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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Spatial Access to Metro Transit Villages and Housing Prices in Seoul, Korea</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1632317</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As many cities face traffic congestion, pollution, and urban sprawl, transit villages with transit-oriented development (TOD) and higher ridership have been a core theme for academics and professionals. Evaluating access to metro transit villages with higher transit demand is critical to assess how TOD and changed transit demand affect neighborhoods. Few studies have measured spatial access to metro transit villages by combining street configuration and metro ridership to identify its effects on property prices. This study used five newly developed accessibility and centrality measures to simultaneously capture street configuration and metro ridership within a neighborhood. The empirical models confirmed the effects of accessibility and centrality to metro transit villages on housing prices considering multiple walkable neighborhood scales. The models revealed that accessibility and centrality to metro transit villages with higher ridership were capitalized in higher housing prices within a 2-km network radius. However, prices of houses that were too close to metro stations obtained weaker premiums due to negative externalities such as crowdedness, congestion, and noise. Residents value housing in walkable neighborhoods with dense, interconnected streets directly routed to metro stations, and transit-oriented communities with higher metro ridership.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Jul 2019 10:11:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1632317</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Design of a Flywheel Based Energy Storage and Distribution System for Rural Villages in China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1430466</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There are 30 million people in remote, rural communities in China without access to electricity. The government of China has initiated an ongoing effort to provide constant, reliable power to these citizens. Renewable energy is being utilized to solve this problem, which necessitates the use of a storage medium for energy, because renewable energies (i.e. wind and/or solar power) are inherently intermittent, variable, and largely unpredictable. By storing excess energy when it is plentiful (for a maximum feasible time of two days) and distributing it to the community in times of scarcity, the intermittent power is effectively leveled and auxiliary power is provided.         A high-inertia flywheel was designed for this application because of its simplicity, ease of maintenance, low cost, and reliability. This design addresses many problems including bearing losses, aerodynamic losses, and distribution losses. The proposed design consists of a six spoke layout with a large outer ring. A flywheel of approximately 152 tons, combined with a grid system and a renewable energy source, will provide constant power for a village of approximately 200 residents with enough energy for up to two days without additional input. The grid system will convert a range of output voltages and frequencies from the output flywheel generator to constant 220 VAC at 50 Hz for consumer use.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 May 2019 11:06:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1430466</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Study on the Evaluation Index of Service Quality for Village Roads: A Case Study of Villages in China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1572398</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recently, with the increasing demand of public transportation in rural areas, existing road infrastructures in villages have become a bottleneck in the development of rural regions in China. However, there exist no specific indexes on the quantitative assessment of existing village roads, which is important for policy making on whether constructions or reconstructions are required, regarding their service capability and quality so far. To fill the knowledge gap, the paper made a classification of existing villages and identified appropriate indexes to evaluate the performance of rural roads. Through a comprehensive study of relevant works and the investigation of village roads, three indexes were proposed: service level index, road network extension index (μvr) and parking index. A case study was also presented to demonstrate the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed indexes. Through analyses of several villages in the southern and northern of China, the importance of village roads was discussed and some countermeasures were put forward. Results in the case study indicated that three indexes proposed in this paper were effective and valuable to assist in the evaluation and analysis of the existing village roads, which may provide references for the further construction or reconstruction of village roads.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2019 15:50:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1572398</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A method of performance audit of constituent entities of the Russian Federation to prevent road accident injuries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1577558</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Nowadays, deaths and injuries of people in road accidents represent an important issue of global healthcare. In the Russian Federation, main causes of death and disability among people of various age include road accident injuries. Such injuries are also high on the list of factors which affected the significant number of severe accidents and their consequences. The vast majority (95.7%) of those accidents occurred in cities and villages. Nearly two-thirds (61.2%) of the total number of minors (pedestrians) who became victims of road accidents were constituted by students of secondary schools at the age of 7–14. Road accident injuries in children can be prevented with the help of active forms of teaching to behave safely on roads of inhabited localities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Feb 2019 17:13:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1577558</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing the Disaster Resistance Ability of Road Infrastructure in Village and Town Regions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1558912</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Compared with urban regions, there is relatively less research on the disaster resistance ability of infrastructure in village and town regions. The lower disaster resistance ability of infrastructure has negative impacts on the post-disaster prevention and rehabilitation of village and town regions. It is necessary that the disaster resistance ability of infrastructure in village and town regions is assessed specialized. This paper reviewed previous studies on the disaster resistance ability of infrastructure and its assessment method in village and town regions. Then, the evaluation system is constructed for the disaster resistance ability of infrastructure in village and town regions. This evaluation system includes three sub-evaluation systems: road evaluation system, distribution network evaluation system, and electricity evaluation system. Cloud model is used to calculate the weight of evaluation index. Finally, through the actual assessment of the Shenzhen Tuyang Village to find the local infrastructure is at a moderate level, which in urgent need of improvement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 12 Feb 2019 16:25:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1558912</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rural location-based activity generation: a case study of Iran villages</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1507882</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Efficacious transportation, as prerequisites of sustainable development of rural areas, should receive pertinent attention. This needs more attention in developing countries as nearly half of population in these countries reside in rural areas. However, still little is known about the activity and travel characteristics of rural residents. This study focuses on activity-location (Ac-Lo) patterns of rural residents in Iran. An interview of place-based questionnaire was designed and data about activity-travel characteristics of rural residents was collected. In total, 663 respondents were used for analyzing out-of-home Ac-Lo patterns. Based on a descriptive analysis of Ac-Lo characteristics of the sample, 10 Ac-Lo patterns were determined, differentiated according to the primary and secondary activity type and the primary activity location of rural residents. To explore the relations between Ac-Lo patterns and socio-demographic characteristics of rural residents and the type of village, logit models were used. Based on specification test, two nested logit structures were identified modeling the joint decision of choosing activity and location. The first structure was nested based on activity location, inside or outside the village, while the second was nested based on primary activity type, work, education and other activities. The selected structure emphasized the role of activity location in activity-travel patterns in rural areas. The results also demonstrated the important role of socio-demographic variables and job type of rural residents on joint Ac-Lo decisions. Village type of either near to city or far from it was the only variable appeared in the higher level of the nested structure, and had a significant influence on individuals’ membership of the inside the village Ac-Lo patterns.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Apr 2018 16:42:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1507882</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>RESEARCH ON THE POLICY SYSTEM AND VILLAGE RECONSTRUCTION AFTER THE MEIJI SANRIKU TSUNAMI</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1490160</link>
      <description><![CDATA[ In the process of reconstruction after the Showa Sanriku tsunami, a social improvement policy based on the movement of economical rehabilitation for villages was implemented in addition to the rebuilding of damaged houses and land at many villages. And, the author revealed how the villages after the Showa Sanriku tsunami reconstructed after the Showa Sanriku tsunami in his previous paper. On the other hand, there are not many studies on the reconstruction of the Meiji Sanriku tsunami. Therefore, this paper aims to clarify the reconstruction of the early stage modern state by analyzing the policy of the administration after the Meiji Sanriku tsunami and the reality of the reconstruction in the affected villages. The central government's involvement in the reconstruction was limited, the Meiji government only supplied fund. Moreover, the amount of fund supply was not sufficient. However, due to the fact that many donations from the private sector gathered, the amount of relief provided to the victims was enough to reconstruct small houses. On the other hand, local governments played leading roles. For instance, Miyagi Prefecture encouraged relocation of affected villages, and borne the cost of maintenance of the contact road. Iwate Prefecture dispatched staff to affected villages and supported industrial reconstruction. Using cadastral maps and land registers, the paper investigates the details of physical reconstruction of Kirikiri village, among the 122 damaged houses, 52 were found to have been relocated to the higher places. And it seems that it was restricted to live in an area close to the sea, despite lack of administrative guidance. Industrial reconstruction was promptly accomplished through appropriate measures according to the situation of the villages through efforts of staff dispatched from the prefecture and influential people of the villages.  Even though it was not enough, the national fund was put into the afflicted area and used for the reconstruction of the victimized villages. Such situation was not seen in disaster recovery before the early modern (Edo period), which was limited to the relief of the poor. However, it was local governments such as prefectures and counties that played important roles in actually rebuilding industries and houses in the affected villages. However, it should be noted that some fortune, such as good fishery and large donations, helped the quick recovery after the tsunami.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Jan 2018 10:39:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1490160</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Residential segregation and commuting patterns of migrant workers in China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1466085</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In China, many rural migrant workers experience residential segregation and live in urbanizing villages, due to China’s unique institutional context (e.g. land tenure system, hukou system) as well as exclusionary housing regulations. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether these urbanizing villages provide good job accessibility for rural migrant workers. The authors explore this problem by investigating the commuting patterns of migrant workers. Through a survey conducted in 2009 across four mega-regions in China that are currently experiencing rapid urbanization, the authors, household socioeconomic status, and whether the migrant worker is living in an urbanizing village or not. From residential address information collected in the survey, the authors constructed a group of built environment variables. Using IV Tobit models to address the endogeneity issues associated with residential location choice, the authors' analyses show that these urbanizing villages actually provide relatively good accessibility to job opportunities. This result is different from what is suggested by the spatial mismatch literature based on U.S. data. This research helps to fill the gap in the literature on the relationship between residential segregation, built environment and travel behavior in the Chinese context. The findings have implications for policymaking, especially when many government officials are proposing to demolish urbanizing villages without fully realizing the benefits of these villages. This research could also provide useful information for other developing countries facing residential segregation of migrants or immigrants.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 May 2017 15:27:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1466085</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sustainable Mobility, Liability, and Public Space in Historic Village Cores: Case Study of Lija, Malta</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1437417</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Since the 1990s the Structure Plan for the Maltese Islands has sought to guide planning in the island state of Malta to encourage socio-economic development, to promote the efficient use of land, and to help improve the environment. The early 90s also witnessed the introduction of Local Councils, representing a first step in the devolution of central state powers on the islands. Amongst their more operational functions within urban areas, the Local Councils are intended to upkeep, maintain and improve roads, to establish and maintain open public spaces, pedestrian and parking areas, and to propose changes in traffic schemes. This paper presents the case study of Lija, a historical village in Malta, and the process involved in the development of a sustainable mobility and urban environment strategy. The objectives of this paper are; (i) to describe the situation in Lija and assess the potential for improving livability, (ii) to document the development of a strategy for sustainable mobility and enhanced quality of life, (iii) to identify the challenges and gaps in the planning and regulatory framework for proposals by Local Councils. The study uses field surveys for the collection of base data and direct observation, with the authors being involved in the development of the strategy. Results show a considerable number of challenges that inhibit Councils’ abilities to be pro-active about their localities’ futures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 2017 10:43:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1437417</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Study on Road Design in Old Villages Conducted by Land Consolidation Projects and Land Readjustment Projects in Nagoya City before World War II</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1427924</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many of old villages in the metropolitan suburbs, which established before 1919, keep characteristics of road network even if land consolidation projects and land readjustment projects were conducted in those villages. This paper tackles to grasp how the characteristic of road network was formed by analyzing road width, road network and road design based on the plan maps of land consolidation and land readjustment conducted in Nagoya city before World War II. As a results: Though road width of old villages became to be designed according to the Design Standard of Land Readjustment issued in 1933, road network was improved by maintaining route of existing roads even after those projects. Therefore, characteristics of old villages' road network can be maintained.旧都市計画法制定前から存在する古集落には，耕地整理や区画整理されても狭小な幅員の道路や複雑な形状の道路網が維持されたものがある。本研究は，戦前名古屋の郊外地域を対象に，確定図等をもとに幅員や道路網などの実態から，古集落の道路計画の特徴を把握することを目的とするものである。以下のことが明らかになった。耕地整理では古集落内には狭小な道路が多かったが，区画整理では古集落内でも1933年内務次官通牒の土地区画整理設計標準を満たす幅員で計画されるようになった。道路網は大きくグリッド型と有機型に分けられるが，耕地整理でも区画整理でも地区全体と同じグリッドパターンが一律に古集落に適用されたわけではなく，従前の集落形態に対応した道路網が選択された。また道路の幅員が拡大されても既存道路の踏襲率が高いことが，有機型古集落特有の道路基盤が維持される要因となっていた。さらに，有機型古集落の道路設計の事例分析から，古集落外の道路と古集落内の既存道路を結びつけるように道路が新設され道路網が計画されていることのほか，社寺や既存道路に配慮して集落構造を維持するあるいは再編する意図が窺える道路計画があることがわかった。]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Nov 2016 13:24:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1427924</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Fundamental Study of the Current and Future Using Buses in Mountainous Villages</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1427791</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent years, a various of local public transport are conducted in the nation. However, in the region, it is difficult to sustain them because there are few users of them. Therefore, it is important to consider how to keep users of local public transport for sustaining it. This study understood the current bus-use and the future intention to use one in mountainous villages, and clarified the factor and conscious structure for them. As a result, it is suggested that there are some bus-users who might stop using bus in the future. And then, it is also suggested that improvement in the assessment of riding and use affects both the current bus use and the future intention to use bus.日常生活行動により密着した地域生活交通として，乗合バス事業が多くの中山間集落で行われている．しかしながら，利用者が十分に確保できていないために減便・廃止となる事例がしばしばみられる．そこで本研究では，中山間集落のバスに対する現在のバス利用並びに将来のバス利用意向の実態把握と影響する要因を明らかにした．さらに，それらを踏まえ，現在のバス利用と将来のバス利用意向を一体的に扱い，両者に至るまでの意識構造を定量的に明らかにした．その結果，現在のバス利用については自動車の有無が，将来のバス利用意向については年齢構成が大きく影響していることが示唆された．また，バスに関する乗りやすさや利用しやすさに関する評価及び希望するサービス内容に対する意識は，現在のバス利用及び将来のバス利用意向に寄与することが示唆された．併せて，自動車の運転や家族等による送迎が難しくなるといった問題が起こった際は，通院・買物の便利さが低下するとともにバスに対する必要性が大きくなり，現在のバス利用や将来のバス利用意向に関する意識が向上することが示唆された．]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Nov 2016 13:24:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1427791</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimization Model for Town–Village Bus Service Frequency Design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1414530</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, a non-linear optimization model involving two objectives, i.e. the efficiency of the total travel time and the rate of return on an investment of public transportation companies, was proposed to dispatch buses on the town-village bus route from the perspective of the passengers and the operators. In addition, the law of gravitation was used to analyze the differences of passenger volumes owing to the different bus service frequency. Genetic algorithms were also introduced to solve the optimization model. Finally, the proposed methodology was applied to a town-village bus route in the city of Changzhou, China. The results showed that the model was well validated in terms of reliability and robustness, and could be practically used for the analysis and design of the town-village bus service frequency. Sensitivity analyses were also conducted to investigate the effects of weighting values on the performance of the proposed method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jul 2016 10:48:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1414530</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Planning Model of a Transit Village around a Subway Station</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1414535</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The construction of a transit village is one of the effective ways to achieve the concept of transit-oriented development (TOD) planning around major rail transit stations. The mismatch between land use intensity and carrying capacity of public transit, however, may lead to the deviation from expected planning vision, which makes it significant to put forward rational land use and intensity model for transit villages. This study summarized land use pattern and layout for transit villages around different types of subway stations, and the allowable intensity model has been presented to consider the carrying capacity of the metro line. The aim is to maximum the subway system ridership, and the decision variables are floor area ratios for all types of land use. The constraints include restrictions on land use density, land use combinations, and level of service facilities. An example has been conducted to illustrate the application and result of this model.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jul 2016 10:48:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1414535</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Concept of Village Regrouping as an Alternative Strategy for Sustainable Micro Regional Development</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1396007</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines how village regrouping can be used to provide and enhance sustainable development in the developing countries. The problems of this strategy are clearly spelled out to guide those responsible for development at grassroots level. The method involves the use of secondary data. The paper concludes by advocating for the establishment for an area planning authority at local government level with members drawn from all groups that have interest in land matters so as to design, plan and execute village regrouping for sustainable micro-regional developments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Feb 2016 15:27:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1396007</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Local Wisdom for Sustainable Development of Rural Tourism, Case on Kalibiru and Lopati Village, Province of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1395984</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tourist villages in the province of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta are growing rapidly. This is occurring because tourists began visiting places in small groups that focused on the experience of nature and culture. The development of the tourist village is in line with the demands of the rural as a tourist destination. Sustainability of a tourist village begins with the motivation to develop the village while preserving environmental sustainability. This research is conducted in Kalibiru and Lopati tourist villages to figure out community awareness’ driving factor about local wisdom upheld to maintain the rural environment which is the trademark of the tourist village. This study uses the participation of community to obtain data based on the community motivation. Observations by mapping and interviews were conducted to measure aspects of environmental conservation. The results are expected to become a model of conservation of nature-based tourism village by citizen participation and therefore can be implemented for the development of rural tourism in the future.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Feb 2016 15:27:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1395984</guid>
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