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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Working from home: changes in transport demand: the case of Greater Perth: overview report</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569593</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The COVID-19 pandemic has seen an acceleration in the rate of working from home (WFH) and elevated rates of WFH are expected to continue post-pandemic. WFH can be seen as one measure in a suite of travel demand management approaches that aim to reduce traffic congestion and thus defer expenditure on costly public infrastructure, with significant benefits to air quality, health and productivity. The purpose of this research has been to provide in-depth knowledge on the spatial incidence of WFH, the extent of travel reduction that it can deliver and the associated productivity benefits. In understanding these aspects based on actual experience in Perth, there has also been an opportunity to develop a suite of policy initiatives designed to support the positive aspects of continued WFH, to capitalise on the wider benefits to society, while recognising potential negative effects. This report provides an overview of the key research components, including the objectives, research approach, key findings and insights for policy development. Greater detail and substantiation of these findings can be found in a series of detailed research reports (provided as Appendices to this Overview Report). This executive summary aims to synthesise the findings to provide a broad, integrated picture of WFH impacts and potential in relation to the key research questions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2025 13:31:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569593</guid>
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      <title>Working from home: employee perspectives: travel and values: appendix 5A</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569578</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report is part of a wider research project to provide in-depth knowledge on the spatial incidence of WFH, the extent of travel reduction that it can deliver and the associated productivity benefits. In understanding these aspects based on actual experience in Perth there has also been an opportunity to develop a suit of policy initiatives designed to support the positive aspects of continued WFH, to capitalise on the wider benefits to society. Three primary streams of research were undertaken to build knowledge on: Employer perspectives; Employee perspectives; Travel patterns and scenarios to future travel based on different rates of WFH. This report is an Appendix (5A) to the final project report: Working from Home: Changes in Transport Demand – the Case of Greater Perth - Overview Report. This report (Appendix 5A) contains technical details of the research sub-component: Employee perspectives – travel and values.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2025 13:31:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569578</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Comparative analysis of the factors influencing metro passenger arrival volumes in Wuhan, China, and Lagos, Nigeria: an application of association rule mining and neural network models</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2452409</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Nov 2024 14:11:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2452409</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Decision support system for assessment and selection of optimum mass transit option</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2452405</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Nov 2024 14:11:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2452405</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Some noise considerations for eVTOL traffic in Auckland City, New Zealand</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2367022</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft have the potential to revolutionize urban transportation, but their public acceptance will be influenced to a large extent by safety, noise, reliability, cost, and perceived benefits. As far as noise is concerned, the application of the existing regulatory framework, e.g., the FAA Part 36 noise standards, to the noise certification of eVTOL aircraft is problematic, given the many different design configurations that exist. In the authors’ opinion, the best and simplest way of gaining public acceptance of urban air mobility in the near term is to minimise any noise disruption to the current soundscapes. Hence this work explores whether noise-based flight paths for eVTOL traffic can be developed in the urban environment of Auckland City without adversely impacting its ambient noise levels. Noise samples were taken around various parts of the city to provide quantifiable measures of the existing soundscape – these were used as a baseline noise level that eVTOL aircraft should blend into and not be heard above. Cruise altitudes for eVTOL aircraft were then determined using the inverse square method for sound propagation. The results showed that such air traffic could be collected into corridors that were located over certain noisier parts of the city so as not to affect the existing soundscapes. However, from a practical perspective, this will be extremely difficult to implement since Auckland, like many major cities, has a significant portion of its urban areas covered by class C or D controlled airspace.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Apr 2024 14:20:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2367022</guid>
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      <title>Assessing the potential contribution of cities in improving the planning and delivery of transport NDCs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2367011</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper assessed the potential contribution of cities in improving the planning and delivery of transport-specific Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC), mainly focusing on the case of Pasig City in Metropolitan Manila, Philippines. In doing so, this paper compared the calculated emission reduction from urban transport interventions in Pasig City with the transport NDCs of the Philippines. The results of the modeling exercise suggest that Pasig City can deliver better than the national government – with the transport interventions in Pasig City potentially reducing the city’s transport greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 22.39% compared with its business-as-usual (BAU) scenario. In contrast, the Philippine transport NDCs can only reduce nationwide transport GHG emissions by 6%. A summary of the crucial gaps in the Philippine transport NDCs based on the results of the assessment is also presented, as follows: 1.) limited to big infrastructure projects; 2.) failed to consider specific interventions for the urban freight sector, for two- and three-wheelers, for active transportation, and for travel demand management; 3.) assumed a low uptake of the Public Utility Vehicle (PUV) Modernization Program; and 4.) the spatial coverage of most interventions included in the transport NDCs is limited to metropolitan areas. Finally, this paper concludes that the Philippine transport sector NDCs may need some rethinking, improvement, updating, or calibration. The crucial role of cities in decarbonizing the urban transport sector must also be recognized and reflected in the Philippines’ international GHG emission reduction commitments]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Apr 2024 14:20:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2367011</guid>
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      <title>The impact of working from home on travel demand: a methodology and preliminary estimates from Victoria</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2239914</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Working from home behaviours established during the Covid-19 pandemic will likely endure at materially higher levels than transport demand forecasts have historically assumed. Applications of strategic transport models typically assume trip generation functions calibrated to historic household travel survey data will remain unchanged in the decades ahead. It will be several years before a new steady state of travel behaviour is established and models can be recalibrated and validated to observed data. In the meantime, informed assumptions and innovative methods are required to use strategic transport models to forecast demand that incorporates long term working from home impacts. Our preliminary central scenario assumes 29 per cent of current Victorian jobs are suited to long term working from home, and workers in those jobs will work an additional 1.8 days per week from home compared to before the pandemic began. Jobs suited to working from home are heavily concentrated in the CBD and inner-city areas, while the location of workers employed in those jobs are more dispersed across Greater Melbourne and regional areas. We apply a tailored method to integrate these parameters with employment projection inputs and the four-step modelling process used in the Department of Transport’s Victorian Integrated Transport Model (VITM). As well as reducing demand for work commute trips, the method redistributes demand for some trips made during the workday – previously assumed to made from workplaces – to occur from home locations. Preliminary estimates reflect an 11 per cent reduction in daily work commutes in Greater Melbourne, representing two per cent of total daily weekday trips. Travel demand in inner areas in peak periods are disproportionately affected, with seven per cent fewer trips to the Melbourne CBD.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Sep 2023 14:04:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2239914</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Working from home final report: working from home (WFH) and implications for revision of metropolitan strategic transport models</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2169758</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report summarises the main findings and policy implications of a three-year project carried out in Australia to understand the impacts of COVID-19 and particularly, WFH, in the transport network. Data collection began at the beginning of the pandemic in early 2020 up until the end of 2022, with a total of seven data waves. This research is part of iMOVE Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) research projects 1-031 and 1-034 with Transport and Main Roads, Queensland (TMR), Transport for News South Wales (TfNSW) and West Australian Department of Transport (WADoT). The report presents evidence on the incidence of WFH and how it has been received by employees and employers from the height of restrictions up to a period when restrictions were relaxed, followed by further lockdowns throughout Australia. We show what this might mean for work productivity, lifestyle, and the changing preferences for passenger modes. We also analyse the impact of WFH in non-commuting travel behaviour and its implications in businesses’ decisions on their main office space. With a growing preference, within some occupation classes, to WFH 1 to 2 days a week, and a good spread through the weekdays, we discuss what this means for the way we analyse the impact of transport initiatives on the performance of the transport network with a particular emphasis on the growth in suburbanisation of transport improvements, less costly service and infrastructure improvements, and the changing role of public transport.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 May 2023 15:59:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2169758</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Australian aggregate freight forecasts: 2022 update</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2145635</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Freight transport plays a significant and wide-ranging role across Australia’s economy. It includes the movement of Australia’s major bulk export commodities to ports for export, to the transport of raw materials and semi-processed commodities to businesses for further processing and finished products for household consumption. This report presents long-term forecasts of total Australian freight volumes, for road, rail, coastal shipping and aviation, between 2020 and 2050. The forecasts are based on a combination of statistical models relating historical trends in freight volumes and economic activity, informed assumptions about likely future long-term economic and demographic trends, and international assumptions about likely future world demand for key Australian export commodities. This report updates BITRE 2019 aggregate freight forecasts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Apr 2023 16:40:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2145635</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How improving public transport and shared mobility can reduce urban passenger emissions: scenario results and policy findings</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2145634</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study assesses policies to reduce private vehicle use and carbon emissions in urban passenger transport. It finds that a two-pronged approach of improving public transport services and creating incentives to increase the use of shared services can effectively reduce emissions. This is particularly so when combined with infrastructure investment and land-use measures that prioritise collective and active modes. However, further action will still be required to meet the decarbonisation goals of the Paris Agreement, including making paratransit vehicles more efficient and developing public transport infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Apr 2023 16:40:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2145634</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Invulnerability of the urban agglomeration integrated passenger transport network under emergency events</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2145578</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Apr 2023 16:36:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2145578</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Taken for a ride: how the poor cost-effectiveness of Sydney’s automated Metro Railways provides a salutary lesson for infrastructure planning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2112882</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Building rail infrastructure creates a significant opportunity cost for taxpayers. This makes it imperative for new rail capacity to obtain the best possible value. In this paper, we examine Sydney’s current programme of automated metro railway construction and identify several, not immediately apparent, factors which undermine value to taxpayers. Their root cause is a systemic failure to undertake adequate and effective project evaluation. Lessons applicable to transport infrastructure decisions globally highlight the importance of (i) retaining network compatibility; (ii) maximising utilisation of transport assets; (iii) undertaking comprehensive cost-benefit analysis which encompasses the full scope of works and flow-on implications of a major infrastructure decision; (iv) recognising changes in demand trends (v) maintaining a knowledgeable public service and (vi) holding decision-makers accountable for investments which lack justification.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 06 Feb 2023 15:42:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2112882</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Australian interstate, intrastate and capital city road freight forecasts: 2022 update</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2112868</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In Australia, road transport is the predominant mode for moving freight within between states, within states and urban areas. It is a vital link in various logistics chains, providing access for freight to ports and terminals and urban freight distribution between warehouses and retail outlets. It is also the dominant mode for moving freight over relatively short distances and where other alternatives are not readily available. This report presents estimates and forecasts of interstate, intrastate and capital cities for each state and territory in Australia. Estimates cover the period 1970 to 2020 and forecasts from 2020 to 2040. The forecasts are based on a combination of statistical models relating historical trends in road freight volumes and economic activity, informed assumptions about likely future long-term economic and demographic trends.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 06 Feb 2023 15:41:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2112868</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Co-modality for Sydney’s ferries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1987564</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Logistics issues arising from the last mile delivery of goods in an urban environment are plentiful. Co-modality, whereby the movement of freight and passengers are integrated on the same public transport mode, can mitigate road congestion and promote sustainable transport. This working paper investigates the merits of using co-modality for the ‘intermediate mile’ with Sydney’s ferries in Australia. A global review of field trials found that a high level of stakeholder interaction and a robust data management system are necessary to ensure the success of the endeavour. A review of the transit assignment literature led to the selection of the frequency-based transit assignment model to locate spare capacity in the ferry network before the pandemic. Additionally, there was an evaluation of every ferry station’s suitability for handling cargo with proposals for storage areas within each ferry station. An assessment of a range of Unit Load Devices (ULDs) in which goods are carried led to the selection of the ‘meter cube’ container as the most viable for Sydney’s ferries. Tracking and tracing requirements were reviewed. Four business models are developed for different delivery processes and types of cargo – pickup and delivery of full meter cube containers, parcels transported in meter cube containers, or perishable goods transported in refrigerated meter cube containers. The repositioning of empty meter cube containers is not considered in detail. Potential limitations, risks and next steps for the successful implementation of co-modality for Sydney’s ferries are detailed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 2022 12:04:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1987564</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Urban transport systems: a Transport Australia Society discussion paper</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1987514</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This discussion paper has been prepared by a working group of the Transport Australia Society (TAs). TAs is an Engineers Australia technical society and represents engineering and professionals working in transport infrastructure planning, design and operations in Australia. This discussion paper represents a consensus of the views of the working group and has been peer reviewed by a panel of national and international experts. The discussion paper is intended to give guidance to policy makers and other stakeholders in planning and delivering Australia’s Urban Transport Systems (UTS). The scope includes changes to the transport systems themselves and associated investment and decision-making processes. The recommended principles included are intended to inform discussion on how land use development can be better integrated with transport planning and infrastructure, to deliver sustainable outcomes for our communities. The paper does not represent a formal policy position of Engineers Australia. The discussion paper will act as a catalyst for renewed dialogue with a wide range of stakeholders (planners, transport professionals, government departments, infrastructure advisors and providers, funders, community etc.), with a view of achieving consensus on our current status and consider policy reform towards better and more sustainable outcomes, for the long term.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 2022 11:57:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1987514</guid>
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