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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Injury severity of single-vehicle large-truck crashes: accounting for heterogeneity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2301397</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research examines the injury severity of single-vehicle large-truck crashes in Florida while exploring the role of heterogeneity. A random parameter ordered logit (RPOL) model was applied to 27,505 single-vehicle large-truck crashes from 2007 to 2016 in Florida, and the contributing factors were identified. Random parameters and interaction effects were introduced to the model to determine the heterogeneity and its potential sources. The results suggested that driving speed of 76–120 mph and defective tires were the most influential factors in crash injury severity, increasing the probability of severe crashes. Regarding truckers’ attributes, asleep or fatigued conditions and driving under the influence were correlated with a higher possibility of severe crashes. Interestingly, the results showed that truckers from outside the state of Florida were less likely to cause severe single-vehicle large-truck crashes compared to their Floridian counterparts. Y-intersections were also found as a high-risk location for single-vehicle large-truck crashes, leading to more severe outcomes. Regarding heterogeneity, the results indicated that the impacts of driving speed (26–50 mph) and light condition (dark – not lighted) significantly varied among the observations, and these variations could be attributed to driver action, vision obstruction, driver distraction, roadway type and roadway alignment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jan 2024 10:02:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2301397</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Survey and Measurement of the Vehicle Pollutant Emission in Urban Underground Bifurcate Tunnel, China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1597901</link>
      <description><![CDATA[More and more bifurcation tunnel structure forms are used in the construction of urban underground tunnel projects. Tunnel traffic characteristics change with the change of the tunnel structure, and the pollutant emission and diffusion will also change in the tunnel. In order to grasp the traffic characteristics, the dynamic vehicles emission and the distribution characteristics of traffic velocity and pollutants concentration, the research team conducted a survey on four typical urban tunnels in China during 2011-2015 through status survey and field measurement. The survey includes traffic characteristics (traffic flow, average speed), vehicle emission characteristics, CO and NOx concentration distribution characteristics in the tunnel. The result can provide a quantitative assessment method to support pollutant concentration ventilation control and energy saving operation in urban bifurcate tunnel.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 May 2019 10:24:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1597901</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Particle filtering for lane-level map-matching at road bifurcations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1352832</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Estimating the map-matched position of a vehicle on a digital map is a key technology for modern navigation and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). Inaccurate sensor measurements and a simplified road network representation cause uncertainties in the map-matched position. This paper describes a particle filter method for finding a robust and stable solution for the map-matching problem at the lane-level in ambiguous situations. The proposed approach fuses low-cost sensor data including camera detections of the lane markings with commercial map data. A new spatio-temporal filtering algorithm is introduced for estimating the hypotheses for the map-matched positions together with a confidence measure from the set of weighted particles. The results of tests at road bifurcations indicate that this method produces stable decisions for the correct road segment. It was found that the integration of lane based features improves the performance of the map-matcher at the road level.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 May 2015 11:00:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1352832</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling the Safety Benefits of Converting Signalized Y Shaped Junctions to Signalized T Junctions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1342973</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Junctions are basic joints of road network and their models affect traffic operation and safety greatly. There are quite number of Y shaped junctions at the highway. The existence of such abnormal junctions lowers operation efficiency and triggers traffic accidents. In the rebuilding constructions, T shaped junctions may be new builds but often are converted from Y shaped junctions. For more engineering applications, there is a need to estimate the safety effects of conversions. Several studies have estimated reductions in crashes and severity; however, these results pertain mainly to conversions from Y junctions without signal control. Results for conversions from signalized Y junctions have been less conclusive. The authors study aimed to fill this void by estimating the safety performance of converting signalized Y shaped junctions to signalized T shaped junctions. Several cities in Jiangsu province along the national highway G205 helped to identify in the recent past. The empirical Bayes method was used to estimate the safety effects of conversations. The results indicated a safety benefit for converting signalized Y shaped junctions to T shaped junctions. There were reductions in both total and injury crashes, with a larger benefit for non-vehicle injury crashes. Further analysis indicated that the safety benefit of T shaped junctions for total crashes decreased as traffic volumes increase, a result that suggests the need for the development of a crash modification function (CMF), a task for which more data would be required.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Feb 2015 09:53:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1342973</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stability and bifurcation in network traffic flow: A Poincaré map approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1280302</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Previous studies have shown that, in a diverge-merge network with two intermediate links (the DM network), the kinematic wave model always admits stationary solutions under constant boundary conditions, but periodic oscillations can develop from empty initial conditions. Such contradictory observations suggest that the stationary states be unstable. In this study the authors develop a systematic approach to investigate the stability property of stationary states in this and other networks within the framework of network kinematic wave theories. Based on the observation that kinematic waves propagate in a circular path when only one of the two intermediate links is congested, the authors derive a one-dimensional, discrete Poincaré map in the out-flux at a Poincaré section. The authors then prove that the fixed points of the Poincaré map correspond to stationary flow-rates on the two links. With Lyapunov’s first method, the authors demonstrate that the Poincaré map can be finite-time stable, asymptotically stable, or unstable. When unstable, the map is found to have periodical points of period two, but no chaotic solutions. The authors further analyze the bifurcation in the stability of the Poincaré map caused by varying route choice proportions. They apply the Poincaré map approach to analyzing traffic patterns in more general (DM)supra n and beltway networks, which are sufficient and necessary structures for network-induced unstable traffic and gridlock, respectively. This study demonstrates that the Poincaré map approach can be efficiently applied to analyze traffic dynamics in any road networks with circular information propagation and provides new insights into unstable traffic dynamics caused by interactions among network bottlenecks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jan 2014 10:45:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1280302</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Application of Nakamura’s Model to Describe the Delayed Increase in Lateral Vibration of Footbridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1277946</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Nakamura’s model is proposed to describe lateral vibrations of a footbridge induced by pedestrians. The model is found to be a slow-fast system if the number of pedestrians on a footbridge increases slowly. Then, based on the delayed bifurcation theory, Nakamura’s model can be used to describe the delayed increase in the lateral vibration of the footbridge. The critical number of pedestrians on the footbridge is calculated by using the delayed bifurcation theory to quantitatively demonstrate our analysis. By comparison with a previously obtained formula, the rationality of the authors’ formula for predicting the critical number of pedestrians is illustrated. Based on the authors’ formula, the experimental parameter k=300 used in the previously obtained formula does not seem to be always applicable to other bridges. Based on Nakamura’s model, the value of the parameter k seems to be affected mainly by the properties of the pedestrians on the bridge rather than those of the bridge.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Nov 2013 10:02:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1277946</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Some aspects of the design of rural freeway interchanges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1209785</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses various aspects of selection of type, spacing, warrants, location, and design considerations for interchanges between local roads and freeways in rural areas (a).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2012 23:56:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1209785</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Low volume rural Y junctions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1209504</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The low volume rural Y junction is discussed.  Three basic ways of treating this type of intersection are examined.  An attempt is made to set out the conditions and range of volumes for which each type is suitable. Design features of each of the three types are also discussed (a).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2012 23:48:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1209504</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Functional design of rural intersections</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1208076</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2012 22:54:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1208076</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Applying Inter-Regional Shared Routes in Detailed Multiregional Dynamic Traffic Models</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1107483</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes how dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) models have been applied more and more on large-scale real-world networks in recent years. Thereby the complexity of the DTA models has increased to the point that maintaining routes between all zone-pairs is now an inefficient use of computing resources. Several traffic models have been introduced that are based on the usage of splitting rates at bifurcation nodes at the cost of losing route information. This paper presents an innovative approach to model routes in large dynamic traffic models (e.g. 4000+ zones) using the well-known analogy of conduits in fluid dynamics.   Within detailed multiregional models, a large subset of routes between two regions will contain a significant segment of their routes in common. Binding all routes on this segment together in a single sub-route can significantly reduce the amount of resources required. Multiple catchment areas are defined that are connected by several bound routes, reflecting interregional route choice. Using this approach, original route information is preserved up to the point where the destination catchment area is reached. Some, manageable, loss of information will occur when entering the destination catchment, since from that point splitting rates are used. Thus, the algorithm aims at combining the best of both worlds; optimizing performance while at the same time keeping track of as much route information as possible  The algorithm is implemented and analyzed in an existing DTA framework and compared with approaches using routes and splitting rates respectively. This paper show how the results using this approach are far better compared to splitting rates based models and arguably inferior to keeping track of all routes at all time.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 2011 15:08:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1107483</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verkehrssicherheit an Tagesbaustellen und bei Anschluessen im Baustellenbereich von Hochleistungsstrassen</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1088635</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bisherige Untersuchungen ueber Autobahnbaustellen haben Ein- und Ausfahrten im Baustelleninnenbereich als deutliche Unfallschwerpunkte ausgewiesen. Daneben hat sich gezeigt, dass auch Tagesbaustellen einen vordringlichen Schwerpunkt im Unfallgeschehen darstellen. Das Ziel dieser Forschungsarbeit ist die Abklaerung von Umstaenden und moeglichen Ursachen der erhoehten Unfallhaeufigkeit sowie die Unterbreitung von Massnahmenvorschlaegen zur Erhoehung der Verkehrssicherheit fuer diese zwei ausgewiesenen Schwerpunkte des Unfallgeschehens. Diese Empfehlungen sind moeglichst rasch in Normempfehlungen umzusetzen.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Jan 2011 11:45:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1088635</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROGRAMME PROTEE : CARREFOURS A TROIS BRANCHES - CALCUL DES FEUX.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1080588</link>
      <description><![CDATA[LE PROGRAMME PROTEE, COMME HERMES, A ETE MIS AU POINT A PARTIR DE LA "METHODE DE CALCUL DES CARREFOURS A FEUX" (SETRA MARS 1970), QUI A POUR PRINCIPE DE MINIMISER LE RETARD DES USAGERS QUI TRAVERSENT LE CARREFOUR. IL EST DESTINE AU CALCUL DES CARREFOURS A TROIS BRANCHES EN T OU EN Y.LA PRESENTE  BROCHURE EN EXPOSE LE PRINCIPE, LE DEROULEMENT, L'UTILISATION, LES DONNEES, LES RESULTATS ET DECRIT LES DIX SCHEMAS POSSIBLES.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 18:11:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1080588</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THREE LEG JUNCTIONS. CALCULATION OF TRAFFIC SIGNALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1080587</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE PROTEE PROGRAM HAS BEEN DEVELOPED FROM THE CALCULATION METHOD FOR SIGNALIZED JUNCTIONS "(SETRA MARCH 1970), WHICH IS BASED ON THE MINIMISATION OF DELAY TO USERS CROSSING THE JUNCTION. IT IS DESIGNED FOR T OR Y JUNCTIONS. THIS BROCHURE EXPLAINS THE PRINCIPLE FROM WHICH IT IS DERIVED, ITS USES, AND DESCRIBES 10 POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 18:11:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1080587</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WEGWEISERKARTEN UND -NORMEN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1079316</link>
      <description><![CDATA[AUSARBEITUNG NEUER KARTEN UND NORMEN FUER DIE WEGWEISUNG.1.ETAPPE: KARTE DER BESTAETIGUNGSTAFELN AUF AUTOBAHNEN,          WEGWEISER BEI AUTOBAHNANSCHLUESSEN,          WEGWEISER BEI AUTOBAHNVERZWEIGUNGEN.2.ETAPPE: KARTE DER WEGWEISER AN AUTOBAHNZUFAHRTEN,          KARTE DER WEGWEISER AN HAUPTSTRASSEN.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 17:37:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1079316</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>NAEHERUNGSLOESUNG DES NICHTLINEAREN BIEGETORSIONSPROBLEMS FU ER DUENNWANDIGE STAEBE MIT OFFENEM PROFIL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1077439</link>
      <description><![CDATA[ES WURDE DAS TRAGVERHALTEN DUENNWANDIGER STAEBE MIT OFFENEM PROFIL UNTER LAENGSBEANSPRUCHUNG, QUERLAST IN RICHTUNG BEIDER HAUPTACHSEN UND GLEICHZEITIGER TORSIONSBELASTUNG UNTERSUCHT. ALS SYSTEM WURDEN DER GABELGELAGERTE UND DER VOLLEINGESPANNTE TRAEGER BETRACHTET. HIERZU WURDEN DIE VOLLSTAENDIGEN DIFFERENTIALGLEICHUNGEN DES BIEGE-TORSIONSPRO BLEMS UEBER DIE KIRCHHOFF-CLEBSCHEN GLEICHGEWICHTSBEDINGUNGE N DES VERFORMTEN ELEMENTS ERMITTELT. PARALLEL DAZU WURDE DAS  POTENTIAL DES PROBLEMS HERGELEITET UND SEINE RICHTIGKEIT DURCH DEN VERGLEICH DER EULERSCHEN GLEICHUNGEN DES VARIATIONSPROBLEMS MIT DEN OBEN ERWAEHNTEN DIFFERENTIALGLEIC HUNGEN UEBERPRUEFT. BEISPIELE. (A*).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 16:22:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1077439</guid>
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