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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>VISCOELASTIC CONTINUUM DAMAGE MODEL OF ASPHALT CONCRETE WITH HEALING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/542618</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A viscoelastic constitutive model of asphalt mixtures that accounts for the rate-dependent damage growth and microdamage healing is presented in this paper.  An elastic continuum damage model, which is based on thermodynamics of irreversible processes with internal state variables, is first reviewed and extended to a corresponding viscoelastic model using an elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle.  A rate-type internal state evolution law is employed to describe the damage growth and microdamage healing in asphalt concrete.  An analytical representation of the model is established for the uniaxial loading condition.  Tensile uniaxial cyclic tests were performed under the controlled-strain mode with different strain amplitudes to determine model parameters.  The resulting constitutive model successfully predicts the damage growth and recovery in asphalt concrete under multilevels of loading, varying rates of loading, different modes of loading (controlled-strain and controlled-stress), and random rest periods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/542618</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STRUCTURAL CONTROL: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/577537</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This tutorial/survey paper:  (1) provides a concise point of departure for researchers and practitioners alike wishing to assess the current state of the art in the control and monitoring of civil engineering structures; and (2) provides a link between structural control and other fields of control theory, pointing out both differences and similarities, and points out where future research and application efforts are likely to prove fruitful.  The paper consists of the following sections:  section 1 is an introduction; section 2 deals with passive energy dissipation; section 3 deals with active control; section 4 deals with hybrid and semiactive control systems; section 5 discusses sensors for structural control; section 6 deals with smart material systems; section 7 deals with health monitoring and damage detection; and section 8 deals with research needs.  An extensive list of references is provided in the appendix.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 02 Nov 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/577537</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>METHOD OF MIXED TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAINS FOR DISCRETELY SUPPORTED RAILS TO TRANSIENT LOADS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/467878</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this report, the vertical displacement of a railway rail due to a traveling vertical point load of variable intensity is calculated.  The rail is modeled as a Euler beam, and the sleepers as simple, non-equidistant supports which lie on viscoelastic rail pads and ballast.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Dec 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/467878</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECT OF FLEXIBILITY ON IMPEDANCE FUNCTIONS FOR CIRCULAR FOUNDATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/408890</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates the effect of foundation rigidity on vertical and rocking impedances for a circular foundation on a viscoelastic soil medium, as well as the influence on coupling and horizontal impedances on flexible foundation.  The deformation of the foundation and the displacement field in the soil medium due to interaction stresses are determined using a substructure technique.  Then, the imposition of a variational principle helps determine the displacement continuity condition of the flexible foundation and soil medium substructures to generate the impedances for the flexible foundation.  To demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented procedure, comparison with some previous numerical results is made.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Aug 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/408890</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LATERAL CYCLIC RESPONSE OF PILE IN VISCOELASTIC WINKLER SUBGRADE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/389817</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An analytical solution is described for the low-frequency cyclic response of a pile in a linear viscoelastic Winkler subgrade. The governing differential equation was solved with a Laplace transformation.  The details are described of the study in which the Laplace inverse integration was evaluated on a complex plane using a contour integration.  Simple expressions were developed for the maximum responses along the depth and for the spring and dashpot parameters of a pile at its head.  These expressions can be used to roughly evaluate the 2-way cyclic response of a pile foundation exhibiting the hysteresis nature.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/389817</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ASPHALT RESEARCH IN THE NETHERLANDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/385932</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper gives a state of the art and the latest results of the asphalt research performed within the so called TWAO-research group as sponsored by the Dutch Roads and Hydraulic Department of Rijkswaterstaat. The final goal of the research program is to develop an easy-to-handle pavement design method based on a visco-elastic material model concerning both fatigue and rutting. In the Netherlands rutting resistance of asphalt concrete is tested in, among other tests, the wheel tracking test. The first part of the research was devoted to qualifying the effect of the boundary conditions of the test which have a significant influence on the test results. In the second part four different calculation models were used to simulate the wheel tracking test and to compare the results among each other.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Dec 1993 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/385932</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CRASH PADDING RESEARCH. VOLUME II: CONSTITUTIVE EQUATION MODELS. FINAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/273597</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Several simplified one-dimensional constitutive equations for viscoelastic materials are reviewed and found to be inadequate for representing the impact-response performance of strongly nonlinear materials.  Two multi-parameter empirical models are developed in accordance with consistency criteria which assure the existence of a constitutive equation.  Curve-fitting procedures are derived for each model, and the models are applied to test data previously developed for Uniroyal Ensolite AAC foam rubber. The accuracy of dynamic performance representation provided by each model is assessed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Dec 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/273597</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CRASH PADDING RESEARCH. VOLUME III: IMPACT ANALYSIS AND MODEL VALIDATION. FINAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/273605</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This final volume of the Crash Padding Research report summarizes the application of the laboratory material model developed in Volumes I and II to the prediction of impact behavior.  This involved embedding the material model in a simplified dynamic simulation of the occupant-vehicle impact.  The simulation is a computer program predicting force, acceleration, etc., versus time, based on fundamental inputs of the occupant's initial speed, mass, and geometry, the vehicle's structural stiffness, and the laboratory model for padding.  By comparing simulation predictions with impact test results, the computer simulation has been validated for impact scenarios involving metal structures similar to an automobile dashboard.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Dec 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/273605</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ATTENUATION OF SHOCKS BY VISCOELASTIC SUPPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/276627</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The method of singular surfaces was used in a recent paper to develop a numerical procedure for calculating the growth and decay of the amplitude of shock waves propagating into a one-dimensional nonlinearly elastic body.  Here we extend this approach to estimate the influence of such external effects as elastic support and viscous friction on the propagation of shocks.  We conclude that even in the case of a homogeneous linearly elastic material these external effects account for some attenuation of the amplitude of the shock and/or the secondary waves.  Further analysis of a nonlinear elastic material readily shows that an increase in the viscosity produces, among other things, a slower growth of the shock amplitude and that for some critical value it will even start with a decay.  Numerical examples illustrate the applicability of the technique in the case of a homogeneous nonlinear elastic body subjected to external viscous friction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Oct 1986 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/276627</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>JOINT SOLUTION OF DIFFUSION AND EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS FOR NON-LINEAR VISCOUS SOILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/196513</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The joint solution of the diffusion equation and equilibrium equations for saturated non-linear viscous soils is the subject of this study.  The incremental rheological relationships incorporated in equilibrium equations are of hypoelastic type.  They correspond to a non-linear kelvin body.  For the numerical solution the finite element method has been applied.  A system of non-linear algebraic equations has been obtained.  They have been solved iteratively by using the Newton method. For application in plane-strain problems the element introduced in the analysis is a non-linear generalization of the Sandhu-Wilson linear strain triangle.  For rectangular homogeneous plane strain domains with surface distributed load the computer program has been elaborated. It has been successfully checked by the application to a clay layer subjected to a uniformly distributed surface load.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/196513</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CONSOLIDATION OF NON-LINEAR VISCOUS SOILS: NUMERICAL ASPECTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/196514</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper presents the material model for a soil exhibiting visco-plastic properties, the coupled quasi-static theory of visco-plastic consolidation of soils, the numerical solution technique, its computer implementation and its performance for the analysis of the coupled visco-plastic consolidation of a soft soil.  The attention is focused on the details of the solution method, numerical procedures and the accuracy of solution.  A saturated soil layer of finite thickness, lying on a rigid base and subjected to a gradually increasing load uniformly distributed over the entire soil surface is analysed.  The investigations show that the accuracy of the solution varies at chosen parameters of the numerical method, such as number of time integration steps, with physical parameters, e.g. permeability coefficient, and with loading parameters considered here, at moderately increasing loads the results prove to be accurate enough. The accuracy, however, decreases, or the solution even fails to converge, when the permeability is sufficiently small or when the rate of the load increase is too large, or both. Numerical experiments show that in such cases the only possible cure to improve the accuracy is to dense a finite element mesh.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/196514</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INCREMENTAL MATRIX FORM OF AN ELASTIC VISCOPLASTIC MODEL FOR SOILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/196515</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Incremental stress-strain-time relationships have been developed for an elastic viscoplastic model of soils exhibiting the following particularities: (a) for the distortional part of plastic strain components the yield surfaces are open-ended circular cylinders whose axis is the space diagonal, while for the spheric part the yield surfaces are octahedral planes perpendicular to the space diagonal.  (b) an associative flow rule has been applied. (C) yield functions are expressed in terms of octahedral values of stresses and strains and of time.  The resulting relationships have the form (eq 39) (do') = (M) (de) + (T) dt.  The matrix (M) and vector (t) depend on stresses and on differential quotients of yield functions with respect to octahedral strains and to time.  Particular expressions of these differential quotients have been presented for yield functions corresponding to the behaviour of soil as a non-linear kelvin body.  Prevost and hoeg's incremental plasticity theory has been considered as a special case of the prsent relationships.  In a preceding study (Saje, Kovacic and Suklje, 1979) the simultaneous solution of diffusion and equilibrium equations was developed, in plain strain conditions, for saturated soils whose visco-hypoelastic model was presented in the same incremental matrix form; the composition of the matrix (M) and vector (t) is different, their members, however, depend upon the same parameters.  Thus, the preceding solution can be applied also for rheological relationships developed in the present paper.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/196515</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANALYSIS OF RIGID PAVEMENT ON VISCOELASTIC FOUNDATIONS SUBJECTED TO MOVING LOADS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/187939</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The dynamic behaviour of road structure has been analysed by idealizing the subgrade with different viscoelastic models having three and four elements.  Complex Fourier transformation has been used to solve the resulting differential equations.  The results are presented in non-dimensional form.  A detailed study has been made to determine the effect of different parameters on the deflection and moment of the pavement.  Also, the relative implications of idealizing the subgrade with different viscoelastic models have been studied.  A numerical example has been solved.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Mar 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/187939</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>APPLICATIONS OF STEEL PIPE PILES IN JAPAN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/173401</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes and illustrates the utilization of steel pipe piles in foundations built on soft soils in Japan, including the techniques of sheet pile construction and prepacked concrete foundations.  To counteract the effects of negative skin friction on pipe piles, the current practice in Japan is to apply a special viscoelastic asphalt coating.  The paper also discusses methods of corrosion control and their effectiveness, noise pollution control, and outlines the use of an automatic welding machine.(a) (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Dec 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/173401</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PARAMETER EFFECTS ON DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF FROZEN SOILS-CLOSURE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/154294</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The writer thanks Chae for his comments on the importance of frequency on the dynamic properties of frozen soils.  The writer does not disagree with the theoretical considerations presented by Chae on the frequency dependence of dynamic properties of viscoelestic materials.  The writer regrets overlooking the data presented by Chae (38) on the effect of frequency on the complex dynamic modulus and dynamic viscosity of processed snow.  However, the writer is still of the opinion that the laboratory results to date for frozen soils indicate that the effect of frequency is "relatively unimportant" on dynamic stress-strain properties and "probably important" on energy obsorbing properties (Table 5).  This assessment of the importance of frequency is, of course, relative to other parameters presented in Table 1. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Oct 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/154294</guid>
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