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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Finding the Bed Shear Stress Using the Logarithmic Law at Channel Roughness Transitions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2672767</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Flow through transition of bed roughness occurs in many situations in highway transportation including culverts, bridge abutments, and roadways in the floodplain, where the bed materials can change abruptly from one type to another. A sudden change in bed roughness also occurs frequently in the laboratory when soil erosion and scour is studied using a sediment recess in an open-channel flume. In all the above, the bed shear stress is a fundamental flow parameter that must be determined accurately.

A research project is proposed to investigate the use of logarithmic law (log law) for finding bed shear stress near a sudden change in bed roughness. Velocity field measurements will be obtained using a Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system. The measured data will be used to determine the distribution of bed shear stress by control volume analysis using the linear momentum equation to determine whether the log law can be applied to a developing boundary layer downstream of a bed roughness transition and develop procedures to reduce the measurement uncertainty of the method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Feb 2026 13:58:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2672767</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Further Application of Pitch Independent Laser Doppler Velocimeter in Land Vehicle Autonomous Navigation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2651921</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) and pitch-independent laser Doppler velocimeter (PI-LDV) integration represents a traditional navigation architecture. However, its effectiveness in obtaining precise altitude measurements remains constrained by the PI-LDV's inherent limitation of providing only one-dimensional velocity information. This study addresses this limitation by using the optical path structure of the PI-LDV to construct a frame capable of providing two-dimensional velocity information. To achieve this objective, two innovative integration methods are proposed: a SINS/PI-LDV loosely coupled integration method and a SINS/PI-LDV tightly coupled integration method, both of which consider the influence of potential laser beam fluctuations. Furthermore, a displacement increment measurement model is developed for the SINS/PI-LDV integrated navigation system to maximize the utilization efficiency of PI-LDV measurements while reducing the impact of sensor noise and outliers. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is rigorously validated through a comprehensive series of experimental tests, including: 1) extended-duration, long-distance tests using high-precision inertial measurement units (IMUs); 2) short-duration, limited-range evaluations using high-precision IMUs; and 3) two additional long-distance verification experiments using both high-precision and medium-precision IMUs. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms traditional methods, particularly in height accuracy. Notably, the performance advantages become more pronounced when implementing the SINS/PI-LDV integrated navigation system with medium-precision IMUs, suggesting enhanced practical applicability in cost-sensitive applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 2026 08:41:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2651921</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Machine learning benchmark for flow reconstruction in the TCC–III optical engine</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601732</link>
      <description><![CDATA[We present EngineBench, the first machine learning (ML) benchmark designed for engine in-cylinder flow research. The benchmark data consist of curated particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements previously gathered from the Transparent Combustion Chamber (TCC-III) by the General Motors University of Michigan Automotive Cooperative Research Laboratory.1 The dataset is then leveraged in order to benchmark the performance of four ML methods for a flow reconstruction (inpainting) task. We propose large gaps at the edges of the field of view as the benchmark task in order to reflect realistic scenarios in which data are harder to obtain closer to walls, and to challenge the ability of the models to predict the turbulent flow motion with limited access to surrounding data points. Pixel-wise, vector-based and multi-scale performance metrics are used to provide broad evaluations of the models. We find that models which utilise skip connections show significantly improved performances at this task on both small and large gap sizes, due to their enhanced ability to leverage contextual information. The benchmark proposed in this paper supports the development of ML models for engine design problems, as well as PIV data enhancement more generally. In addition, the ML model comparisons allow for more informed selection of models for problems in experimental flow diagnostics. All data and code are publicly available at https://eng.ox.ac.uk/tpsrg/research/enginebench/.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Nov 2025 09:18:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601732</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Novel DVL Aided Inertial Navigation Strategy for Long-Endurance Robust Positioning of AUVs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2591912</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Stable and reliable high-precision navigation and positioning is regarded as an urgent demand for marine intelligent transportation system. Medium and large autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) can be equipped with various navigation sensors to ensure positioning accuracy. In contrast, small AUVs have limited carrying capacity, and how to achieve reliable positioning for long endurance with more basic and necessary sensors is worthy of in-depth investigation. Therefore, a robust Doppler velocity log (DVL) aided inertial navigation strategy is designed in this survey. A tightly integrated system model based on DVL Doppler shift and ranging information aided inertial navigation system is established, which solves the problem of positioning performance degradation caused by error accumulation and beam failure in traditional methods. Based on consistency principle of sensor equipment, the system residual is identified by dead reckoning model and compensated for DVL terrain aided navigation, which solves the problem that systematic errors have great influence on nonlinear terrain and are difficult to identify. At the same time, the terrain entropy is introduced to design the confidence evaluation algorithm, which improves the adaptability of system in different terrain scenes. Simulation and lake test results show that the proposed method has higher positioning accuracy, reliability and stability, and is suitable for AUVs long-endurance navigation tasks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Nov 2025 09:36:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2591912</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Laboratory Measurements of Bed Shear Stress and Soil Erosion Rate in Cohesive Soils</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2603851</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The relationship between soil erosion rate and bed shear stress is an important problem in sediment transport and scour. However, obtaining reliable measurements of soil erodibility is challenging, both in the field and in the laboratory. The objective of this study is to investigate an experimental setup for conducting bed shear stress and soil erosion rate measurements using an open-channel flume with a rough bed. The experiments were performed in an A-8 hydraulic channel with a fixed gravel bed. The flow discharge was kept constant and bed shear stress was varied by changing the channel slope. A soil specimen was placed in a circular cutout in the gravel bed. Soil samples with a range of unconfined compressive strengths were prepared by changing the water content, and the soil erosion rate was found from the difference in the mass of the sample taken before and after the test. Two different methods were used to determine the bed shear stress: from the measured velocity profile using the logarithmic law, and from the measured flow depth and channel slope. The velocity profiles were obtained using the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. The measured data showed that the equivalent grain roughness correlated well with the size of the large grains in the gravel bed and decreased with the flow-depth-to-grain-diameter ratio. It was found that the bed shear stress in the sediment recess determined using the logarithmic law was not significantly different from the bed shear stress acting on the surrounding gravels when the equivalent roughness of the clay bed was taken to be the same as that of the gravel bed. It was also found that the measured soil erosion rate correlated well with the unconfined compressive strength or water content.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Oct 2025 16:31:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2603851</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characterization of Low-Density Gaseous Jet Structure and Vorticity Using PIV Technique</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2600401</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In view of the increasing interest towards hydrogen, such as its utilization for road transport sector decarbonization, the present study proposes the use of helium as substitute to characterize the jet structure through the use of the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. The experimental test campaign involved the use of a gaseous injector capable of delivering helium up to 50 bar in a constant volume chamber (CVC), which pressure has been varied in order to scrutinize the influence of environment density on jet structure. Two configurations were employed: one consisting of a free path of distribution of the jet, the second including a metal plate positioned perpendicularly 50 mm from the injector tip, thus making it possible to observe the jet – wall interactions under several conditions. The illumination was provided by a dual cavity Nd:YAG laser and a 4-megapixel camera used for image capture. The influence of pressure ratio (PR) was evaluated over a wide range, from 7 to 34. The use of the streamlines made it possible to determine the presence of the vortex structures, further highlighting the capacity of the jet to promote or not the mixing phenomena. In the absence of obstacles in the path, as the pressure inside the chamber increased, a narrowing of the jet was observed and a tendency for the vortexes to dissipate their intensity more quickly, only to be replaced by randomly distributed small eddies. The main ring structures extended to the intermediate region (≈40 - 50 mm) as CVC pressure increased, without ever reaching the head of the jet. Instead, the interaction with the wall contributed to the formation of vortexes that were able to pick up the mixing phenomena with reduced intensity values (≈ 30 - 40 %) compared to the maximum measured peaks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Oct 2025 11:36:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2600401</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Response of Bed Shear Stress in Open-Channel Flow to a Sudden Change in Bed Roughness</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2507237</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The determination of bed shear stress plays a pivotal role in understanding the fluid dynamics in both natural and engineered channels. The commonly employed logarithmic law provides a mathematical formula to compute the bed shear stress in open-channel flows. However, its applicability in flow through transition remains relatively unexplored. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted on smooth-to-rough (STR) and rough-to-smooth (RTS) transitions in an open-channel flume under different composite water surface profiles. The velocity field was measured along the channel centerline using a particle image velocimetry (PIV) system. The bed shear stress was determined from the measured velocity profile and water depth using various methods. The primary objective was to investigate the effects of bed roughness and water surface profile on the variation of bed shear stress in gradually varied flows through the transition. It was found that the evolution of bed shear stress was related to both water surface profile and bed roughness. In both RTS and STR transitions, the bed shear stress adjusted to the new bed condition almost immediately even though the velocity profile away from the bed was still evolving. Unlike external and close-conduit flows, however, the bed shear stress in free-surface flows was also affected by the local water depth and thus the composite water surface profile created by the channel transition. The bed shear stress development closely followed the variation in local water depth, ultimately reaching equilibrium condition when the flow depth became uniform. It was also found that the choice of displacement height of the mean velocity profile played an important role in determining the bed shear stress on a rough bed using the logarithmic law, and thus the development of bed shear stress in STR transitions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Feb 2025 10:45:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2507237</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Machine Learning Methods for Track Condition Assessment Using Repeated Inspection Data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447213</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Railway Technologies Laboratory (RTL) at Virginia Tech has significantly advanced the science of using Doppler velocimetry methods to evaluate track stability. This report provides an overview of the progress made during the project. The project was split into two primary tasks. Task 1 concentrates on analyzing existing data from past field testing of a Multifunction Doppler LIDAR system. Task 2 focused on preparing and making the necessary improvements to the LIDAR instruments for future track testing. It was determined that designing and assembling a new set of digital platforms (i.e., special-purpose computers) would be important for the long-term success of testing the Multifunction Doppler LIDAR in track testing. During this study, two new digital platforms were assembled in addition to a second LIDAR Electro-optical unit. Further, new focusing lenses were assembled and the output laser power was increased to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the LIDAR instrument. These electro-optical upgrades are expected to yield an SNR improvement of up to four times the previous units. Bench top system tests were performed with the new LIDAR instrumentation and the new instruments are now ready for field testing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Nov 2024 13:08:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447213</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of an Evaluation Methodology for PIV Measurements of Low-Frequency Flow Phenomena on the Vehicle Underbody</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2397779</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Aeroacoustics is important in the automotive industry, as it significantly influences driving comfort. Particularly in the case of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), the flow noise is already crucial at lower driving speeds, because they generate barely any drive noise. In addition, the masking effects from engine noise are missing. Due to the increasing importance of drag minimization and elimination of the exhaust system, the underbody of BEVs is typically very streamlined and exhibits a low acoustic interference potential. However, even small geometric modifications of the vehicle can lead to changes in the flow around the vehicle and consequently to significant noise sources. Considerable flow resonances in the low frequency range below 30 Hz have been detected on certain prototype configurations. Initial investigations have shown that the flow around the front wheel spoilers is relevant for the development of the flow phenomenon. Nevertheless, the exact and complex mechanism of formation of the low-frequency flow resonances is still largely unknown. The aim of the study is to identify their exact origin. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements were carried out in the wind tunnel. The flow field was measured in a plane parallel to and below the vehicle underbody. Acoustic quantities were measured using surface microphones. An evaluation method was developed in order to investigate the cause of the low-frequency pressure fluctuations in detail. The evaluation method developed is presented in this paper. The results are then described and discussed. Using these results, the origin of the low-frequency flow resonances is finally explained.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 Aug 2024 14:58:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2397779</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of LDA And PIV Techniques to the Validation of a CFD Model of a Direct Injection Gasoline Engine</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1782196</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Two experimental techniques, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) using a water-analogy Dynamic Flow Visualization Rig (DFVR) and Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) in a motored research engine, were used to investigate the flow pattern generated within the combustion chamber of a gasoline direct injection (G-DI) engine. The in-cylinder flow was also modelled for the two cases using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code VECTIS; that is, models were created using first water and then air as the working fluid. The experimental and computational results were converted into the same format and hence compared qualitatively and quantitatively. All results showed good agreement and were used to validate the different techniques. The correlation between the CFD air simulation results and the LDA results demonstrates that the CFD code can be used to predict reliably the air motion created in the combustion chamber of a G-DI engine. The results from the CFD simulations using air and water showed the same general flow pattern within the induction stroke. The fact that the results from the DFVR also compared favorably with the CFD water and air models, indicates that these techniques can be used confidently in the development of the ports and combustion chamber of a G-DI engine.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 Feb 2024 16:52:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1782196</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Towards Understanding Water Ingestion into Vehicle HVAC System- PIV Validation of a CFD Simulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1790797</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The analysis of airflow in an automotive HVAC cowl box is complicated by the cross sectional variations and abrupt changes in airflow direction. In this study, the complex three-dimensional turbulent flow found in a generic road vehicle cowl box is investigated experimentally and computationally. An optical anemometer is used to acquire the experimental data within a white metal sheet of a cowl box. The results are then used to validate and tune a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical cowl model.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Dec 2023 13:51:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1790797</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Influence of a Late In-Cylinder Air Injection on In-Cylinder Flow Measured with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1791519</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During development of an air assisted, direct injection combustion system, it was found that an air pulse during the late part of compression stroke significantly shortened the combustion duration and extended the lean limits of the engine. The effect of an injection of pure air through an air assist direct injector was studied with Particle Image Velocimetry, PIV. Results showed that an air pulse during the compression stroke significantly speeded up in-cylinder velocities, which also was showed in the heat release analysis. A system to use low density seeding particles was developed and is presented in the paper.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Jul 2023 16:57:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1791519</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental investigation of boundary layer flow near the cylinder wall in a direct-injection spark-ignition engine using particle image velocimetry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2173528</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In a direct-injection spark-ignition (DISI) optical engine with a constant motored speed of 800 rpm, particle image velocimetry measurements on the in-cylinder bulk flow and the boundary layer flow near the cylinder wall were performed during the intake and compression strokes. Two different tumble flow levels were explored using a flap inserted in the intake port. The near-wall flow pattern under the effect of the bulk flow is more stable when the flap is fully closed with a higher intensity tumble. The serious optical distortion in the near-cylinder wall region under high magnification was addressed, and a high resolution of 76 µm × 76 µm within a field of view of 5 mm × 5 mm was achieved in six different measurement regions. Using inner scaling parameters (friction velocity uₜ and viscous length-scale δᵤ), the dimensionless ensemble-averaged wall-tangential velocity profiles exhibit good consistency with the law-of-the-wall in the viscous sublayer but considerably departure in the logarithmic region. According to the low friction Reynolds number, the absence of the logarithmic layer was mainly attributed to the complete overlap between the viscosity-affected inner region and the outer region of the boundary layer. The near-wall velocity profiles were also normalized by three different outer scaling parameters. The collapse is significantly improved for y/δ >0.07 when the velocity profiles are normalized by δ/δ*(1-u/u∞). The fluctuation RMS velocity in the wall-normal direction is greater, particularly for the high tumble flow level condition.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Jun 2023 11:28:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2173528</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>In-cylinder thermographic PIV combined with phosphor thermometry using ZnO:Zn</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2086658</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Two-dimensional thermographic particle image velocimetry (T-PIV) is presented for the in situ measurement in optically accessible internal combustion (IC) engines. Temperature and velocity measurements are combined using thermographic phosphor particles as tracers for PIV. For three commercially available phosphors (BAM:Eu²⁺, ZnO, and ZnO:Zn), temperature sensitivity, luminescence intensity at high temperatures and laser-fluence dependence were evaluated for phosphor-coated surfaces in a high-temperature cell. ZnO:Zn was identified as the best-suited candidate for engine in-cylinder measurements and further analyzed in the aerosolized state at temperatures up to 775 K to generate calibration data required for signal quantification in engine experiments. T-PIV was successfully applied in the IC engine to simultaneously obtain instantaneous two-dimensional velocity and temperature fields using the intensity-ratio method. Despite a measurement uncertainty (±1σ basis) of only 3.7 K at 317 K (1.2%) to 24.4 K (4.2%) at 575 K, this technique suffers from low signal intensities due to thermal quenching at increasing temperatures, which leads to reduced accuracy as the piston approaches top dead center. Thermographic measurements were successful to visualize local temperature changes due to evaporative cooling after fuel injection. The measured mean gas temperatures agreed well with zero-dimensional simulations that use additional wall-temperature measurements from thermographic phosphor measurements based on the lifetime method as input for heat transfer calculations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2023 09:30:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2086658</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental assessment of the rotor outlet flow in a twin-entry radial turbine by means of Laser Doppler Anemometry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2026895</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The current paper presents the validation of some hypotheses used for developing a one-dimensional twin-entry turbine model with experimental measurements. A Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) technique has been used for measuring the axial Mach number and for counting the number of particles downstream of the rotor outlet. These measurements have been done for different mass flow ratio (MFR) and reduced turbocharger speed conditions. The flow coming from each turbine entry does not fully mix with the other within the rotor since, downstream of the rotor, they can still be differentiated. Thus, the hypothesis of studying twin-entry turbines as two separated single-entry turbines in one-dimensional models is corroborated. Moreover, the rotor outlet area corresponding to each flow branch has linear trends with the MFR value. Therefore, the rotor outlet effective area used for one-dimensional models should vary linearly with the MFR value.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Nov 2022 10:56:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2026895</guid>
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