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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Accelerating Sunroof System Development with Modular Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663466</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a novel Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) testing framework for validating panoramic Sunroof systems independent of infotainment module availability. The increasing complexity of modern automotive features—such as rain-sensing auto-close, global closure, and voice-command operation—has rendered traditional vehicle-based validation methods inefficient, resource-intensive, and late in the development cycle. To overcome these challenges, a real-time HiL system was developed using the Real time simulation, integrated with Simulink-based models for simulation, control, and fault injection. Unlike prior approaches that depend on complete vehicle integration, this methodology enables early-stage testing of Sunroof ECU behavior across open, close, tilt, and shade operations, even under multi-source input conflicts and fault conditions. Key innovations include the emulation of real-world conditions such as simultaneous voice and manual commands, sensor faults, and environmental triggers using a software-controlled test environment. The system helps more than 60 automated test cases and makes regression testing easier without hardware reconfiguration, accelerating feedback cycles and enhancing software readiness. The results show that the framework efficiently identifies test case failures and speeds up validation timelines. The simulation model allows reuse for all ECU variants and streamlines test expansion for future functionalities. Simulation contributes a scalable and infotainment-free testing approach that enhances product quality, reduces dependency on physical prototypes, and supports continuous system integration in automotive control system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Feb 2026 16:36:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663466</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimizer Sunshade Packaging with Half Aluminum Cassette and Metal Pull Bar</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663413</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The automotive industry is advancing rapidly with the integration of cutting-edge technology, aesthetics, and performance. One area that has remained relatively underexplored in the pursuit of sleek, minimalistic interiors is the packaging of Sunshade in door trim system.Traditional sunshade design, often bulky and increasingly incompatible with the trend towards compact design and packaging. The car sunshade is a shield that is placed on a car side window and used for regulating the amount of light entering from the car window and helps improve the passenger comfort inside the cabin. Car Interior components, specifically plastic and seats are based on thermal stress properties. When we expose these parts to direct contact with sunlight, humidity and ambient temperature above threshold limit, the interior plastic parts can start to soften and melt. Due to this, they start emitting harmful chemicals which cause anemia and poor immune systems. So, the Sunshade, in addition to protecting passengers’ comfort inside car, it also protects passenger from harmful radiation and enhances overall visual appeal of the vehicle.The main objective of this paper is to address the following:]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Feb 2026 16:36:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663413</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on Irregular ITS-Assisted Covert Communication in High-Speed Railway Environments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624069</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To address the high security demands of High-Speed Railway (HSR) communication, this letter proposes a covert communication scheme using irregular intelligent transparent surfaces (ITSs) deployed on train windows. A joint optimization framework is developed to enhance covert rate under element constraints, involving ATS for topology design and NECE for beamforming and phase shift. Gradient descent is used to handle covert constraints. Simulations confirm that the proposed irregular ITS outperforms regular ITS in performance and robustness, offering a promising solution for future HSR covert communication.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Jan 2026 16:58:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624069</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of ultraviolet and infrared radiation transmission through automobile windshields and side windows</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2551029</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Excessive exposure to solar radiation, particularly ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) rays, poses significant health risks, including skin damage and an increased risk of skin cancer. While the penetration of UV radiation through vehicle windows is well-documented, the potential transmission of IR radiation remains less recognized. A total of 1,293 participants participated in a survey to assess awareness of solar radiation risks and protective behaviors, revealing a notable lack of attention to protective measures despite widespread knowledge of the risks associated with solar exposure. This study investigates UV and IR radiation exposure inside and outside vehicles in the Middle East, a region known for its extreme temperatures exceeding 52°C. Radiation levels were measured using a PMA2100 data logger radiometer in 20 vehicles. The results demonstrated the ability of both UV and IR radiation to transmit through vehicle windows. For instance, the highest UV transmission through the side and front windows were recorded at 1.70 and 0.80 mW/cm2, respectively, while the IR transmission through the side and front windows were 84.17 and 98.27 mW/cm2, respectively. These findings highlight the need for improved protective measures against both UV and IR radiation, especially in hot climates where prolonged exposure to solar radiation is common. The study also identifies a gap in public awareness of IR radiation and calls for further research into effective strategies for mitigating these risks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Dec 2025 09:35:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2551029</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Foggy Windows: Predicting and Avoiding the Fleet’s Most Frustrating Failure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604455</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Delamination of transparent armor (TA) is one of the costliest and most frustrating failures facing the tactical vehicle community. When purchased, all TA appears equally pristine and has identical protective abilities, but some parts delaminate after only a few years while other parts last over a decade. Recent high delamination rates have resulted in large costs – a Warstopper study showed that transparent armor accounted for 20% of the maintenance cost for the HMMWV. One major advance in the last few years has been the Army-led development of an ‘Accelerated Life Test’ which consistently causes field relevant delamination in transparent armor parts. We present the development of a method to correlate test results with field life, thus allowing for life prediction and life cycle cost analysis. We demonstrate how the life prediction tool can be used to drive purchasing strategies, field use decisions, and vehicle design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Nov 2025 10:45:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604455</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploring the Influence of Tinted Windows and Other in-vehicle Distractions on Driver Detection of Pedestrians and Bicyclists</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625589</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project seeks to address increasing road fatalities in the United States, especially among pedestrians and bicyclists, by investigating how vehicle features such as tinted windows and in-vehicle screens impact driver visual perception and the safety of vulnerable road users. The scope centers on visibility-related safety issues near intersections and the potential added risks posed by heavily tinted windows, which may hinder both driver detection of pedestrians and cyclists and police or witness identification. The objectives are to experimentally evaluate the effect of varying window tint levels and screen use on driver attention, detection ability, and overall safety in low-light and low-contrast conditions. The method involves controlled studies using advanced eye-tracking technology to measure driver performance and behavior across multiple tint percentages, ultimately informing safer vehicle and roadway practices for non-motorized users that align with the Safe Systems Approach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Nov 2025 16:54:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625589</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study of Possibility of Deletion of Side Demister by Optimization of Nozzle Defroster Shape to Secure the Outside Rear View Mirror Visibility</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2623858</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Efficient clearing of frost formed on automotive side window glass during cold conditions is crucial for maintaining visibility and ensuring passenger safety. Conventional systems often employ dedicated side demisters, which increase system complexity, production costs and vehicle weight. This study explores an alternative approach to defrosting side window glass by optimizing airflow from the defroster, thus eliminating the need for separate side demisters.The Study leverages optimized airflow dynamics and strategic design of defroster to direct a portion of the air towards the side glass. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations and actual Tests to analyze the airflow patterns, temperature gradients, and defrosting efficiency of this configuration. Results indicate that the front defroster airflow can effectively clear frost from the side windows, achieving comparable performance to conventional side demisters. Key design parameters, including defroster geometry and airflow velocity, were optimized to ensure efficient coverage of the side glass surface. The absence of dedicated side demisters reduces the overall HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) system complexity, resulting in less costs. Furthermore, the streamlined design contributes to improved cabin aesthetics.This approach offers a practical and sustainable solution for automotive manufacturers seeking to balance functionality, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. This paper details the methodology, design considerations, and performance evaluation of side glass defrosting using the front defroster system. The findings highlight the potential of this innovative approach to redefine current HVAC system designs, providing a safer and more cost-efficient alternative for modern vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Nov 2025 16:26:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2623858</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Multi-Objective Optimization-Based Vehicle-Cargo Matching and Route Collaborative Decision Modeling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624089</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Aiming at the problem of efficiency loss caused by the independent optimization of traditional vehicle - cargo matching and route planning, this paper proposes a spatio - temporal collaborative optimization model. By constructing three - dimensional decision variables to describe the “vehicle - cargo - route” mapping relationship, a multi - objective mixed - integer programming model considering transportation costs, time - window constraints, and carbon emissions is established. An improved NSGA - II algorithm is designed to solve the Pareto optimal solution set, and the TOPSIS method is combined to achieve scheme optimization. Experiments show that the collaborative optimization model reduces the comprehensive cost by an average of 12.7% and the vehicle empty - running rate by 18.4% compared with the traditional two - stage method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Nov 2025 16:10:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624089</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Road Traffic State Classification Method Based on AutoEncoder and
          Clustering Algorithm</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2614441</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban road traffic state classification is essential for identifying early-stage                     deterioration and enabling proactive traffic management. This study presents a                     novel method to accurately assess the traffic state of urban roads while                     addressing the limitations of existing methods in spatial generalization                     performance. The approach consists of three key components. First, several                     indicators are designed to capture the spatial-temporal evolution mechanisms of                     traffic state, speed freedom, flow saturation, and their variations over time                     and space. Then, a feature learning module based on an AutoEncoder network is                     introduced to reduce the dimensionality of the constructed feature set. This                     enhances feature distinction while mitigating noise effects on classification                     results. Third, k-means clustering is applied to analyze significant features                     extracted from the AutoEncoder latent space, categorizing road traffic states                     into fluent, basic fluent, moderate congested and severe congested. Finally, a                     road network in Xuancheng, a city in Anhui Province, China, is selected as the                     test area. The results of road state categorization for both the entire network                     and single roads are visualized and analyzed, demonstrating the interpretability                     and practical utility of the approach. The proposed method is also compared with                     classical k-means clustering, the threshold-based classification, and FCM. To                     quantify performance, we introduce a traffic state fluctuation rate index,                     defined as the ratio of state transitions between adjacent time windows. The                     results show that during the daytime (06:00-20:00), the fluctuation index of the                     proposed method increases by 13.1%, 22.7%, and 29.4% compared to the classical                     k-means, threshold-based method, and FCM, respectively. Meanwhile, during the                     nighttime (20:00-24:00 and 00:00-06:00), the fluctuation index decreases by                     12.7%, 22.5%, and 9.0%, aligning more closely with the real changing patterns of                     daytime and nighttime traffic conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 2025 17:04:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2614441</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on the Influence of Door and Window Sealing on Interior Wind
                    Noise Based on Statistical Energy Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2590564</link>
      <description><![CDATA[
                
                Wind noise is an important indicator for evaluating cabin comfort, and it is
                    essential to accurately predict the wind noise inside the vehicle. In the early
                    stage of automotive design, since the geometry and properties of the sealing
                    strip are often unknown, the contribution of the sealing strip to the wind noise
                    is often directly ignored, which makes the wind noise obtained through
                    simulation in the pre-design stage to be lower than the real value. To
                    investigate the effect of each seal on wind noise, an SUV model was used to
                    simulate the cases of not adding body seals, adding window seals, and further
                    adding door seals, respectively. The contribution of each seal to wind noise was
                    obtained and verified by comparing it with the test results. The influence of
                    the cavity formed at the door seal was also addressed. In the simulations, a CFD
                    solver based on the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) was used to solve the
                    external flow field, and the noise transmitted into the interior of the vehicle
                    through each sealing strip was analyzed using the statistical energy analysis
                    (SEA) method. The results show that the simulation method used in this article
                    can predict the effect of each seal on wind noise more accurately in the
                    pre-design stage of the automobile, which provides guidance for the control of
                    seal noise in the pre-design of the automobile. By analyzing the impact of
                    various sealing strips on the noise inside the car, the significance to take
                    into account the effect of door and window seals on interior noise during the
                    early stages of car design is verified, and it proves that the adopted method
                    can provide effective guidance for controlling sealing noise in the early stage
                    of car design.
            ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Aug 2025 09:25:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2590564</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Interlaboratory study to evaluate background databases for the calculation of likelihood ratios in the interpretation of vehicle glass evidence using LA-ICP-MS data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550367</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Glass samples were analyzed by 13 laboratories participating in an interlaboratory study that used laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) with a standard test method (ASTM E2927–23) for the forensic analysis and comparison of vehicle glass. The aim of this study was to explore the performance of the application of a match criterion described in the standard test method and from likelihood ratio (LR) calculations when reporting the significance of glass evidence comparisons. Five (5) databases populated in different countries and combinations of the databases were used as background data to calculate LRs for two (2) casework scenarios involving vehicle glass comparisons. When the ASTM E2927–23 was used to compare vehicle glass samples that originated from the same source, all laboratories (except one) correctly reported the samples to be indistinguishable thus concluding that the possibility that the glass originated from the same source could not be eliminated. When the LR was calculated for the same comparison, most laboratories obtained large LR values (≈ 10,000) interpreted as “strong support” for same-source proposition. The LR rate of misleading evidence for the same-source (ROME-ss) comparisons was < 2 % for scenario 1. Comparing vehicle glass samples known to originate from different sources resulted in most laboratories reporting the glass to be “distinguishable” when using the ASTM standard method criterion or produced very small LR values (≈ 0.0001) when using the LR comparison criteria, interpreted as “strong (or very strong) support” for different-source proposition. The LR rate of misleading evidence for different-source (ROME-ds) comparisons for scenario 1 was < 21 %, which was due to the number of comparisons of glass samples that are chemically similar (different vehicles but same source of manufacturing). If the chemically similar glass comparisons from the same manufacturer were not treated as “different source”, the ROME-ds was reduced to zero. Glass samples that were chemically similar (those that originated from different vehicles but were collected from the same make, model, and year or originated from the same vehicle but a different pane of glass) sometimes resulted in an LR value (≈ 1) interpreted as no support of either proposition or that the possibility that the glass originated from the same source could not be eliminated when using the ASTM match criterion. The laboratories reported approximately 20 % false support for same-source proposition (or “false inclusion”) and 7 % false support for different-source proposition (or “false exclusion”) when using the ASTM match criterion in the first scenario. All “false inclusions” were derived from the comparison of chemically similar samples, such as inner and outer panes from the same windshield, thus “error rates” on this dataset should not be generalized outside of the context of this study. A database composed of about 2000 background samples originating from different countries and analyzed in different laboratories, produced consistent results. When examined for calibration, all databases and their combinations had “false exclusion” rates below 5 % as well as “false inclusion” rates below 0.5 % for the ASTM calculation. The rate of misleading evidence of LR for same-source comparisons for the databases and their combinations was below 2 % and the rate of misleading evidence for different-source comparisons was below 2 %. An empirical cross entropy (ECE) plot was used to evaluate the calibration of all the databases and their combinations, which resulted in the log-likelihood ratio cost (Cllr) of less than 0.02.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 11 Jul 2025 10:00:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550367</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sound Granular Synthesis Method for Sci-Fi Sound Quality of Electric Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571613</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Since the powertrain systems of electric vehicles (EVs) lack the traditional engine sound, their NVH performance differs from that of conventional fuel-powered vehicles, making the use of active sound design (ASD) systems increasingly common to provide compensatory sound. With the increasing demand for ASD systems, sci-fi sounds are emerging as a design direction to enhance the acoustic feedback of powertrain systems and to elevate the futuristic and immersive driving experience of vehicles. A method for generating sci-fi soundscapes using a granular synthesis algorithm is proposed in this paper. First, based on the designed sci-fi target sound characteristics, a sound grain generation method using the adaptive principal frequency technique is proposed, and the overlap-and-add (OLA) method is employed to synthesize the sound grains. Then, to enhance the sound continuity and smoothness during the sound synthesis process, a method for optimizing a composite cosine window function using a genetic algorithm is proposed. Finally, to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, simulation and subjective evaluation experiments are conducted. The results indicate that the sound synthesis algorithm effectively reproduces the target sci-fi sound, and the composite cosine window function, optimized by a genetic algorithm, enhances the auditory smoothness of the synthesized sound grains. This approach offers a solution for powertrain sound compensation, which plays an important role in improving the interior NVH performance of EVs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Jul 2025 10:45:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571613</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Structural integration of glass in yacht superstructures through adhesive bonding – A numerical analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2540320</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Large luxury yachts often include expansive windows in their designs. The current method of bonding the glass window panes to the supporting structure using a flexible adhesive often necessitates reinforcement in the metallic structure as window size increases. This paper explores an alternative solution where glass is structurally integrated into the yacht. The challenges of integrating glass using structural adhesive bonding is investigated using finite element analysis, focusing on yacht loads and structural deformation. A novel yacht concept with an expansive glazing structure is utilized for this investigation. Following a global load analysis, it is concluded that the glazing structure plays a near negligible role in global strength. Subsequently, a parametric study of the glazing structure is performed under local yacht loads, considering different adhesive bond stiffnesses and glass panel thicknesses. The adhesive bonds are modelled using a contact function with cohesive behaviour. An adhesive Young's modulus ranging from 500 MPa to 2000 MPa resulted in acceptable stresses and deflections of the glazing structure. A submodel of a region of the glazing structure is created for a more realistic representation of the adhesive material. The geometry of the adhesive significantly affects the magnitude and distribution of stresses within the adhesive material, which the contact function underestimates. Stresses in the adhesive are compared to the strengths of an epoxy adhesive with similar elasticity, but stresses are close to the epoxy's limits. It was also found that the curvature of the glazing structure plays a role in the deformations experienced by the adhesive bonds.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Jun 2025 14:48:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2540320</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on the Aspiration Properties of Glassrun Seal System under Time-Varying Pressure Difference</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2552119</link>
      <description><![CDATA[When a vehicle is driven at high speed, there exists intricate flow pattern and vortex shedding at the side window area with intense pressure fluctuation. A significant dynamic pressure difference between the vehicle's exterior and interior can render the side window sealing system vulnerable to aspiration. This susceptibility can lead to the generation of leakage noise, adversely affecting acoustic comfort in the vehicle's cabin. This paper delves into the aspiration properties of glassrun seal system under time-varying pressure difference. A nonlinear finite element model of the glassrun seal was established to simulate the quasi-static deformation of the sealing strip during installation process, which aims to obtain the deformed geometric shape and residual stress after this process. Then, the exterior flow field of the glassrun sealing area of a simplified vehicle model was calculated with CFD simulation to obtain the hydrodynamic pressure excitation acting on the outer surface of the sealing strip at different wind speeds, and the results were subsequently validated through wind tunnel test. With Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) numerical method, fluid-structure interaction (FSI) was simulated, the morphing mesh and overset mesh techniques were used to achieve FSI boundary motion and effective closure of the wall boundary gap, respectively. In this way, a nonlinear dynamic model of the coupled sealing structure and flow field was comprehensively established. Considering factors such as contact friction model, the forced vibration response and sealing aspiration condition of the sealing strip under actual excitation of time-varying pressure difference were analyzed. The results demonstrate that the contact state between the seal and the side window becomes unstable, when the hydrodynamic pressure fluctuation intensity on the outer surface of the glassrun seal is 34%, and the average pressure difference reaches approximately 1700 Pa. This instability manifests as a significant and persistent fluctuation on the contact area, ultimately leading to aspiration. These findings are of significant importance for optimization of the side window sealing system and precaution of aspiration noise.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2025 10:11:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2552119</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of Higher Clarity Injection Molded Windscreen for Motorcycles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2547859</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The windscreen is one of the key elements to enhance passenger comfort of touring motorcycle. The clarity through the windscreen should not discomfort the rider. The discomfort we discuss here mainly refers to three factors: the “distortion,” the “blur,” and the “transparency.” Introduced in this paper is the technical measures to achieve sufficient clarity by the injection molding method. Firstly, with respect to the “distortion,” we determined the main cause was local unevenness of plate thickness. As the uneven thickness were related to the accuracy of the die, we clarified the tolerable zone and carried out higher precision machining of the die to satisfy the requirements. Regarding the “blur,” we analyzed the refractive power of the windscreen and found the main cause of blur is the microscopic roughness on the surface. As the microscopic roughness were attributable to the die surface, we clarified the tolerable zone and established the polishing conditions satisfactory for the requirements. With respect to the “transparency,” it is necessary to maintain transparency after being scratched and degraded by weather in long term use. We determined to use the bio polycarbonate because of its good scratch and weather resistance, which are necessary for maintaining transparency. With all these technical measures applied, we have established the new injection molding method for the windscreens featuring sufficient clarity while taking the environmental protection.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Apr 2025 15:53:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2547859</guid>
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