that the negative outcomes of embracing gender equality through women’s employment in the public transport sector outweighed the benefits.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Nov 2024 13:45:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2445360</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>How Time Value Affects the Performance of Road Freight Transport Operators in Zimbabwe</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2370870</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Purpose: The primary purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the Road Freight Transport Sector in Zimbabwe considers the value of time in their operations and how this affects their competitiveness. Methodology: This quantitative study involves a survey of 384 randomly selected companies from a population of 1256 registered road freight companies in Zimbabwe. The data collected was analyzed using SPSS. Results: The study found that all the registered companies that participated in the research confirmed that the value of time phenomenon was alien to their business practices as they worked on assumptions. They also indicated a loss of business due to customer complaints. Theoretical Contribution: This paper contributes to the field by highlighting the importance of considering the value of time in business operations, particularly in the road freight transport sector. It provides empirical evidence supporting the theory that the value of time can significantly impact a firm’s competitiveness. Practical Implications: The findings of this study have practical implications for companies in the road freight transport sector. The study recommends policy formulation for companies emphasizing standard operating procedures and good time management to enhance competitiveness. This could lead to improved customer satisfaction and business success.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 May 2024 10:04:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2370870</guid>
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      <title>Residential Density and Vehicle Miles Travelled: Evidence From Harare Metropolitan Region</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2031352</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The transport system has always been closely linked to urban development. This study was motivated by the growing concerns over rising fuel prices, vehicle ownership and greenhouse-gas. There has been considerable interest on the effect of residential density on vehicle miles travelled (VMT). While this issue has been extensively researched, there remains uncertainty regarding how effective land-use planning might be used as an arsenal in reducing VMT. The study population was comprised of 530 668 households in Harare Metropolitan. Conferring to Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) formula the sample size for this study was 384 households at 95% confidence level. The study used stratified, convenience and purposive sampling. The researchers used a household survey to collect data from respondents. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed to test the validity of all the items used in the study. While the research hypothesis was tested using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) in Amos version 21. The study concludes that residential density positively influences vehicle miles travelled. The fact that travel is a derived demand should encourage planners and policy-makers to consider residential development as an alternative approach to reducing vehicle miles travelled.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Oct 2022 10:23:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2031352</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A public-private partnership procurement approach to sustainable transport: Zimbabwe case</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2035895</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Oct 2022 13:48:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2035895</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vehicle fleet management practices and service delivery in state owned enterprises in Zimbabwe</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948037</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 May 2022 15:41:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948037</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Analysis of Impediments to Deliver Sustainable Transport in Cities of Developing Countries: The Case of Harare, Zimbabwe</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1725582</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Africa is urbanizing at a rapid rate. The rapid rise in population coupled with constrained real economic growth has created unintended consequences impacting on the economy, social fabric and the environment. Ironically, as the urban population grows, the provision of services has declined. For instance, the formal public transport that was dominant in many African cities has disappeared. The twin factors of increasing population and the dearth of conventional public transport have stimulated the growth of informal public transport, which has become the major form of public transport in many countries. Harare, the capital city of Zimbabwe, exhibits these characteristics which are common in most cities. Public transport is the preserve of the informal sector. The informal public transport sector continues to grow and the city’s main urban public space is increasingly more congested; impeding rather than facilitating the urban population’s ability to access the required social and economic services. A clear mismatch between the demand for traffic space and its availability is evident. The need to provide a sustainable urban transport system cannot be overemphasised. Sustainability creates and maintains conditions under which society can cope and viably support livelihood requirements. The key stakeholders in Zimbabwe have agreed on the need to craft a sustainable urban transport system in Harare. Notwithstanding this agreement, there is no indication of addressing the challenges and the transport system is deteriorating. The paper assesses the impediments to the realisation of a sustainable urban transport system which is vital for economic growth.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2020 15:11:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1725582</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Appropriating the Value of Flexibility in PPP Megaproject Design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1714137</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Public–private partnerships afford governments the opportunity to build megaprojects that benefit the public but might be too expensive or risky for either the public or private entity to undertake alone. Concession contracts, which govern the behavior of the participants in the partnership, often contain a Right of First Action (RoFA) clause. The holder of this clause has the right, but not the obligation, to invest in altering the project in some way. The RoFA is linked to design flexibility, which can be built into the megaproject public–private partnership’s initial blueprint as a way to increase private-sector interest and preserve public-sector value for money. This research shows that the inclusion of a RoFA can create an additional stream of potential cash flows to the project; these cash flows constitute an asset that exists in addition to the primary revenues expected upon project completion. The additional asset can be offered to the private partner, augmenting the value of the project, or it can be held by the public sector until certain conditions are met. The value of the asset can be determined using a real options approach. To illustrate the approach, a case study on the Batoka Gorge Hydropower Dam, a 2,400-MW facility on the Zambezi River, which divides Zambia and Zimbabwe, is undertaken. The framework extends existing research on contract design to offer a specific valuation application that will be especially useful to government agencies that are seeking to enhance the competitiveness of their bidding processes and create durable contracts of lasting value.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Jul 2020 16:10:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1714137</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zimbabwe embarks on major capital projects</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1597073</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Apr 2019 09:55:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1597073</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Construction of Low-Volume Roads Using Labor-Based Technology: Case Study of Mutare, Zimbabwe</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1571489</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is a huge backlog in the construction and upgrading of roads in Zimbabwe and this situation is very much pronounced in residential areas due to the lack of readily available and relatively cheap road-building materials. In this paper, a project of the design and construction of low-volume roads in Dangamvura Extension, Mutare, is presented and thoroughly analyzed, with concentration on pavement structure and construction technology. Extensive geotechnical and soil investigations of the area, traffic counts and forecasting, as well as studies of suitable design parameters for pavement structure and requirements in applications of labor-based technology combined all aspects of engineering information needed for valuable conclusions and useful advice to residential estate development. Extensive laboratory studies and experiments were done to approximate the actual site conditions, thus including soil samples, California bearing ratio (CBR) at 1.5-m depth, traffic counts in a high-density area of similar coverage, and studies of natural water flows for the purpose of culverts and drains. In addition to the Zimbabwe Standards and Pavement Design Manual, a literature review and pavement structure examples of river sand seals were studied.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Jan 2019 10:50:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1571489</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An analysis on institutional preparedness to bus tendering in the context of a fragmented liberalized market: case study of Harare, Zimbabwe</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1574935</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In many cities of the developed world, the previously public owned and subsidized bus operators which provided services with minimal exposure to competition have been deregulated. Literature suggests that deregulation especially uncontrolled deregulation has resulted in an unprecedented proliferation of minibus operators, both registered and unregistered. The oversupply of vehicles inevitably leads to a reduction in round trips and reduced profits to operators. In order for operators to remain afloat in business, their drivers have developed dangerous driving behaviors typified by tailgating, picking up and dropping off passengers at undesignated sites, establishing and operating from incidental bus termini (along major roads). This behaviour is both a road capacity and safety concern. In 2012, the Government of Zimbabwe published their first National Transport Policy, which identified route tendering as one option among others, to address some of the operational challenges emanating from a deregulated urban public transport market. The objective of this paper is to interrogate whether the intention to implement bus route tendering augurs well with awareness of what route tendering entails. The following questions will be addressed: What are the views of stakeholders on competitive tendering? What benefits can accrue? What pre-conditions are necessary for the successful implementation of route tendering? Is the prevailing urban public transport institutional framework conducive and prepared for route tendering? These are pertinent questions as the country has no experience of route tendering and there are very few examples in Africa to learn from.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Dec 2018 11:59:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1574935</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simultaneous development of border points as trade facilitation: advocacy to aid supply chain of goods through the case of SADC road entry points</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1566571</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article situates the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Road Entry Point Management Systems (REPMS) within international supply chain logistics. It exposes the influence of REPMS on the link between movement of goods and optimum supply chain performance. A novel transdisciplinary theoretical framework drawn from supply chain and international relations theories is applied to survey data from respondents at border points that link Zimbabwe to Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa and Zambia. The 345 respondents are international truck drivers and small and medium entrepreneurs. The authors argue that simultaneity of transformation of two-stop border posts to one-stop border posts is required in a logistical corridor. Findings show that failure to do so disrupts supply chain logistics, impedes international trade and hinders regional integration. Conclusions reveal that, inter alia, SADC REPMS are out of sync with non-state actors and international trade facilitation. Recommendations include cultivation of public-private partnerships for REPMS transformation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Nov 2018 10:11:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1566571</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Institutional preparedness to bus tendering in the context of a fragmented liberalized market: Case study of Harare, Zimbabwe</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1524523</link>
      <description><![CDATA[While competitive tendering in urban public transport has been widely applied in the developed world, in many developing countries, particularly Africa, this has not been the case. In Zimbabwe, competitive tendering was identified in 2012 as a tool to address the urban transport challenges emanating from a deregulated urban public transport market. To date, the tendering option has not been implemented. This paper examines the institutional preparedness to bus tendering in Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe. A mixed-methods research paradigm was used to obtain data and information from three relevant transport stakeholder clusters comprising public, private and academia sectors. The findings of the study have shown that the key stakeholders have a clear understanding of what competitive tendering entails, but implementation is hindered by inter alia lack of infrastructure and support systems, lack of commitment to policy implementation and a reluctance to interfere with the status quo that generates revenue for the economy through both legal and illegal means. The study is of value to other developing countries, particularly Africa, which may draw lessons from the Zimbabwe experiences. The study recommended the need for a detailed diagnostic study to analyse the deep-rooted political and economic factors or pressures that impede a movement from the status quo.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jul 2018 08:34:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1524523</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Connecting logistics performance to export: A scenario-based approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1520034</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors propose a novel scenario analysis-based approach to investigate the relationship between logistics performance and exports at a country level. Different from the existing scenario analysis methods that contain subjectivity in measuring consistency, the proposed approach uses objective information rather than expert opinions. The authors propose a binary integer program to select significantly different, consistent and small number of efficient scenarios. On the basis of the selected scenarios, the authors develop a new approach for evaluating the performance of strategies across a series of scenarios.Furthermore, the proposed approach is used to analyse the relationships between exports and the six indicators of the logistics performance index (LPI): customs, infrastructure, international shipments, logistics quality and competence, tracking and tracing, and timeliness. With the help of these case studies, conducted for Turkey and four other selected countries, namely Burundi, Zimbabwe, Brazil and Portugal, the proposed method is proved to be generally applicable.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Jul 2018 14:45:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1520034</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Palpable linkage of supply chain performance to hard and soft infrastructure marriage: the case of SADC road entry point management systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1517450</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The supply of goods follows a chain with constituent parts, and the system's performance hinges on each constituent part's performance. In international supply chain and trade facilitation, one critical component is shipping of goods across borders. Border delays are inimical to supply chain efficiency. Modernising information communication technology is a widely hailed solution to easing this problem. In this paper, the importance of marrying hard and soft infrastructure for optimum efficiency is buttressed. This is based on empirical evidence from surveys involving 345 participants on four road entry points to Zimbabwe's territorial borders. Participants are truck drivers and small and medium entrepreneurs. Findings trace the perpetuation of delays, to failure to tie together hard and soft infrastructure components of entry point management systems. This consequently disturbs the supply chain of goods in the Southern African development community. Recommendations are made on how road entry point management systems can be improved, in order to enhance regional integration.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Jul 2018 14:45:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1517450</guid>
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