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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Design and construction of segment opening on Mega TBM tunnel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563099</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over the past few decades, there has been an increasing popularity of road tunnel construction using Mega TBMs with an external diameter of more than 14m. The West Gate Tunnel Project falls within this category with a 15.6m OD TBM. One of the key design and construction challenges on this project is the segment opening support and lining breakout to enable the construction of cross passages. Mega TBM tunnel linings are normally associated with significant axial hoop forces. During segment opening, the high lining hoop forces from the opening segment rings need to be transferred through high-capacity shear structural elements to the adjacent non-opening segment rings or external structures. This is typically accomplished using heavy and large steel structures (such as straight and arched beams, props, etc.). Measures are also required to limit the segmental lining deformation due to the larger collar excavation area at the segment extrados than the segment opening size. However, these conventional support means could not be used on WGTP due to the extremely large members that would be required to support such openings. They would clash with corbels, road deck and smoke duct which are constructed prior to segment opening. It was proposed to adopt a combination of shear bi-cone and shear key as the segment opening support system for the high shear force transfer. This paper discusses the design philosophy and options for the segment opening support, describes the design considerations and challenges with the segment opening support system adopted for the WGTP. The paper also adopt a combination of shear bi-cone and shear key as the segment opening support system for the high shear force transfer. This paper discusses the design philosophy and options for the segment opening support, describes the design considerations and challenges with the segment opening support system adopted for the WGTP. The paper also outlines how the support was installed and segmental lining opened at execution stage. This paper emphasizes the importance of proper planning, design, and construction practices in ensuring the safety and effectiveness of tunnel cross passages segment opening.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Jun 2025 14:50:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563099</guid>
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      <title>Road tunnel design in the context of the climate action imperative</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563076</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The context of global warming is clear, following the knowledge on the geophysics of carbon not only in the biosphere (atmosphere, but also the oceans and tectonically). In this paper, aspects of the carbon budget of a typical Australian road tunnel are discussed, demonstrating that in the global context, 'sustainability' of road tunnel projects is much more than a box ticking exercise. The quantitative guidance will be most relevant to the concept phase of tunnel projects, where the carbon costs are largely determined. Design decisions significantly impact a project’s carbon cost (or benefit) and the ability of governments to address their own carbon reduction targets and the UN Sustainable Development Goals 11 to 13. Design decisions with substantial weight in determining the overall carbon cost through a project’s design life include: tunnel depth, tunnel form and materials, philosophy and policy of ventilation operation and the consequent plant size and selection.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Jun 2025 14:50:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563076</guid>
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      <title>Making tunnels think</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563060</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A study was undertaken to assess whether ventilation operations of an existing road tunnel could be optimised by analysing long term traffic, in-tunnel air quality and air velocity data in the tunnel over a two-year period.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Jun 2025 14:50:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563060</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Road tunnel fan replacement project: transverse ventilation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563058</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The design life of tunnel ventilation fans is typically in the order of 30 to 50 years. Maintenance programs can help prolong the useful life of equipment but eventually the equipment needs to be replaced. Replacement of aged equipment affords an opportunity to upgrade the system and bring the tunnel into closer compliance with present day standards.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Jun 2025 14:50:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563058</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Guide to road tunnels part 4: retrofitting tunnels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2438002</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Guide to Road Tunnels Part 4 provides guidance on the retrofitting of existing tunnels, including the need for refurbishment, the types of refurbishment and processes for developing project requirements. Guidance is provided on geometric considerations relating to cross-sections, traffic management functions including signs and lighting, fire and life safety including fire protection and evacuation, mechanical systems including pumps and lifts, electronic systems including power supply, energy efficiency and sustainability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 09 Oct 2024 14:27:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2438002</guid>
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      <title>Guide to road tunnels part 2: planning, design and commissioning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2438000</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Guide to Road Tunnels Part 2 provides guidance to those making decisions in the planning, design, operation and maintenance of new road tunnels in Australia and New Zealand. Principles and standards identified are based on both Australasian and international experience. Part 2 sets out the Austroads expectations regarding appropriate design for road tunnels. It discusses all aspects of planning, design and commissioning of road tunnels including structural and geotechnical requirements, fire and life safety, ventilation, lighting, traffic monitoring and control, plant monitoring and control, electrical power supply, the requirements for associated building structures and sustainability of road tunnels. It is expected that the Guide will be used by engineers and technical specialists in tunnel technology working on the planning, design and operation of road tunnels, proponents of road tunnel solutions, senior decision makers (in an overview role) and regulators in the various jurisdictions associated with the construction of tunnels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 09 Oct 2024 14:27:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2438000</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Towards more sustainable road tunnels in Australia and New Zealand: recommendations for practitioners</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2404175</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sustainability is important for many reasons but fundamentally it is not about what we should do for the environment, it is something we must do to preserve our quality of life and of all life on the planet. It is particularly important for road tunnels because compared to a road at grade, a road tunnel has a substantially higher carbon footprint, both during its construction and during the nonstop operation of its systems through its operating life. Practices and methods that promote the sustainability of road tunnels are, therefore, necessary for alleviating the pressure they exert on scarce resources and the natural environment. This paper presents research, commissioned by Austroads, into achieving sustainability for road tunnels in terms of improved environmental, economic and social outcomes. Specifically, it investigates the sustainable practices associated with managing the design, construction, operation and maintenance of road tunnels. This paper provides a range of recommendations to assist practitioners design, build and operate sustainable road tunnels. They are aimed towards inclusion in national best practice guidance for road tunnels and include general sustainability initiatives that can improve ventilation and lighting outcomes, preserve resources, reduce operating costs, utilise recycled materials, and minimise potential adverse environmental and social impacts. This paper aims to provide a benchmark for the sustainability of road tunnels in Australia and New Zealand that can be adapted across the globe.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Jul 2024 10:48:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2404175</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Towards more sustainable road tunnels in Australia and New Zealand: recommendations for practitioners</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389436</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sustainability is important for many reasons but fundamentally it is not about what we should do for the environment, it is something we must do to preserve our quality of life and of all life on the planet. It is particularly important for road tunnels because compared to a road at grade, a road tunnel has a substantially larger carbon footprint due to the significant efforts required to build it and the nonstop operation of its systems through its life cycle. In Australia and New Zealand, governments have committed to achieving net zero emissions by 2050. Organisations responsible for delivering and operating road tunnel infrastructure will have an obligation to reduce embodied and operational emissions as far as practicable, as the tunnels will exist beyond 2050. This article is based on a research project commissioned by Austroads, the collective of transport and road agencies in Australia and New Zealand. The research presented in this article was undertaken as the basis for updating the Austroads Guide to Road Tunnels on the topic of sustainability (Austroads 2022a, b, c, d, & e). In addition, this research was presented as part of the 2nd International PIARC Conference on Road Tunnel Operations and Safety & VIII Spanish Tunnel Symposium. This article summarises this research by providing a definition for sustainability in the context of road tunnels; how sustainability fits within the lifecycle of a road tunnel; and case studies of sustainability initiatives for energy efficiency, lighting, ventilation and portal emissions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Jun 2024 09:00:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389436</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Westconnex St Peters Interchange integral cut and cover structure design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306880</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Westconnex M4-M5 Link Tunnels project links the southwestern M5 to Western M4, passing through St Peters Interchange, the most complex interchange in Sydney to date. Included in the works at that interchange is a motorway operations facility consisting of a ventilation building, electrical substation and other services contributing to the seamless operation of the motorway. The ventilation building is situated above the tunnel entry and exit portals and is supported by the St Peters Interchange Ventilation Building Cut and Cover structure. This paper covers the complexities in design and construction of the cut and cover structure. The structure is unique, utilising Super-T girders that are fully integral with the substructure across multiple spans. The constraints resulted in the decision to utilise a fully integral connection between superstructure and substructure. This allowed many benefits to the design, construction, and future maintenance of the structure. The continuity of the structure enabled the design of the Super-T girders and piles to be optimised and removed the requirement for bearing inspection and replacement. This is noted as a key benefit as jacking of the structure would have proved practically impossible. This paper will discuss the various constraints and benefits, the analysis and modelling techniques used in design, and the detailing challenges and opportunities of integral cut and cover structures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Dec 2023 14:55:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306880</guid>
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      <title>Stratum ventilation: enabling simultaneous energy conservation and air purification in subway cars</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2112798</link>
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      <pubDate>Mon, 06 Feb 2023 15:33:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2112798</guid>
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      <title>Evaluation of typical volatile organic compounds levels in new vehicles under static and driving conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2001858</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Aug 2022 14:25:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2001858</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The control of metabolic CO2 in public transport as a strategy to reduce the transmission of respiratory infectious diseases</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2001857</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Aug 2022 14:25:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2001857</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Performance evaluation of air pollution control device at traffic intersections in Delhi</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948033</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 May 2022 15:41:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948033</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Intervention of an upgraded ventilation system and effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on air quality at Birmingham New Street railway station</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948017</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 May 2022 15:41:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948017</guid>
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      <title>Risk of COVID-19 infection in public transportation: the development of a model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1925684</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Mar 2022 08:32:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1925684</guid>
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