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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Influence of frequency on compaction of sand in small-scale tests</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1506314</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Vibratory rollers are commonly used for compaction of embankments and landfills. In a majority of large construction projects, this activity constitutes a significant part of the project cost and causes considerable emissions. Thus, by improving the compaction efficiency, the construction industry would reduce costs and environmental impact. In recent years, rollers have been significantly improved in regard to engine efficiency, control systems, safety and driver comfort. However, very little progress has been made in compaction effectiveness. While the compaction procedure (e.g. layer thickness and number of passes) has been optimized over the years, the process in which the machine compacts the underlying soil is essentially identical to the situation in the 1970s. This research project investigates the influence of one crucial parameter, namely vibration frequency of the drum, which normally is a fixed roller parameter. Frequency is essential in all dynamic systems but its influence on the compaction efficiency has not been studied since the early days of soil compaction. Since laboratory and field equipment, measurement systems and analysis techniques at the time were not as developed as they are today, no explicit conclusion was drawn. Frequency-variable oscillators, digital sensors and computer-based analysis now provide possibilities to accurately study this concept in detail. In order to examine the influence of vibration frequency on the compaction of granular soil, small-scale tests were conducted under varying conditions. A vertically oscillating plate was placed on a sand bed contained in a test box. The experiments were carried out in laboratory conditions to maximize controllability. The first test setup utilized an electro-dynamic oscillator where dynamic quantities, such as frequency and particle velocity amplitude, could be varied in real-time. The second test setup included two counter?rotating eccentric mass oscillators, where tests were conducted at discrete frequencies. This type of oscillator has a force amplitude that is governed by frequency. The main objectives of the tests were to determine the optimal compaction frequency and whether resonance can be utilized to improve compaction efficiency. Results showed that resonance had a major influence in the electro-dynamic oscillator tests, where the applied force amplitude is low, and the optimal compaction frequency is the resonant frequency under these circumstances. In the rotating mass oscillator tests, where a high force was applied to the plate, resonant amplification was present but not as pronounced. Since force increase with frequency, the optimal frequency to obtain the highest degree of compaction is very large. In a practical regard, however, frequency should be kept as low as possible to minimize machine wear and emissions while still achieving a sufficient compaction of the soil. Considering the practical issues, it is proposed that surface compactors should operate slightly above the resonant frequency. However, the applicability to vibratory rollers must be confirmed in full--scale tests. The thesis also presents an iterative method to calculate the frequency response of a vibrating plate, incorporating strain-dependent soil properties. Calculated dynamic quantities are compared to measured values, confirming that the method accurately predicts the response.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Mar 2018 09:52:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1506314</guid>
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      <title>Frequency optimization of vibratory rollers and plates for compaction of granular soil</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1506313</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Vibratory rollers are commonly used for compaction of embankments and landfills. This task is time consuming and constitutes a significant part of most large construction and infrastructure projects. By improving the compaction efficiency, the construction industry would reduce costs and environmental impact. In recent years, rollers have been significantly improved in regard to engine efficiency, control systems, safety and driver comfort. However, very little progress has been made in compaction effectiveness. This research project studies the influence of the vibration frequency of the drum, which is normally a fixed roller property, and whether resonance can be utilized to improve the compaction efficiency. Frequency is essential in all dynamic systems but its influence on roller compaction has not before been studied. The concept of resonance compaction has previously been applied successfully in deep compaction of fills and natural deposits. In order to examine the influence of vibration frequency on the compaction of granular soil, small-scale compaction tests of sand were conducted under varying conditions with a vertically oscillating plate. Subsequently, full-scale tests were conducted using a vibratory soil compaction roller and a test bed of crushed gravel. The results showed that resonance can be utilized in soil compaction by vibratory rollers and plates and that the optimum compaction frequency from an energy perspective is at, or slightly above, the coupled compactor-soil resonant frequency. Since rollers operate far above resonance, the compaction frequency can be significantly reduced, resulting in a considerable reduction in fuel consumption, environmental impact and machine wear. The thesis also presents an iterative equivalent-linear method to calculate the frequency response of a vibrating foundation, such as a compacting plate or the drum of a roller. By incorporating strain-dependent soil properties, dynamic parameters such as acceleration and force could be predicted at large strain. The method seems promising for predicting the resonant frequency of the roller-soil system and can be used to determine the optimum compaction frequency without site- and roller-specific measurements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Mar 2018 09:52:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1506313</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GOOD COMPACTION IN CONDUIT TRENCHES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1078946</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE ARTICLE DESCRIBES THE DEGREE OF COMPACTION OBTAINED WITH EQUIPMENT SUITABLE FOR USE IN TRENCHES AND GIVES INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE USE OF THIS EQUIPMENT. THE EXPLANATIONS ARE BASED ON THE "RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FILLING OF TRENCHES", FORSCHUNGSGESELLSCHAFT FUER DAS STRASSENWESEN, 1970. COMPACTION EQUIPMENT DISCUSSED INCLUDES VIBRATORY TAMPERS, RAMMERS, VIBRATING PLATES AND VIBRATING ROLLERS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 17:28:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1078946</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR AND MODE OF OPERATION OF VIBRATORY COMPACTION EQUIPMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1078034</link>
      <description><![CDATA[USING THE FACT THAT VIBRATING ROLLERS, VIBRATING BEAMS AND VIBRATING PLATES USED FOR COMPACTING SOIL ARE GOVERNED BY THE MATHEMATICAL LAWS OF SUSTAINED VIBRATION, THE AUTHOR PROPOSES SOME THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES FOR INVESTIGATING THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR AND MODE OF OPERATION OF VIBRATORY COMPACTION EQUIPMENT. A STUDY IS ALSO PRESENTED OF A NUMBER OF MODELS OF SOIL, SOIL  COMPACTION PROCESSES, AND SOIL BEHAVIOUR. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT PRACTICAL TESTS BE CONDUCTED TO CONFIRM THIS THEORY OF VIBRATORY COMPACTION.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 16:40:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1078034</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ROAD CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1078026</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS PUBLICATION STUDIES THE EFFECTS OF THE INCREASE IN ROAD WORKS AND THE MEMBER OF CONSTRUCTION SITES ON CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT. TWO MAIN FACTORS  INFLUENCE THIS EVOLUTION: THE PROGRESS IN THE THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE OF DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES LEADS TO THE SETTING UP OF A STRICT CONTROL SYSTEM, AND THE CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT IN THE EQUIPMENT. BOTH FACTORS ARE EXAMINED IN TURN FOR (1) THE EQUIPMENT USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES (MIXING PLANTS AND FINISHERS). VARIOUS TECHNIQUES OF QUALITY CONTROL AND, AS REGARDS FINISHERS, DEVICES WHICH INCREASE THE DEGREE OF COMPACTION; (2) THE EQUIPMENT USED FOR HYDRAULIC BINDER MATERIALS (MIXING PLANT, SPREADING EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY FOR IN-SITU TREATMENT); DESCRIPTION OF THE VARIOUS PRINCIPLES OF PROPORTIONING AND CONTROL AND REGULATING DEVICES, AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VARIOUS TYPES OF SPREADING EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE; (3) THE COMPACTION EQUIPMENT: COMPARISON OF PNEUMATIC-TYRED ROLLER, VIBRATING ROLLERS AND MIXED TYPES OF EQUIPMENT]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 16:40:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1078026</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SELECTION OF COMPACTION TECHNIQUES FOR EMBANKMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1071889</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS THE RESEARCH CARRIED OUT OVER THE LAST FEW YEARS AT THE LCPC AND THE EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE IN ROUEN ON THE COMPACTION OF EMBANKMENTS. MENTION IS MADE OF THE STABILITY OF THIS TYPE OF STRUCTURE, OF THE INTERRELATION OF THE MATERIAL MOISTURE CONTENT AND THE THICKNESS OF THE LAYERS, OPTIMUM COMPACTION CONDITIONS AND COMPACTION EQUIPMENT EFFICIENCY. DETAILS ARE GIVEN OF EXISTING COMPACTION TECHNIQUES ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF  EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE ON THE MARKET (HEAVY PNEUMATIC TYRED COMPACTORS, VIBRATING ROLLERS, SHEEPSFOOT ROLLERS, VIBRATING PLATES). MENTION IS MADE OF THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE OUTPUT OF THE COMPACTING MACHINES AND OF QUALITY CONTROL METHODS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 13:11:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1071889</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SELECTION OF COMPACTION METHODS FOR EMBANKMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1071745</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS A GENERAL REVIEW OF THE RESEARCH CONDUCTED IN THE "LABORATOIRES DES PONTS ET CHAUSSEES" OVER THE LAST FEW YEARS, PARTICULARLY  IN THE REGIONAL LABORATORY IN ROUEN, INTO THE FIELD OF EMBANKMENT COMPACTION. THE AUTHORS RECALL THE CONDITIONS NECESSARY TO ENSURE STABILITY AND EMPHASIZE THE INTERRELATION OF THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF THE MATERIALS USED AND OF THE OPTIMUM THICKNESS OF THE LAYERS TO BE COMPACTED FOR HIGHEST COMPACTION QUALITY AND OPTIMUM OUTPUT OF THE COMPACTION EQUIPMENT USED. MATERIALS ARE CLASSIFIED AND COMPACTION METHODS FOR EACH TYPE OF SOIL ARE RECOMMENDED AS A FUNCTION OF THE EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE ON THE MARKET (HEAVY PNEUMATIC-TYRED ROLLERS, VIBRATING ROLLERS, ROLLERS WITH VIBRATORY RAMMERS, VIBRATORY COMPACTORS, ETC.). MENTION IS MADE OF THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE OUTPUT OF COMPACTION EQUIPMENT AND OF TECHNIQUES TO BE USED TO ENSURE HIGH QUALITY.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 13:07:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1071745</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ELASTIC INSTABILITY AND FREE VIBRATIONS OF CIRCULAR PLATES ELASTICALLY SEALED</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1060214</link>
      <description><![CDATA[AN ANALYSIS IS PRESENTED OF THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF CIRCULAR PLATES ELASTICALLY SEALED ROUND THEIR PERIMETERS AND SUBJECTED TO A HYDROSTATIC STATE  OF PLANE STRESS. BESSEL FUNCTIONS ARE USED TO FIND AN EXACT SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM.  AN APPROXIMATE SOLUTION IS PROPOSED, WHICH IS BASED ON GALERKIN METHOD AND EXPRESSES THE DISPLACEMENT IN TERMS OF POLYNOMIAL VALUES.  THE NUMERICAL VALUES GIVEN IN THIS ARTICLE ARE OF GREAT ACCURACY.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 06:57:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1060214</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COMPACTION OF TRENCHES - WIDENING, HARD SHOULDERS, DRAINAGE TRENCHES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1058446</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE BACKFILL AND COMPACTION OF TRENCHES (WIDENING - HARD SHOULDERS - DRAINAGE) GIVE RISE TO NUMEROUS TECHNICAL PROBLEMS IN THE REPAIR OF ROADS.  THE MAIN DIFFICULTIES COME FROM THE ADAPTATION OF COMPACTION MACHINES TO THE  GEOMETRY OF THE TRENCHES AND TO THE BACKFILL MATERIAL.  THE AUTHORS RECALL THE EFFECTS OF INSUFFICIENT COMPACTION ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF PAVEMENT STRUCTURES; AN INVENTORY IS PRESENTED OF THE AVAILABLE TYPES OF EQUIPMENT AND  THEIR PERFORMANCE (VIBRATING ROLLERS, VIBRATING PLATES, TAMPERS). A STUDY OF THE MAIN CASES ENCOUNTERED SHOWS THAT IT IS ADVISABLE TO ADAPT COMPACTION EQUIPMENT (VIBRATING OR STATIC) ACCORDING TO THE GEOMETRY OF THE TRENCH AND THE PRESENCE OF PIPES.  GUIDELINES ARE PROPOSED FOR THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION STAGES WITH EMPHASIS ON A SUITABLE QUALITY/COST RELATION.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 06:17:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1058446</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY OF MODERN COMPACTION METHODS AND EQUIPMENT FOR SOILS AND PAVEMENT LAYERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1058433</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE 22 ARTICLES IN THIS PUBLICATION PRESENT THE RESULTS OF STUDIES OF COMPACTION PROBLEMS OF SOIL (ESPECIALLY EMBANKMENTS BUILT ON COMPRESSIBLE SOIL) AND OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES AND CEMENT-STABILIZED MATERIALS.  SOME ARTICLES DEAL WITH THE COMPACTION MACHINES, OTHERS WITH THE COMPACTED MATERIALS.  AN ANALYSIS OF EACH ARTICLE IS INCORPORATED IN THE PUBLICATION.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 06:17:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1058433</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A RANGE OF COMPACTION MACHINES - DYNAPAC</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1058244</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS ARTICLE LISTS VIBRATORY COMPACTION MACHINES MANUFACTURED BY THE SWEDISH FIRM DYNAPAC.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 06:12:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1058244</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COMPACTION TECHNIQUES AND COMPACTION EQUIPMENT IN EARTHWORKS. SECOND ENLARGED EDITION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1054258</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS BOOK DESCRIBES EXPERIENCE WITH COMPACTION EQUIPMENT BOTH IN GERMANY AND OTHER COUNTRIES.  FIRST COVERED ARE THE ORIGIN, CLASSIFICATION AND THE  PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS, THEN THE BEHAVIOUR OF SOILS UNDER COMPACTION AND METHODS OF CONTROLLING SOIL COMPACTION BY TAKING SOIL SAMPLES, PLATE LOADING TESTS AND BORINGS.  THE SECOND CHAPTER DESCRIBES THE EFFECT OF COMPACTION METHODS WITH STATIC AND DYNAMIC EFFECTS AND VIBRATIONS.  CHAPTER  3 DEALS WITH VARIOUS MAKES OF COMPACTION EQUIPMENT, SUCH AS STATIC AND DYNAMIC ROLLERS, THE SHEEP'S FOOT ROLLERS, RUBBER TYRED ROLLERS, TAMPING DEVICES AND VIBRATORS WITH BASE PLATES. THE BOOK IS AIMED AT THE CIVIL ENGINEER, THE SOIL MECHANICS EXPERT AND THE MANUFACTURER OF COMPACTION EQUIPMENT, AND THE AUTHOR ADVISES ON THE NECESSITY OF COOPERATION BETWEEN THOSE INTERESTED, IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE TECHNOLOGY OF COMPACTION.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 03:50:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1054258</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE STATE OF SAFETY TECHNOLOGY APPLIED TO ROLLERS AND SOIL COMPACTORS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1054234</link>
      <description><![CDATA[CONTROL OF THE SAFE USE OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT (HERE: ROLLERS AND FILL COMPACTING EQUIPMENT) IS UNDERTAKEN IN FEDERAL GERMANY BY THE TECHNICAL COMMITTEE "CONSTRUCTION" OF THE CONSTRUCTION TRADE ASSOCIATION.  FROM THIS, GUIDELINES AND METHODS OF CONTROL HAVE DEVELOPED AND CONSTRUCTION PLANT EQUIPPED ACCORDINGLY.  THE AUTHOR DESCRIBES IN DETAIL THE SAFETY MEASURES REQUIRED AND DIRECTS THESE TO THOSE RUNNING CONSTRUCTION PLANT FIRMS WHO ASSUME  RESPONSIBILITY FOR SAFETY EVEN IN SMALL ORGANISATIONS AND WHO APPARENTLY  ARE INSUFFICIENTLY EQUIPPED TO DATE.  THE TEXTS OF THE NEW CONSTRUCTION CODES OF PRACTICE ARE GIVEN WITH REGARD TO GENERAL DETAILS CONCERNING CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE CECE DEFINITION, INVENTORY AND CONTROL.  DETAILS ARE GIVEN ON SAFETY MEASURES AND THE OBJECTIVES REGARDING SAFETY IN CONNECTION WITH MECHANICAL INSTALLATIONS FOR VIBRATING PLATES AND FOR ROLLERS.  THE FOLLOWING ARE DEALT WITH IN DETAIL: ACCESS STEPS, HANDRAILS, SAFETY  MEASURES TO AVOID TIPPING OVER, WORKING PLATFORM SAFETY, STARTING EQUIPMENT, DANGER OF BURNING, COUPLING EQUIPMENT, IGNITION SAFETY, ETC.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 03:50:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1054234</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE INFLUENCE OF THE RIGIDITY OF THE BASE ON SUCCESSFUL COMPACTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1048696</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE RESEARCH WORK CARRIED OUT HITHERTO ON THE THEORY OF VIBRATION COMPACTION AND THE PROBLEMS OF HARMONY BETWEEN EQUIPMENT AND SOIL STILL LEAVES CERTAIN QUESTIONS UNANSWERED .AN ATTEMPT IS TO BE MADE TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE DENSITY AND DEFORMATION MODULUS OF THE BAS - THIS MAY THE SUBSOIL OR AN ALREADY COMPACTED LAYER - INFLUENCES THE SUCCESS OF THE COMPACTION OF THE FILL LAYER.THE RELATIONS ARE TO BE EXAMINED FOR DIFFERENT COMPACTION EQUIPMENT AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOIL WITH VARYING DEPTH OF FILL.AMONG OTHER THINGS THE RESULTS WILL GIVE INFORMATION ON THE SUCCESS OF COMPACTION WHICH CAN BE EXPECTED WITH A REASONABLE AMOUNT OF WORK,PARTICULARLY IN THE CASE OF SOFT BASES.THE PLAN OF WORK ANTICIPATES FIRST OF ALL THE STUDY OF COARSE-GRAINED SOILS ON THREE BASES VARYING IN STIFFNESS BY MEANS  OF A VIBRATING PLATE,A SMALL (2 TON) AND A LARGE (8 TON) ROLLER WITH VARYING VIBRATION CONDITIONS.IN A SECOND STAGE THE DEPTH OF FILL IS TO BE ALTERED WHILE THE CONDITIONS OF VIBRATION REMAIN THE SAME.BY CONSIDERING THE KNOWLEDGE GAINED FROM THESE TESTS,FINALLY THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE STIFFNESS OF THE BASE AND THE SUCCESS OF COMPACTION FOR COHESIVE SOIL FILL LAYERS ARE TO BE DETERMINED.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 00:51:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1048696</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE COMPACTION OF SOIL USING LIGHTWEIGHT VIBRATING PLATE COMPACTORS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/314060</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An investigation has been made into the relative performances of lightweight vibrating plate compactors in order to assess the effect of variations of mass, centrifugal force, and base plate contact area on the state of compaction produced.  An assessment was also made of the soil conditions (dry density, moisture content and soil type) required to enable these machines to achieve a satisfactory state of compaction in 100 mm layers of soil with a reasonable number of passes.  The results showed that static force per square metre of base plate contact area is the dominant factor contributing to the compaction performance of these machines, having a much greater effect than variations in centrifugal force or of base plate contact area for the six vibrating plate compactors tested. All the machines required a large number of passes and higher than average moisture contents to achieve satisfactory states of compaction in thin layers of both cohesive and well-graded granular soils. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Sep 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/314060</guid>
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