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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
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      <title>Rapid Response</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1334632</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article describes the response implemented by the North Texas Municipal Water District to replace a 47-mile pipeline when they suddenly lost access to approximately 25% of its raw water supply.  Zebra mussels were found in a key reservoir (Lake Texoma) and, as a strategy to prevent their spread, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers directed the NTMWD to stop using the pipeline that led from the reservoir.  The authors note that zebra mussels can have a significant effect on water supply projects, clogging intake pipes in lakes and reservoirs.  The article describes the $300 million Texoma to Wylie WTP Pipeline Extension project, which was completed within two and a half years after the Army Corps’ decision.  The author discusses the engineering plans, the communications process set-up to improve decision-making and keep the construction on time, the use of a construction manager at risk (CMAR) approach to the project, acquisition of the easements from 220 landowners, strategies to avoid transferring the mussels and other invasive species through the new pipeline, storage volumes at the reservoirs and the NTMWD, hydraulic conditions within the existing pipeline, the feasibility of delivery, flow rates and pipeline diameters, and the concomitant modifications that were necessary at the water plant itself.  The author concludes by praising the cooperative approach of various contractors, government officials and funding agencies in successfully providing safe water and preventing the spread of the zebra mussels.  The article includes a chart of the raw water blending system and a map of the areas under discussion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Dec 2014 08:39:35 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Regulating Ballast Water Discharges: Current Legislative Issues. CRS Report for Congress</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/878623</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Invasive species entering U.S. waters (aquatic nuisance species, or ANS) exact tremendous economic losses, social, recreational, and ecological disturbances and costs. National attention was drawn to the invasive species problem with the arrival of zebra mussels in the Great Lakes in the late 1980s. Since then, virtually all coastal and Great Lakes states have experienced ecological change and loss from zebra mussels and other aquatic nuisance species. Ballast water has been identified as a major pathway for introduction of ANS. Ships use large amounts of ballast water to stabilize the vessel during transport. Ballast water is often taken on in the coastal waters in one region after ships discharge wastewater or unload cargo, and then discharged at the next port of call, wherever more cargo is loaded, which reduces the need for compensating ballast. Thus, the practice of taking on and discharging ballast water is essential to the proper functioning of ships, because the water that is taken in or discharged compensates for changes in the ships weight as cargo is loaded or unloaded, and as fuel and supplies are consumed. However, ballast water discharge typically contains a variety of biological materials, including non-native, nuisance, exotic species that can alter aquatic ecosystems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Jan 2009 09:33:45 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Ballast Water Management to Combat Invasive Species</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/794401</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, many people have become increasingly aware that the globalization of trade, the increased speed of travel, the massive volume of cargo shipments, and rising tourism have combined to increase the chance of accidental introductions of foreign species into the United States. Aquatic species arrive through a variety of mechanisms — unintentionally when attached to vessel hulls or carried in vessel ballast water and intentionally when imported for aquaria display, as live seafood for human consumption, or as a transplant to increase sport fishing opportunities. The arrival of zebra mussels in the Great Lakes and their subsequent damage to city water supplies and electric utilities has focused significant attention on ballast water discharge by cargo ships as a high-risk mechanism for species invasion. New management efforts attempt to address this concern. Congress is considering legislative proposals to amend and reauthorize the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act, including specific provisions that would modify how ballast water is managed. This report provides background on various approaches to ballast water management and reviews current ballast water management laws and programs. This report will be updated as this issue evolves.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Nov 2006 08:32:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/794401</guid>
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      <title>BALLAST WATER MANAGEMENT TO COMBAT INVASIVE SPECIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/703400</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, many people have become increasingly aware that the globalization of trade, the increased speed of travel, the massive volume of cargo shipments, and rising tourism have combined to increase the chance of accidental introductions of foreign species into the United States. Aquatic species arrive through a variety of mechanisms - unintentionally when attached to vessel hulls or carried in vessel ballast water and intentionally when imported for aquaria display, as live seafood for human consumption, or as a transplant to increase sport fishing opportunities. The arrival of zebra mussels in the Great Lakes and their subsequent damage to city water supplies and electric utilities has focused significant attention on ballast water discharge by cargo ships as a high-risk mechanism for species invasion. New management efforts attempt to address this concern. Congress is considering legislative proposals to amend and reauthorize the National Invasive Species Act, including specific provisions that would modify how ballast water is managed. This report provides background on various approaches to ballast water management and reviews current ballast water management laws and programs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Aug 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/703400</guid>
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      <title>KILLING THE CRITTERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/671300</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the maritime shipping industry, the management of ballast water is considered to be the primary environmental issue.  As ships travel faster and world maritime trade increases in volume, it is estimated that one new species is introduced into US coastal waters every 12 weeks. The introduction of new species and the inadvertent transport of established diseases, such as the zebra mussel, the Asian clam, and the cholera bacteria, cost millions of dollars to detect, control and when warranted, eliminate.   The problem clearly is the result of inadequate ballast water management.  Three areas need to be examined: ballast water exchange, alternatives to ballast exchange, and the specific problem of ships claiming no ballast on board (NOBOBs). Various methods to better manage ballast are being examined.  Filtration, filtration and ultraviolet irradiation, chemicals and heat treatments are only a few of the possible preventive measures being explored.  This is not just a problem for US coastal waters but exists on a global scale and will require international cooperative efforts if any real progress is to be made.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Dec 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/671300</guid>
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      <title>THE ZEBRA MUSSEL: A RECENT INVADER OF NORTH AMERICA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/403064</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The introduction of the zebra mussel into the Great Lakes seems to have occurred in late 1985 or 1986 as a result of the discharge of fresh water ballast by oceangoing ships. The mussel has spread rapidly throughout Lake Erie and into Lake Ontario, raising concerns among water users in North America. It attaches firmly to such solid substrata as piers, buoys, breakwalls and vessel hulls, and has disrupted the operation of municipal and industrial water intakes by restricting the flow of water through the pipes. In time, the mussel will probably spread to the Mississippi River Basin, and the Hudson River Basin. The extent and impact of the infestation are discussed, as are some countermeasures that might help to control the problem.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>INVASION OF THE ZEBRA MUSSELS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/372858</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accidentally introduced in 1986, the zebra mussel could eventually infest up to two-thirds of the U.S. and cause $5 billion in damage to the Great Lakes area alone.  The article describes how the mollusks could be controlled.  The mussels clog intake valves, polluting drinking water and cutting off flow through cooling systems, and have made dramatic inroads in North American waterways.  One form of treatment discussed here is by oxidation through chlorine or a chlorine-based product (gasesous chlorine, chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite).  The disadvantages of the process are noted, including the formation of trihalomethanes (THM).  Treatment with potassium permangangate, a process which produces no THMs, is also discussed.  Other options are discussed, and it is pointed out that a facility's size is often a determining factor in the selection of the treatment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 May 1993 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>ATTACK OF THE ZEBRA MUSSEL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/370479</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The zebra mussel, dreissena polymorpha, now found in the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, is expected to inundate the country's inland navigation systems by the next year, causing an estimated potential damage of about $5 billion by the year 2000. This article briefly reviews the wide-raniging effects of the mussel, the costs of which in the next 10 years are expected to be about $655 million.  The mussels can cause a decline in pumping efficiency, clog distribution conduits, cause corrosion, and affect boating and shipping.  Infestations can sink navigational buoys.  A number of control methods are available, and physical and chemical measures have been found to be the most effective. The most appropriate measures are governed by site-specific conditions.  Also, a number of items, including regulatory restrictions, maintenance of system operation flexibility and dependability, ease of installation, monitoring and maintenance, use of internally available sources and economics must be considered, as well as common sense.  The most important consideration for controlling zebra mussels is early detection and prompt corrective action.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Jan 1993 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/370479</guid>
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