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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>PLANNING OF PROJECTS-EARTHWORKS-ROUMANIA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121921</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A REVIEW IS PRESENTED OF THE MEANS USED IN ROUMANIA TO DEAL WITH PROBLEMS CONCERNING THE STUDY AND EXECUTION OF HIGHWAY EARTHWORKS. TERRAIN RECONNAISANCE IS CONDUCTED, FOLLOWED BY ESTABLISHMENT OF THE THEMES FOR THE STUDIES OF TERRAIN (TOPOGRAPHY AND SOIL STUDIES). THE MANNER IS PRESENTED IN WHICH THE PROBLEMS CONCERNING THE STUDIES OF THE GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ALIGNMENT, NOTABLY THE CRITERIA WHICH LEAD TO THE CHOICE OF THE VALUES OF THE CHIEF GEOMETRIC ELEMENTS OF THE HIGHWAYS ARE TREATED. MEANS ARE REVIEWED BY WHICH THE CO-RELATION IS TREATED BETWEEN THE QUANTITIES OF EARTH IN CUT AND FILL. SOILS CLASSIFICATION IS REPRESENTED FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THEIR POSSIBILITIES OF USE IN THE EARTHWORKS FILL. SPECIFICATIONS ARE PRESENTED FOR THE DEGREE OF COMPACTION OF EARTHWORKS, IN RELATION TO THEIR DEPTH BENEATH THE ROAD PAVEMENT. IN ORDER TO REDUCE THE EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE, THE ENGINEERS PROPOSED TO PLACE A SPECIAL LAYER CALLED THE FORMATION LAYER IN THE UPPER PART OF THE EARTHWORKS. MATERIALS USED WILL BE STABILIZED WITH LIME FOR A THICKNESS OF 10 TO 15 CM IN THE FORMATION LAYER. THIS SYSTEM HAS GIVEN GOOD RESULTS FOR THE BEARING CAPACITY OF THE SOILS THUS IMPROVED. THE DEGREE OF COMPACTION OBTAINED IS CONTINUOUSLY CHECKED AND RAPID CONTROLS ARE CARRIED OUT WITH THE AID OF DEFLECTOMETER BEAMS OR RADIOMETRY. THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE EARTHWORKS IS CONDUCTED WITH THE AID OF MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT. AN EXPERIMENT CONCERNING THE EXECUTION OF SAND AND LIME PILES USING THE UNIDIRECTIONAL ENHARMONIC ELECTRIC VIBRATOR AS A METHOD OF SOIL CONSOLIDATION IS DESCRIBED.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121921</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PULSE VELOCITIES IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/104801</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VIBRATORY TESTING SYSTEMS FOR ESTIMATING THE STIFFNESS AND THICKNESS OF INDIVIDUAL PAVEMENT LAYERS IN PLACE IS BEING EVALUATED. THE SHELL ROAD VIBRATION MACHINE, A HIGH-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC VIBRATOR DEVELOPED BY THE ROYAL DUTCH SHELL COMPANY OF AMSTERDAM, HOLLAND, IS ONE DEVICE TESTED. A SERIES OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS STRUCTURES DESIGNED FOR THE SPECIFIC PURPOSE OF CALIBRATING THE SHELL VIBRATORY EQUIPMENT WAS CONSTRUCTED. THIS TEST FACILITY, CONSISTING OF 27 PAVEMENT SECTIONS CONSTRUCTED IN THREE PARALLEL LANES OF NINE SECTIONS EACH, WAS STATISTICALLY DESIGNED TO FURNISH A SELECTION OF PAVEMENT SECTIONS COMPOSED OF SUBGRADE, SUBBASE AND BASE LAYERS OF VARYING THICKNESS AND TYPE OF MATERIAL WITH A VARIABLE DEPTH OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE SURFACING. THE MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF THE TEST SECTIONS WAS VARIED. PULSE VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE ON LABORATORY SPECIMENS OF THE RESPECTIVE MATERIALS. THESE VELOCITIES WERE CONSIDERED INDICATIVE OF THE RELATIVE ELASTIC MODULI AND AIDED IN THE SELECTION AND POSITIONING OF THE SUBGRADE MATERIALS AND IN DETERMINING THE AMOUNT AND TYPE OF STABILIZING AGENT TO BE USED WITH THE CRUSHED LIMESTONE FOR THE BASE AND SUBBASE LAYERS. THE PULSE VELOCITY TECHNIQUE USING BOTH SHEAR AND COMPRESSIONAL MODES OF VIBRATION SUGGESTS ITSELF AS A PROMISING POSSIBILITY FOR FINDING THE ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Nov 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/104801</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AN INTERPRETATION OF VIBRATION TESTS ON ROADS BY THE IMPEDANCE METHOD</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/93671</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A DESCRIPTION IS GIVEN OF NEWLY DEVELOPED LIGHT EQUIPMENT FOR VIBRATION TESTING OF ROAD CONSTRUCTIONS. SINUSOIDAL LOADING IS PRODUCED BY MEANS OF AN ELECTRODYNAMIC VIBRATOR EXERTING VERTICAL FORCES ON THE SURFACE OF THE ROAD OR LAYER UNDER TEST. THE EQUIPMENT, MOUNTED ON A SPECIAL TRAILER, IS EXTREMELY FLEXIBLE FOR APPLICATION TO THIS TYPE OF TEST AND PERMITS RELIABLE RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED UNDER A WIDE VARIETY OF CONDITIONS. TWO TYPES OF TEST HAVE BEEN CARRIED OUT' IN THE IMPEDANCE METHOD, THE RATIO OF FORCE TO RESULTANT VELOCITY IS MEASURED IN AMPLITUDE AND PHASE; IN THE WAVE PROPAGATION METHOD, WAVELENGTHS ALONG THE SURFACE ARE DETERMINED. TESTS ARE CARRIED OUT OVER A FREQUENCY RANGE FROM 10 C/S TO 500 C/S IN THE IMPEDANCE METHOD AND UP TO 1,000 C/S IN THE WAVE PROPAGATION METHOD. MEASUREMENTS HAVE BEEN CARRIED OUT ON AN EXPERIMENTAL ROAD IN WHICH WIDELY VARYING TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION HAD BEEN INCLUDED. FROM THE IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS IT WAS POSSIBLE TO ASCRIBE DYNAMIC PARAMETERS TO EACH LAYER OF THE CONSTRUCTION AND, FROM THESE, STRESSES AT VARIOUS DEPTHS; AND ENERGY LOSSES IN THE VARIOUS LAYERS HAVE BEEN CALCULATED. THE POTENTIALITIES OF VIBRATION TESTING IN THE CONTROL, DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF ROAD CONSTRUCTIONS ARE BRIEFLY REVIEWED. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Oct 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/93671</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AN APPARATUS FOR MEASURING THE DYNAMIC STIFFNESS OF ROADS AND SOILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/97805</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE ARTICLE DESCRIBES A SMALL AND PORTABLE APPARATUS DESIGNED TO MEASURE THE DYNAMIC STIFFNESS OF ROADS AND SOILS UNDER SINUSOIDAL LOADING, AT FREQUENCIES BETWEEN 5 AND 1000 HZ. AN ELECTROMAGNETIC VIBRATOR APPLIES FORCES OF UP TO APPROXIMATELY 14 LB /ABOUT ITS DEAD WEIGHT OF 45 LB/ TO THE ROAD SURFACE, THE FORCE ITSELF AND THE RESULTING DISPLACEMENT OF THE ROAD SURFACE BEING MEASURED BY MEANS OF ELECTRICAL TRANSDUCERS FEEDING A PHASE-SENSITIVE VOLTMETER. VALUES OF THE ELASTIC STIFFNESS OF THE CONSTRUCTION AND VALUES OF THE DAMPING ARE OBTAINED. CHECK TESTS OF THE BEHAVIOR OF THE APPARATUS ARE DESCRIBED, AND SOME TYPICAL RESULTS ON VARIOUS TYPES OF ROAD PAVEMENT ARE GIVEN. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Sep 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/97805</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>USE OF THE VIBRATORY METHOD FOR SINKING PILES AND PILE SHELLS IN BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION IN THE USSR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/105542</link>
      <description><![CDATA[SEVERAL VIBRATORY DRIVERS ARE DESCRIBED WHICH WERE USED IN THE USSR IN BRIDGE GUILDING PRACTICE FOR SINKING PILES AND PILE SHELLS. ONE VIBRATORY DRIVER DESCRIBED IS BASED ON THE MECHANISM OF SINGLE FREQUENCY ACTION AND USES AN ELECTROMETER. THIS DRIVER IS USED IN BRIDGE BUILDING PRACTICE FOR SINKING INTO THE SOFT PILES, THE CRITICAL RESISTANCE OF WHICH DOES NOT EXCEED 100 METRIC TONS. THE SINKING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE PILES BY THIS VIBRATORY DRIVER WITH THE HELP OF A PILE DRIVING FRAME IS SHOWN, AND WITH THE HELP OF A CRANE. A SMALLER VIBRATORY DRIVER IS DESIGNED FOR SINKING INTO THE SOIL LIGHT PILES, THE CRITICAL RESISTANCE OF WHICH DOES NOT EXCEED 50 METRIC TONS. IT IS ALSO USED FOR SINKING STEEL AND WOODEN SHEET PILES. A VIBRATORY DRIVER IS SHOWN WHICH IS DESIGNED TO SINK INTO THE GROUND PILES WITH A CRITICAL LOAD UP TO 200 METRIC TONS, AND ALSO FOR THE SINKING OF PILE SHELLS WEIGHING UP TO 15 TONS. A VIBRATORY DRIVER IS SHOWN WHICH IS INTENDED FOR SINKING INTO THE GROUND REINFORCED CONCRETE SHELLS UP TO 5 METERS OUTER DIAMETER TO A DEPTH OF 30 METERS. IT IS A LOW- FREQUENCY 8-SHAFT VIBRATOR OF 2-FREQUENCY ACTION. THE CONSTRUCTION OF THIS DRIVER PERMITS SEPARATE CONTROL OF THE FREQUENCY OF VIBRATION, THE MAGNITUDE OF THE EXCITING FORCE AND OF THE LOAD MOMENT.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 02 Sep 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/105542</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MINIUM AND MAXIMUM DENSITIES OF GRANULAR MATERIALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/73609</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Laboratory tests were conducted to determine minimum and maximum densities of arroyo sand, concrete sand, Ottawa sand, and glass beads.  Minimum densities were determined by six different methods using two different models.  Maximum density tests were performed using an electromagnetic vibrator producing vertical simple harmonic motion.  The vibration parameters investigated were frequency, acceleration, displacement, and the duration of vibrations. The minimum densities obtained by using the ASTM Test for Relative Density of Cohesionless Soils (D 2049-69) were considerably higher than those obtained by using several other simple procedures.  Acceleration appeared to be the most important vibration parameter, and accelerations greater than the optimum acceleration (the acceleration at which the maximum density of a soil was obtained) caused a decrease in the maximum density.  We recommend that these tests be performed at different amplitudes of acceleration and that the acceleration be continuously monitored during the test.  A simple harmonic motion of the soil container gave results which were highly reproducible.  We recommend that the soil container be directly attached to the moving core of the electromagnetic vibrator and that the vibrating table be eliminated. /Author/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 29 Jul 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/73609</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>APPLICATION OF WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION 7257-KG VIBRATOR TO AIRPORT PAVEMENT ENGINEERING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/52808</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For many years the airfield pavement industry has been searching for a suitable nondestructive method that would eliminate the necessity for borings and test pits.  This paper describes the use of the Waterways Experiment Station 7257-kg (16-kip) vibrator for the evaluation of load-carrying capacity and the design of bituminous concrete overlays for highly variable flexible pavements at commercial airports.  The primary purpose of using dynamic testing was to provide a rapid, nondestructive, and independent system of measurement of existing pavement strength.  The vibrator is electrohydraulic and can apply loads up to 66.7 kN (15 000 lbf) on a 45.7-cm-diameter (18-in-diameter) plate at frequencies of 5 to 100 Hz. Primary measurements included dynamic stiffness testing, borings with California bearing ratio tests, and condition surveys.  Dyanmic stiffness was correlated with physical condition and types and thicknesses of pavement and subgrade to determine allowable gross loads and overlay thicknesses. The study shows that the stiffness concept in which a large vibratory load is used relates well to conventional (California bearing ratio) methods provided that sufficient conventional data are available at a limited number of locations representing the range of conditions.  The immediate potential values of this method are speed of field operation, unexpected ranges of strength, and convenience of a single parameter expression of overall pavement and subgrade strength.  Potential improvements in dynamic nondestructive methodolgy include use of deflection basin data and relation of stiffness to a theoretical basis. /Author/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Aug 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/52808</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INVESTIGATION OF A VIBRATORY ELECTRONIC DEVICE FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE IN-PLACE MEASUREMENT OF VARIOUS PAVEMENT AND SOIL LAYERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/28763</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This final report describes the instrumentation of a vibratory electronic device (V.E.D.) which was to be used in nondestructive in-place measurement of flexible pavements in determining the thickness and strength of the constituent layers which make up such pavements. The theory and procedure followed were adopted from different authors as set forth in the bibliography. Results obtained from the adopted procedure, comments on the results and conclusions are included.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Oct 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/28763</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEEP-OCEAN PILE EMPLACEMENT SYSTEMS: CONCEPT EVALUATION AND PRELIMINARY DESIGN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/14075</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A previous review of the state-of-the-art of seafloor pile emplacement indicated that three types of mechanical systems could be developed for deep-ocean seafloor pile emplacement. The systems are: vibratory drivers, screw piles, and jack-in piles. Conceptual design for multiple-pile emplacement systems using each of these mechanical systems were developed and compared. The comparison showed that screw-piles would be the most effective in meeting the given operating requirements. A preliminary design for a pilot-model screw-pile emplacement system is presented. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Mar 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/14075</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE USING THE LIGHT GOODMAN VIBRATOR: STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF THE MATERIAL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/101323</link>
      <description><![CDATA[MEASUREMENTS MADE ON MIXES USING THE LIGHT GOODMAN VIBRATOR HAVE SEEMED TO SHOW THAT THE BEHAVIOR OF THESE MIXES IS IDENTICAL WITH THAT OF AN ELASTIC MATERIAL (EXPERIMENTAL DISPERSION CURVES BEING APPLIED WITH THE HELP OF LAMB THEORETICAL CURVES RELATING TO THE SIMPLE CASE OF AN ELASTIC PLATE), BUT THAT THE RAYLEIGH SPEED OBTAINED BY EXTRAPOLATION DIFFERS, FOR A GIVEN MIX, ACCORDING TO THE TEMPERATURE OF THE MATERIAL. IT THEREFORE APPEARED APPROPRIATE TO STUDY HOW TO ARRIVE AT THE THERMOELASTIC AND VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETES AND HOW TO DEDUCE, FROM THE RESULTS OBTAINED AT A GIVEN TEMPERATURE, THE CORRESPONDING RESULTS AT A TEMPERATURE OF REFERENCES. TO THIS END A NUMBER OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Aug 1971 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/101323</guid>
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