<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="https://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <channel>
    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Training Techniques for Visual Search in Complex Task Environments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1516031</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Objective:The goal for this study was to evaluate several visual search training techniques in an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) simulated task environment.Background:Operators controlling remote unmanned vehicles often must perform complex visual search tasks (e.g., target search). These tasks may pose substantial demands on the operator due to various environmental factors. Visual search training may reduce errors and mitigate stress, but the most effective form of training has not been determined.Methods:Participants were assigned to one of four training conditions: target, cue, visual scanning, or control. After the training, the effectiveness of the training techniques was tested during a 30-minute simulated UAV flight. A secondary task manipulation was included to further simulate the demands of a realistic UAV control and target search task. Subjective stress and fatigue were also assessed.Results:Target training produced superior target search performances in more hits and fewer false alarms (FAs) when compared to the control condition. The visual scanning and cue trainings were moderately effective. Only target training performance was vulnerable to the secondary task load. The task was stressful, but training did not mitigate stress response.Conclusion:Training participants on the target and the cue appearance as well as active scanning of the visual field is promising for promoting effective target search for this simulated UAV environment.Application:These training techniques could be used in preparation for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions that involve target search, especially where target appearance change is likely.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Aug 2018 14:05:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1516031</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Towards unpacking older drivers’ visual-motor coordination: A gaze-based integrated driving assessment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1506109</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Visual information for a driver is predominant during driving. Linking drivers’ visual search patterns with motor behaviour helps understand how drivers perceived spatial and hazardous information to regulate their physical movements. Visual-motor coordination performance can be a sensitive indicator for driver competency assessment. Due to age-related cognitive decline, older drivers are likely inefficient in visual-motor coordination. While poor visual-motor coordination can cause risky behaviour behind the wheel, it is yet challenging to examine it owing to the complexity of driving behaviour. By reviewing how vision guides driving, the authors proposed a gaze-based integrated driving assessment approach. The empirical data were from 38 older drivers aged 60 to 81 years, who completed an on-road driving assessment recorded by eye tracking and vehicle movement tracking. Their visual search attributes were extracted from eye tracking video frames and linked to vehicle positions. Driving data, drivers’ cognitive condition and driving section were encapsulated into an integrated database, allowing interrogating multi-faceted driver-vehicle-environment interactions. Exploratory analysis results show that older drivers’ performed different visual search patterns at roundabout and intersection manoeuvres. Older drivers with better executive function skills performed more frequent eye fixations on the curves and inside vehicle features. The investigation of visual-motor coordination performance demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of using the integrated approach in assessing older drivers’ performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Apr 2018 11:14:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1506109</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Examining Aviation Navigation Display Symbology in Visual Search</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1394583</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates properties of air traffic glyphs that may affect speed and accuracy when a navigation display is being searched. Four of these properties were explored: (a) the amount of information represented, (b) the number of aircraft displayed, (c) the amount of information accessed, and (d) the specific set of features representing the information. Two target detection experiments were conducted to measure speed and accuracy. Findings indicate that, generally, increases in the first three items negatively affect speed and accuracy. Furthermore, graphical features tend to be identified faster and more accurately than text-based features.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Feb 2016 10:36:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1394583</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A New Approach of Visual Clutter Analysis for Pedestrian Detection</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1352679</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Detection of pedestrians during driving is a complex cognitive activity. Some of the pedestrian crashes are due to the driver's late or difficult perception of a pedestrian's appearance. Visual clutter analysis can be used to study the factors that affect human visual search efficiency. In this research, the authors propose a new approach of visual clutter analysis for pedestrian detection. They design two quantitative measures: the global environment clutter score to capture the complexity of the driving environment in terms of visual search; and the local pedestrian clutter score to evaluate the search efficiency of the pedestrian in the given driving environment. The authors' preliminary experimental results show that their proposed measures could serve as a reasonable indicator for measuring the human vision perception of pedestrian appearance in a naturalistic driving environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2015 09:17:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1352679</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Applying visual attention theory to transportation safety research and design: Evaluation of alternative automobile rear lighting systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1309439</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This field experiment takes a novel approach in applying methodologies and theories of visual search to the subject of conspicuity in automobile rear lighting. Traditional rear lighting research has not used the visual search paradigm in experimental design. It is the authors' claim that the visual search design uniquely uncovers visual attention processes operating when drivers search the visual field that current designs fail to capture. This experiment is a validation and extension of previous simulator research on this same topic and demonstrates that detection of red automobile brake lamps will be improved if tail lamps are another color (in this test, amber) rather than the currently mandated red. Results indicate that when drivers miss brake lamp onset in low ambient light, RT and error are reduced in detecting the presence and absence of red brake lamps with multiple lead vehicles when tail lamps are not red compared to current rear lighting which mandates red tail lamps. This performance improvement is attributed to efficient visual processing that automatically segregates tail (amber) and brake (red) lamp colors into distractors and targets respectively.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2014 09:31:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1309439</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigating the Effect of a Visual Search Task for Simulator-Based Driver Training</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1262687</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Novice drivers tend to direct their gaze to the road ahead and not scan the environment properly. This study investigated the training effectiveness of a visual search task in a driving simulator, aimed at increasing young drivers' spread of visual search. Two groups of inexperienced drivers were instructed to drive as accurately as possible in the center of the right lane in a self-paced driving task of four 6-min sessions in a rural environment. While driving, one group performed a visual search task, consisting of detecting and fixating on visual stimuli in the peripheral area. The stimuli were purple dots that faded in slowly and disappeared when fixated by the participant. After training, both groups drove a transfer session in an urban environment, in which various hazardous situations occurred. Results showed that both groups improved their lane keeping performance, whereas the training group became more proficient in the visual search task. However, in the transfer session no group differences were detected. In conclusion, despite improvements in visual search performance during a relatively short training period, the visual search training did not detectibly influence the spread of visual search of novice drivers during a post training transfer session.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Sep 2013 09:12:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1262687</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influencing Factor Analysis for Visual Information Search While Driving: Based on Modeling of Visually Interesting Regions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1115523</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many methods and eye movement indexes were used to describe drivers' visual search. But drivers' visual search behavior should be a four-dimensional index, which not only includes fixation distribution, but also includes fixation duration.Thus, it is difficult to find the regularity of drivers' visual search behavior by single factor analysis for drivers' eye movement index. In order to quantitatively analyze the characteristic of drivers' visual search behavior, the paper introduces a new index, called the Visually Interesting Region (VIR). VIR includes area and barycentric coordinates two parameters, and is a new index of visual information search while driving. According to the analysis, the paper found area of VIR and barycentric coordinates separately has correlation with horizontal alignment and traffic flow, of VIR mainly affected by highway alignment and traffic flow.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Dec 2012 09:27:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1115523</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploring the Ability to Identify Visual Search Differences When Observing Drivers’ Eye Movements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1138018</link>
      <description><![CDATA[How can we improve learner drivers’ visual skills? Much research has demonstrated that learner drivers have an impoverished spread of search during driving, and that this is partly due to lack of knowledge of where and when to look, rather than simply an issue of cognitive load. Several training interventions have tried to improve scanning in these drivers, with limited success. The authors propose that exposing drivers to examples of good and bad scanning behaviour may prove to be a useful tool in training visual search. The success of this approach, however, requires drivers to be able to distinguish between examples of good and bad scanning. To this end, two studies were undertaken where video clips of simulated driving with an overlaid eye movement trace were presented to participants who had to judge whether the eye movements were that of a learner driver or a driving instructor. Overall, participants found this discrimination task very difficult. However, the findings suggested that novice and learner drivers were able to correctly classify those eye movement traces of other learner drivers better than chance. It was also demonstrated that the ability to distinguish between the eye movements of learner drivers and driving instructors improved as the number of objective differences between the two groups, increased across specific scenarios (as determined by frame-by-frame analysis using a priori categories). The results suggest that, under certain situations, drivers can extract information about the appropriateness of a particular scanning strategy just by watching a video of the eye movement trace. The implications for training interventions are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jun 2012 08:51:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1138018</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gender differences in pedestrian rule compliance and visual search at signalized and unsignalized crossroads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1106644</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Male pedestrians are over-represented in road crashes. Among pedestrians, males violate more rules than females do. For now, it is not known whether gender differences in pedestrian behaviors only concern rule compliance. The objective of this study was to explore gender differences in pedestrian rule compliance and in gaze targets before and during crossing. 400 adult pedestrians were observed at two signalized and two unsignalized crossroads, using a taxonomic observation grid which detailed 13 behavioral categories before, during and after crossing. The results show that the temporal crossing compliance rate is lower among male pedestrians but spatial crossing compliance does not differ between genders. Furthermore, different gaze patterns emerge between genders before and during crossing, notably as women particularly focus on other pedestrians during these two periods whereas men focus on vehicles. Moreover, females' gazes vary with the type of crossroads, but males' gazes do not. Spatial crossing compliance and gaze targets are furthermore modulated by the crossroad configuration. These results are discussed in terms of pedestrian visual strategy and compliance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Jul 2011 07:45:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1106644</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of higher-order driving skill training on young, inexperienced drivers' on-road driving performance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1106630</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of the current study was to compare the effects of training in higher-order driving skills (e.g., perceptual, motivational, insight) and vehicle handling skill training in relation to on-road driving performance, hazard perception, attitudes to risky driving and driver confidence levels in young, inexperienced drivers. Thirty-six young drivers (23 males and 13 females, average age 16.3 years), mostly on a restricted NZ driver licence, participated in a Driver Training Research camp. Participants were randomly allocated to one of three equally sized groups according to the type of driving skill training (5 days) they received: higher-order, vehicle handling or control (no training). Professional driver assessors conducted a comprehensive driving assessment before (Baseline) and after the training (Post Training). At both time points, participants also carried out a computerised hazard perception task, and completed self-report questionnaires to assess attitudes to risky driving and driver confidence. In terms of on road driving, the participants who received higher-order driving skill training showed a statistically significant improvement in relation to visual search and the composite driving measure. This was accompanied by an improvement in hazard perception, safer attitudes to close following and to dangerous overtaking and a decrease in driving related confidence. The participants who received vehicle handling skill training showed significant improvements in relation to their on-road direction control, speed choice and the composite driving score. However, this group showed no improvement in hazard perception, attitudes to risky driving or driver confidence. The findings will be discussed in the context of driver training as a viable crash prevention intervention in regard to young, inexperienced drivers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Jul 2011 07:45:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1106630</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Do Crashes and Near Crashes in Simulator-Based Training Enhance Novice Drivers’ Visual Search for Latent Hazards?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1091374</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Young drivers (younger than 25 years of age) are overrepresented in crashes. Research suggests that a relevant cause is inadequate visual search for possible hazards that are hidden from view. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a low-cost, fixed-base simulator training program that would address this failure. It was hypothesized that elicited crashes in the simulator training would result in better scanning for latent hazards in scenarios that were similar to the training scenarios but situated in a different environment (near transfer), and, to a lesser degree, would result in better scanning in scenarios that had altogether different latent hazards than those contained in the training scenarios (far transfer). To test the hypotheses, 18 trained and 18 untrained young novice drivers were evaluated on an advanced driving simulator (different from the training simulator). The eye movements of both groups were measured. In near transfer scenarios, trained drivers fixated the hazardous region 84% of the time, compared with only 57% of untrained drivers. In far transfer scenarios, trained drivers fixated the hazardous region 71% of the time, compared with only 53% of untrained drivers. The differences between trained and untrained drivers in both the near transfer scenarios and the far transfer scenarios were significant, with a large effect size in the near transfer scenarios and a medium effect size in the far transfer scenarios [respectively: U = 63.00, p(2-tailed) < .01, r = −.53, and U = 88.00, p(2-tailed) < .05, r = −.39].]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Apr 2011 07:20:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1091374</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Concepts from research literature and practical assessment of risk awareness: The Swedish driving test from the perspective of cognitive psychology</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/968719</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Swedish driving test (SDT) was compared to theoretical concepts found in research literature (CRLs) with respect to the rated importance of the CRLs for the overall assessment of risk awareness and the five specific assessment areas used in the SDT. 116 traffic inspectors responded to questionnaires. Results show that visual search was the CRL given the highest rating, and that the assessment of risk awareness can be conceptualized as assessment of lower-order and higher-order cognitive functions. The assessment areas taxing higher-order cognitive functions were rated as most important for risk awareness, and visual search behavior can be regarded as the best indicator of higher-order cognitive skills.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Nov 2010 07:24:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/968719</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Visual Search Performance With 3-D Auditory Cues: Effects of Motion, Target Location, and Practice</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/927616</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Operators in aircraft cockpits and other dynamic environments could benefit from spatial (3-D) auditory technology when searching their environments for visual targets.  This study evaluates aurally-aided visual search performance in both static (nonmoving) and dynamic (moving) search environments. The effects of target trajectory, target location, and practice also are assessed. Eight participants conducted repeated searches for a single visual target hidden among 15 distracting stimuli. The four main conditions of the experiment consisted of the four possible combinations of 3-D auditory cues (present or absent) and search environment (static or dynamic). Results showed that the auditory cues were comparably effective at reducing search times in dynamic and static environments. All participants were helped by audio cues, especially when the target appeared at large eccentricities and on the horizontal plane. After a brief initial exposure to 3-D audio, no training or practice effects with 3-D audio were found.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Aug 2010 08:21:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/927616</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The visual search patterns and hazard responses of experienced and inexperienced motorcycle riders</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/906438</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hazard perception is a critical skill for road users. In this study, an open-loop motorcycle simulator was used to examine the effects of motorcycle riding and car driving experience on hazard perception and visual scanning patterns. Three groups of participants were tested: experienced motorcycle riders who were experienced drivers (EM-ED), inexperienced riders/experienced drivers (IM-ED), and inexperienced riders/inexperienced drivers (IM-ID). Participants were asked to search for hazards in simulated scenarios, and click a response button when a hazard was identified. The results revealed a significant monotonic decrease in hazard response times as experience increased from IM-ID to IM-ED to EM-ED. Compared to the IM-ID group, both the EM-ED and IM-ED groups exhibited more flexible visual scanning patterns that were sensitive to the presence of hazards. These results point to the potential benefit of training hazard perception and visual scanning in motorcycle riders, as has been successfully demonstrated in previous studies with car drivers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Dec 2009 08:57:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/906438</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Driver Prioritisation Questionnaire: Exploring drivers' self-report visual priorities in a range of driving scenarios</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/876518</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Previous research has noted that novice drivers are at greatest risk of an accident. One reason that has been reported for this is that they have not developed the optimum visual search strategies of their more experienced counterparts. One might expect that new drivers might be taught the appropriate visual skills while learning to drive, though this requires instructors to have introspection into their own visual skills before they can be passed on to the student. In addition novice drivers should be able to acquire the instructed skills. This study used an image-based questionnaire to assess driving instructors' and novice drivers' priority ratings for attending to different areas of the driving scene across nine scenarios. It was predicted that if instructors and novices have introspection into the relative importance of these different areas, there should be agreement across the sample of participants. Additionally it was considered important to assess which areas of the visual scene are important across all different scenarios and which areas change in priority with a change in scenario. Results showed that for both groups the opinions regarding visual field prioritisation were highly consistent when compared to chance. Despite the rating consistencies, group differences were found, across all scenarios with "Rear View Mirrors" being the visual field with the most frequent observed group differences. Certain categories ("Road Ahead" and "Mirrors") were highly ranked across all scenarios, while other categories were more scenario specific. We conclude that both groups have insight into some elements of visual search. However, in many occasions the prioritisation was different between driving instructors and novice drivers. It appears that during the learning process the novice drivers did not adopt the prioritisation strategies seen in driving instructors. This has important implications for the teaching of visual skills in driving.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Dec 2008 12:36:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/876518</guid>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>