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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Simulation of a Truck Tyre Using a Viscoplastic Constitutive Rubber Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407492</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tires are a vital component for handling and load carrying while also contributing to the operating cost and environmental impact. The innovations in tire design are driven by the need to reduce greenhouse gases and to make a better compromise between conflicting tire properties. To accurately simulate tires and to make these compromises a representative rubber model needs to be incorporated with strain amplitude dependency for the storage and loss modulus (the Fletcher-Gent effect). Prony series is a commonly used viscoelastic model in tire simulations but it does not take into account the Fletcher-Gent effect and e.g. possible nonlinearities due to axle load variations are not feasible to simulate. The Fletcher-Gent effect can be modelled using parallel rheological framework (PRF), which can consist of any combination of parallel material models. Nonlinear viscoelastic models have strain amplitude dependency for the storage modulus but single nonlinear parameters lose their clarity in a PRF. Another approach is to combine a linear viscoelastic model with plasticity as is done in this article. Here, an FE truck tire is developed and used with a viscoplastic PRF model that utilizes Prony series with Mooney-Rivlin hyperelasticity and multiple plastic networks. The benefit of this combination is that the strain amplitude and frequency dependency of the storage and loss modulus are separated, which makes parameter studies simpler. The article shows that an FE truck tire with a viscoplastic PRF model can be used in different simulations to study e.g. steady-state rolling, footprint, vertical stiffness and longitudinal tire forces.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Jul 2025 08:55:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407492</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Rutting performance prediction of flexible airfield pavements using nonlinear mechanistic models for asphalt and granular layers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2543901</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rutting performance of flexible airfield pavements is simulated by incorporating the permanent deformation of asphalt and granular layers. To achieve accurate predictions, airfield pavements are treated as a unified system, where the total rutting is the cumulative sum of the permanent deformation contributions from each layer. A nonlinear viscoelastic-viscoplastic model is employed to simulate the response of the asphalt concrete layer, accounting for its time-dependent and plastic behavior. For the granular layers, a modified Drucker-Prager non-associative plasticity model with evolving hardening is utilized. The evolving hardening function captures the microstructural changes in granular materials under cyclic loading, enabling the model to represent the progressive increase in permanent deformation with repeated load applications. These advanced constitutive models are implemented in the standalone PANDA-AP software (Pavement Analysis using Nonlinear Damage Approach: Airfield Pavements), specifically designed to predict the performance of airfield pavements. PANDA-AP is used to simulate the response of Construction Cycle 3 (CC3) test sections evaluated at the National Airfield Pavement Test Facility (NAPTF). Results demonstrate that PANDA-AP effectively predicts both the overall rutting and the layer-specific rutting behavior. Finally, comparisons are presented between simulations conducted using PANDA-AP and those performed with FAARFIELD software, highlighting the capabilities and differences of these modeling approaches.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 May 2025 16:54:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2543901</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>An Improved Time-Dependent Convergence Confinement Method for Estimation of Tunnel Support Loads in Squeezing Ground Conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2543879</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This document consists of the following: (1) An Improved Time-Dependent Convergence Confinement Method for Estimation of Tunnel Support Loads in Squeezing Ground Conditions, presented at the 58th US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium held in Golden, Colorado, USA, 23-26 June 2024. In tunnel construction, the total tunnel wall displacement increases due to face advancement and the time-dependent behavior of the surrounding rock mass. The convergence confinement method (CCM) is one of the approaches used to analyze the interactions between tunnel wall displacement and support load. CCM utilizes either analytical closed-form solutions or empirical Longitudinal Displacement Profiles (LDP); however, it usually neglects the influence of time-dependency of ground response and associated gradually increasing deformations even after the excavation stage. Designing the tunnel support system without consideration of the time-dependent deformation may result in a false selection of the installation time and the support system type, causing safety issues, cost overruns, and project delays. This paper focuses on discussing a revised CCM to estimate the tunnel's support system loads in a geomaterial with squeezing characteristics and tunnel wall converges significantly with time. (2) Visco-Plastic Response of Deep Tunnels Based on a Fractional Damage Creep Constitutive Model, published in Acta Geotechnica, 2022. Hard rock tunnels under high geo-stresses, and weak, soft rock tunnels show evident continued deformation after excavation, which is closely associated with the time-dependent behavior of rocks. In this paper, a novel fractional damage visco-plastic model was put forward to describe the creep response of rocks with the following elements: an Abel dashpot, a damaged Abel dashpot coupled with damage formulation that is based on a statistical distribution of microfractures, elastic spring, and Hoek–Brown plastic element. (3) Viscous-Elastic-Plastic Response of Tunnels in Squeezing Ground Conditions: Analytical Modeling and Experimental Validation, published in the International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences, 2021. This paper proposes a new visco-elastic-plastic solution for deep circular tunnel under squeezing conditions. The model is composed of Mohr-Coulomb plasticity and Burger’s model for visco-elastic material.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 May 2025 08:54:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2543879</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Strain Response and Creep Behavior of Asphalt Mixture Based on Multi-Damage Fractional Visco-Elasto-Plastic Constitutive Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2525502</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aims to accurately represent the strain response and cumulative strain of asphalt mixture by constitutive model and to further investigate its creep behavior. For this, dynamic loading tests of asphalt mixture were conducted under different temperature and stress conditions, and the investigation into the strain response variations showed that different mechanical properties of asphalt mixture have different evolutionary processes. Then, the fractional visco-elasto-plastic constitutive model was constructed to express the strain response under intermittent haversine loading. Furthermore, by analyzing the evolutions of the different mechanical properties, the multi-damage fractional visco-elasto-plastic constitutive model was developed by introducing multiple relative damage variables to reflect different mechanical properties. Subsequently, analytical solutions for strain response and cumulative strain were derived, and a methodology for identifying model parameters was proposed. The results demonstrated that effectiveness of model application was excellent: fitting correlation coefficients averaged above 0.997 for cumulative strain curves under 15 test conditions; fitting correlation coefficients for tens of thousands of strain response were mostly clustered above 0.98. Creep behavior of asphalt mixture expressed by MD-FVEP model was the dynamic evolution where viscous strain decreased and viscoplastic strain increased. The steady-state creep stage resulted from dynamic equilibrium between viscous strain gradually decreasing and viscoplastic strain gradually increasing. Evolutions of viscous and viscoplastic relative damage variables showed clear environmental correlations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Apr 2025 14:48:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2525502</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enhanced flow number prediction of asphalt mixtures using stacking ensemble-based machine learning model and grey relational analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2496825</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The flow number (FN) is used as a key indicator of the rutting susceptibility of asphalt mixtures. However, traditional testing methods for FN are costly and complex to implement. This study aimed to develop machine learning (ML) models for predicting FN using four algorithms: Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forests (RF), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB). A comprehensive experimental database, comprising 14 distinct features and 1005 instances, was utilized for model development. Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) was applied to evaluate the significance of individual features on FN and select critical features before modeling. Furthermore, the Stacking ensemble method was employed to integrate four base models, resulting in a more robust predictor. The results indicated that the stacking ensemble-based ML model outperforms individual base models, achieving enhanced prediction accuracy for FN, with a remarkable MSE of 0.0027, MAE of 0.0134, and R² of 0.9920. Compared to other models, there was approximately a 90 % reduction in both MSE and MAE for the stacking model, underscoring the effectiveness of stacking in integrating the strengths of different base models and reducing the errors of individual models. The stacking ensemble-based ML model with GRA provides a robust and adaptable approach for accurately predicting the FN of asphalt mixtures. These findings offer valuable insights for research on asphalt pavement design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Mar 2025 15:11:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2496825</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing the impact of volumetric mix-design parameters and compaction levels on rutting performance of asphalt pavements: a comprehensive analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509311</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The research explores the impact of specific factors, such as air-void levels, mix design voids in mineral aggregates (VMA), and on-site voids, on the susceptibility of asphalt mixtures to rutting. Employing mechanistic analyses and leveraging the AASHTOWare Pavement Design program, it integrates a viscoplastic 'shift' material model with structural analysis to forecast rutting performance. The investigation primarily focuses on a 12.5 mm maximum aggregate size hot mix asphalt with PG 64–22 binder and 22% RAP content. Various mix designs are considered, including air-voids at 3%, 4%, and 5%, VMAs at 13%, 14%, and 15%, and on-site voids at 5%, 7%, and 9%. Testing protocols encompass Dynamic Modulus, triaxial repeated loading permanent deformation, and triaxial stress sweep tests. Findings consistently highlight the correlation between viscoelastic properties and rutting predictions, underscoring the significance of designed VMA levels in mechanistic analyses, and the role of air-void levels in Pavement Mechanistic-Empirical analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Feb 2025 10:46:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509311</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characterization of permanent deformation of asphalt pavement with rigid base</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2490221</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To better characterize the permanent deformation (PD)of asphalt pavement with rigid base, visco-elastic-plastic damage constitutive model was derived for asphalt mixtures. Dynamic modulus, multi-level interval loading and constant rate compression tests were carried out on typical asphalt mixture (AC-13) to calibrate the proposed constitutive model. A three-dimensional finite element model of rigid base asphalt pavement was created in ABAQUS and validated with flow number tests. The UMAT subroutine characterized the visco-elastic-plastic properties of the asphalt mixture, and the DLOAD subprogram simulated real traffic loads to assess the permanent deformation (PD) under repetitive loading. Results show that the accumulative deformation of the asphalt layer increases continuously with repeated loads, but the increasing rate gradually slows down. Compared to flexible base pavements, asphalt pavements with rigid bases exhibit significantly less total rutting; however, the PD in the asphalt layer increases by 21 %. This highlights the need for anti-deformation design and rutting maintenance for asphalt layers with rigid bases. The PD of the asphalt layer with rigid base was influenced by the trade-off between the stress level and layer thickness. Overall, it follows a pattern of “firstly decreases and then increases” with the thickness of asphalt layer. The appropriate thickness of asphalt layer with rigid base is recommended to be 10–14 cm. Given the uniqueness of PD for asphalt layer with rigid base, the MEPDG rutting model was modified to more accurately predict the PD of asphalt pavement with rigid base. The findings can provide reference for the performance prediction, structural design and material selection of asphalt pavement with rigid base.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Feb 2025 13:45:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2490221</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Unified Approach to Solder Joint Life Prediction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1787485</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A unified approach has been developed and applied to solder joint life prediction in this paper, which indicates a breakthrough for solder joint reliability simulation. It includes the material characterization of solder alloys, the testing of solder joint specimens, a unified viscoplastic constitutive framework with damage evolution, numerical algorithm development and implementation, and experimental validation. The emphasis of this report focuses on the algorithm development and experimental verification of proposed viscoplasticity with damage evolution.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Jan 2025 09:33:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1787485</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of field aging on viscoelastoplastic performance of rubberized asphalt mixtures incorporating reclaimed asphalt pavement in arid urban climate</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2435131</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the effects of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and crumb rubber-modified asphalt (CRMA) on the viscoelastoplastic properties of asphalt mixtures under a range of aging conditions. Six asphalt mixtures, with varying RAP contents (0 %, 30 %, and 50 %) and CRMA modifications, were evaluated through dynamic modulus (|E*|) and flow number (FN) analyses. The specimens were subjected to authentic field-aging conditions for periods of 0, 3, 6, and 9 months. The results reveal that increasing RAP content enhances volumetric properties, Marshall stability, and rutting resistance. CRMA significantly improves fatigue performance and further bolsters rutting resistance, although some detrimental effects are observed at lower temperatures. Aging has a pronounced impact on the mixtures’ performance, particularly on |E*|, Prony series coefficients, viscoelastic strain (εve), and viscoplastic strain (εvp). Newly proposed aging indices, the dynamic modulus aging index (DMAI) and viscoplastic aging index (VPAI), effectively capture the changes in viscoelastoplastic behavior under different aging durations. These findings underscore the potential of RAP and CRMA to enhance pavement durability, prolong service life, and contribute to the development of sustainable and resilient infrastructure. The research offers valuable insights into the performance of asphalt mixtures incorporating RAP and CRMA under real-world conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Oct 2024 17:23:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2435131</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Viscoelastic-viscoplastic characterization of asphalt mixtures based on the locally homogenous model simulations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2345236</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Asphalt pavement performs viscoelastic-viscoplastic behavior under traffic loadings during its service life. The heterogeneous internal structure formed by the randomly distributed aggregates makes the viscoplastic behavior of the asphalt mixture unpredictable, which limits the improvement of the service performance of asphalt pavements. To this end, this study proposed a viscoelastic-viscoplastic homogenization method using the Mori-Tanaka theory that incorporates the viscoplastic behavior of asphaltic materials. Based on the volume contents of the elastic aggregate inclusions and the viscoelastic-viscoplastic asphalt mortar matrix within asphaltic composites, the homogeneous viscoelastic performances in the linear stage and viscoplastic behavior in the nonlinear stage can be effectively predicted. In addition, the shape features of aggregate inclusion can be considered by specifying the axial lengths in the homogeneous method. Combined with the locally homogeneous models in previous studies, the proposed method can characterize the viscoelastic and viscoplastic performance of different asphalt mixtures with higher efficiency and accuracy. Asphalt mixtures with dense-graded (AC-13) and gap-graded (SMA-13) aggregate structures were reconstructed by the three-dimensional locally homogeneous models. Laboratory experiments were conducted to identify the viscoelastic and viscoplastic parameters of the asphalt mortar matrix. The stress-strain responses of the developed locally homogeneous models were simulated based on the User-material (UMAT) programming in ABAQUS finite element software. The results provided comprehensive information on the different viscoplastic behavior of the dense- and gap-graded mixtures, which proves the capabilities of the proposed method. Besides, the proposed study can provide necessary references in future pavement analyses and constructions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Apr 2024 09:38:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2345236</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Variable speed mixing test and mixing flowability of asphalt mixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2310447</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To know the mixing flowability in theory and quantitatively evaluate the mixing workability of the asphalt mixture, a variable speed mixing (VSM) test device was developed in our laboratory. Different asphalt mixtures are tested by recording the mixing power under different mixing speeds (20~50 r·min-1) and different mixing temperatures (130~180 °C) to analyze the mixing flowability. Afterwards, the mixing workability index was defined from rheological parameters by establishing the mixing flow model. The experimental results indicate that the mixing flowability of asphalt mixtures obeys the linear Bingham’s visco-plastic model, which conducts two mixing rheological parameters including the mixing plastic limit and the mixing viscosity by the intercept and slope of the flow straight respectively. When the mixing temperature increases, the mixing viscosity decreases and the workability index increases, but the mixing plastic limit is not affected. With the increase of the nominal maximum particle size of asphalt mixtures, the mixing plastic limit increases and the workability index decreases, but the mixing viscosity is not affected. The asphalt becomes more viscous as the asphalt content increase, which leads to worse workability. The composition of aggregate determines the mixing plastic limit, and the viscosity of asphalt mortar determines the mixing viscosity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Mar 2024 17:36:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2310447</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of Features of Natural Soft Clay on Embankment Behavior</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2213272</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper aims to investigate the influence of different features of natural soft clays, namely anisotropy, destructuration, on modeling the long-term behavior of embankments. The newly developed elasto-viscoplastic model is used for this purpose. The parameters determined from conventional triaxial and oedometer tests are employed for simulations, with additional parameters required representing different soil features. The finite element predictions by using the model coupled with Biot's consolidation theory compare the results for settlement, horizontal displacement and excess pore pressures. All simulations demonstrate that all three features influence significantly the predictions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Feb 2024 16:24:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2213272</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simultaneous evaluation of rutting-stripping performance and cracking resistance for asphalt mixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2267451</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, the influence of volumetric properties on viscoplastic (VP) deformation, stripping, and cracking performance of asphalt mixtures and the corresponding correlations between these three performance indices were comparatively investigated based on the Hamburg Wheel Tracking Test (HWTT) and Overlay Test (OT) results. A total of 20 different types of asphalt mixtures were comparatively evaluated and divided into two groups, namely: one group for the asphalt mixtures with stripping and another group for the asphalt mixtures without stripping. It was observed that the aggregate gradations of asphalt mixtures prone to stripping were mostly fine graded, and that, the effect of aggregate gradation was more pronounced than that of the asphalt binder content. Additionally, even though the average OT peak loads for all the asphalt mixtures were similar, the numbers of OT load cycles to failure for the fine-graded asphalt mixtures were over twice higher than those with coarse aggregate gradations. Also, whilst the VP deformation and cracking of the asphalt mixtures with stripping were positively correlated, the response-trends for the non-stripping asphalt mixtures were indeterminate. In general, the stripping characteristics were found to be related to the cracking resistance potential, further suggesting that the occurrence of stripping could be largely due to adhesive fracturing between the asphalt binder and the aggregates. Overall, the test results and study findings indicated a potential feasibility to predict and estimate the performance indices (i.e., deformation, rutting, stripping, cracking resistance, etc.) from amongst each other for the asphalt mixtures that are prone to stripping.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Nov 2023 17:05:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2267451</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Advanced fatigue and rutting characterisation of Polish asphalt mixtures based on the VECD model and viscoplastic shift model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2173141</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The advanced asphalt mixture performance-related specifications (AM-PRS) recently developed in USA can allow an optimisation of the design process of asphalt pavements thanks to the possibility to fully take into account the intrinsic material properties. In this study, four typical Polish mixtures, i.e. a Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) for wearing course, two mixtures for binder course with neat bitumen or Polymer modified Bitumen (PmB), and a mixture for asphalt base course with neat bitumen, were investigated by applying such advanced framework. The fatigue performance was studied through the simplified viscoelastic continuum damage (S-VECD) approach, whereas the rutting properties were assessed through the viscoplastic theory of the shift model. The findings were consistent with the composition of the studied mixtures, demonstrating the reliability and applicability of the AM-PRS even for typical Polish mixtures. Specifically, the high amount of soft PmB made the SMA mixture tough against fatigue cracking, but also more prone to rutting. The two binder mixtures exhibited good performance against both fatigue and rutting, and the polymer modification improved the toughness and increased the stiffness at high temperatures. The base mixture is expected to suffer fatigue cracking more than rutting, likely due to the low amount of bitumen and coarser aggregate gradation. These results can be used in the future for pavement performance predictions with FlexPAVETM software programme to ultimately optimise the design of Polish pavements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Oct 2023 17:36:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2173141</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of a generalised creep-recovery test and a back-calculation method for determining the permanent deformation of asphalt mixtures in the time domain</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2173152</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The measured strain during a creep-recovery (CR) test comprises both reversible and irreversible strains; therefore, adequate treatment is required to accurately separate them. In this paper, a generalised version of the CR test was proposed to investigate the permanent deformation behaviour of asphalt mixtures exerted by a variety of loading patterns in the time domain. The companion back-calculation algorithm was also proposed to separate with improved accuracy and repeatability the pure viscoelastic (VE) and viscoplastic (VP) strains. First, the creep compliance (CC) was back-calculated based only on the recovery data by using an approximate analytical creep compliance function of the Huet-Sayegh model as the solution function in the optimisation process. Then, the pure VE and VP strains were determined. The results show that the proposed method attains a good level of reliability although relatively short durations of the recovery period have been used.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Oct 2023 17:00:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2173152</guid>
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