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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Optimization of “Last Mile” Distribution Path Based on Ant Colony Algorithm—Taking Urban Express Delivery as an Example</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613207</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to improve the “last mile” distribution efficiency and reduce costs, this paper optimizes the urban express delivery path based on the ant colony algorithm. By establishing a comprehensive cost minimization model considering vehicle fixed cost, transportation cost, cargo damage cost, and penalty cost, this paper uses an ant colony algorithm to simulate the path selection and optimization process of vehicles under constraints. The research results show that the improved ant colony algorithm can effectively reduce the total cost of distribution path, improve the efficiency of path planning, and significantly reduce the phenomenon of distribution crossover and redundancy, and the number of iterations of the improved ant colony algorithm is reduced by 25%, and the cost is reduced by 5.13%. The research in this paper provides a feasible path optimization scheme for urban express delivery, which has important reference value for improving the quality of “last mile” delivery service.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613207</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Guangzhou’s Urban Freight Facilities: Mapping the Spatial Evolution and Traffic Impacts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613187</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the last decade, urban freight demand has grown substantially, driven by the expansion of urban population and industrial activities. This has facilitated the requirements for urban freight traffic planning, especially forecasting freight traffic demand at the metropolitan scale. Corporate freight facilities, as a major form of land use that generates truck demand, are key to estimating the overall flow of urban freight traffic. Understanding how the locations of urban freight facilities change as cities grow can help build a solid foundation for formulating sustainable policies to manage urban freight traffic. Though previous studies have examined the concept and location of corporate freight facilities, they failed to systematically identify such facilities due to the lack of high-quality data sets. Our study aims to fill this gap by utilizing advanced data mining methods such as remote sensing and computer vision to recognize the location of freight facilities within Guangzhou city from 2014 to 2023. We then explore the spatiotemporal evolution patterns of such facilities and analyze the potential generation of freight vehicle trips out of them. By discovering hot spot areas of freight vehicle generation, analyzing latent traffic bottlenecks, and integrating the evolution patterns of freight facilities, this study could help predict future changes and provide recommendations for local urban freight traffic management from a long-term perspective. This paper offers a creative research pipeline, broadens the research horizons of integrated urban freight traffic planning, and has a positive significance for the study of sustainable freight traffic planning.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613187</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Evaluation and Optimization of Truck Traffic Restriction Policy Based on Big Data of Freight Space and Time: A Case Study of Guangzhou</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613177</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Based on the spatial-temporal data of logistics facilities, industrial land, expressway truck GPS, and urban road bayonets, the adaptation evaluation system of truck traffic restriction policy is established to assist the optimization of truck traffic management policy. Taking Guangzhou as an example, the results show that some of the restricted roads do not meet the requirement of “allowing no less than 7 h of truck traffic per day.” The scope, time, and type of trucks are comprehensively optimized, and it is found that there are 1,300−1,800 new pickup trucks/h in the central urban area during the peak period (9:00−17:00), and the total traffic increases by 1.5%. Adjust the time and scope of restrictions on 51,800 pickup trucks and new energy trucks in the city, increase the number of trucks on Luoxi Bridge by 0.7%, and increase the road saturation by 1%. To sum up, the truck restriction policy optimization is feasible.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613177</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Temporal and Vehicle Impacts on Delivery Emissions in Urban Logistics: A Case Study of Rome</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646914</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Emerging challenges in urban logistics underscore the need for delivery strategies that balance efficiency with environmental responsibility. This study develops a time dependent delivery model using operational data from a beverage logistics company in Rome, utilizing light commercial vehicles (LCVs) differentiated by fuel type (diesel, petrol) and Euro emission standard (Euro 4–Euro 6). We segment daily operations into four time windows: morning, afternoon, evening, and night, to capture the variability of traffic congestion. For each period, we use a congestion factor calibrated by comparing free-flow and congested travel times retrieved from a routing service. These factors adjust the baseline travel times for realistic routing scenarios. Delivery plans are generated for each time window and vehicle configuration, with calculations for both travel time and emissions. Emissions are estimated using the COPERT methodology, employing standardized emission factors based on euro norms and fuel types. By comparing emission outcomes across time slots and vehicle types, we identify delivery schedules and fleet compositions that minimize environmental impact while maintaining acceptable service levels. The findings demonstrate significant variability in emissions across different delivery time slots, with peak congestion periods showing notably higher emission costs, reaching up to €4.10 per delivery route compared to €1.14 during nighttime operations with advanced vehicle technology. Specifically, shifting delivery schedules from morning to night reduces total emissions by approximately 25.57%, highlighting nighttime deliveries as one of the most effective strategies for mitigating environmental impacts. Additionally, the analysis underscores the importance of fleet composition, revealing that advanced diesel LCVs adhering to the Euro 6d-temp standard equipped with DPF+SCR significantly outperform conventional diesel vehicles, achieving emission reductions up to 63.4%. These insights establish a data-driven foundation for optimizing both temporal scheduling and vehicle selection, enabling sustainable and environmentally responsible urban logistics strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Dec 2025 09:00:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646914</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Strategic design of parcel locker networks for urban delivery</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633766</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper focuses on the strategic design of a Parcel Locker (PL) network in the context of last-mile delivery. While PLs are emerging as a promising alternative to home delivery, their implementation poses practical challenges, including high deployment costs, inefficient capacity utilization, replenishment scheduling, and coordination with end users. To address this, we consider a network consisting of a depot, candidate locations for PLs, and service regions, each representing a group of customers with known aggregate daily demand distributed across multiple periods. Each period corresponds to a time window preferred by some customers for parcel pickup. The problem extends the classical location-routing problem by incorporating a multi-period horizon, a two-echelon network structure, and flexible replenishment planning. The objective is to minimize upfront strategic costs and anticipated operational costs over the network’s economic life. Strategic decisions concern selecting locations and capacities for PLs, and the size of a fleet to replenish PLs from the depot. Operational decisions, which can be revisited after the network is deployed, involve planning replenishment and routes over a single-day, multi-period horizon. The problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program and solved using a variable neighborhood search embedded in a branch-and-cut framework, leveraging tailored valid inequalities and local search moves. Computational experiments, along with a case study in Chicago using real data from Amazon, demonstrate that incorporating expected operational costs into network design process leads to more cost-efficient PL networks. Moreover, flexibility in replenishment planning affects both operational cost and network configuration, leading to further improvements in overall system efficiency.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 17:03:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633766</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Urban Spatial Attributes and Sustainability: Operational Efficiency in Urban Freight Delivery</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2631470</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study explores the impact of urban geometry, city size, density, and spatial layout on the sustainability of urban freight delivery practices. Using comparative data from multiple urban contexts, the research evaluates the interplay between spatial attributes and key logistics performance metrics, such as costs, emissions, and delivery times. The findings demonstrate that compact, high-density urban areas facilitate shorter delivery routes and lower emissions, while sprawling urban designs present challenges for sustainable logistics. The analysis also identifies critical thresholds in urban form where infrastructure investments and policy interventions can significantly enhance freight efficiency. By integrating these spatial insights with sustainable transport strategies, the study provides actionable recommendations for urban planners and policymakers to optimise urban freight delivery systems, contributing to the broader goals of reducing environmental impact and supporting economic resilience in cities. These findings underscore the importance of aligning urban design with logistics policy to foster sustainable urban freight practices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 17:03:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2631470</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seattle SMART Grant Digital Commercial Vehicle Permit Project: Data Management Plan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636024</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Seattle Strengthening Mobility and Revolutionizing Transportation (SMART) Grant Digital Commercial Vehicle Permit Project advanced work to provide reliable, modern curb access for commercial delivery vehicles using a collaborative, data driven approach. Short-term goals were to engage with local businesses and commercial delivery users with a Seattle Department of Transportation (SDOT) issued decal to prototype a new digital permit to make more efficient use of commercial vehicle load zones, automate payment for users, and provide usage data at the zones for City and public use.  The project collected baseline data, interacted with various stakeholders, prototyped a technology-driven curb management system with two vehicle detection sensors, and evaluated a digital permit in North Downtown. SDOT is also converting the areas curb data to the Curb Data Specification set by the Open Mobility Foundation. The University of Washington’s Urban Freight Lab led the project’s research by developing a technology assessment and existing commercial vehicle curbside utilization data collection plans, parking and pricing policy scenarios assessment, analysis of project results, and recommendations for building a digital permit on a scale citywide.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 09:52:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636024</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seattle SMART Grant Digital Commercial Vehicle Permit Project [supporting dataset]</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636023</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Seattle Strengthening Mobility and Revolutionizing Transportation (SMART) Grant Digital Commercial Vehicle Permit Project advanced work to provide reliable, modern curb access for commercial delivery vehicles using a collaborative, data driven approach. Short-term goals were to engage with local businesses and commercial delivery users with a Seattle Department of Transportation (SDOT) issued decal to prototype a new digital permit to make more efficient use of commercial vehicle load zones, automate payment for users, and provide usage data at the zones for City and public use.  The project collected baseline data, interacted with various stakeholders, prototyped a technology-driven curb management system with two vehicle detection sensors, and evaluated a digital permit in North Downtown. SDOT is also converting the areas curb data to the Curb Data Specification set by the Open Mobility Foundation. The University of Washington’s Urban Freight Lab led the project’s research by developing a technology assessment and existing commercial vehicle curbside utilization data collection plans, parking and pricing policy scenarios assessment, analysis of project results, and recommendations for building a digital permit on a scale citywide.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 09:52:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636023</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Last-Mile Freight Curb Access Digitizing the Last-Mile of Urban Goods to Improve Curb Access and Utilization: Final Implementation Report</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636015</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For over 30 years, Seattle has operated Commercial Vehicle Load Zones (CVLZs) and a Commercial Load Permit (CLP) program to help provide delivery and business access where curb demand is highest. However, Seattle’s CVLZ regulations and other management tools have not kept pace with demand and rapid technological advancements in the commercial delivery industry. This has led to congestion, inefficiencies, and safety concerns for Seattle’s business community. To address these challenges, the Seattle Department of Transportation (SDOT) launched Last-Mile Freight Curb Access: Digitizing the Last-Mile of Urban Goods to Improve Curb Access and Utilization pilot. The Stage One project was guided by two main goals: (1) Understand commercial vehicle curb access through robust baseline data collection and engaging with local businesses and urban freight companies; and (2) Improve curb access through vehicle-to-curb technology, digital permit, and digital curb monitoring tools built on the Curb Data Specification (CDS) standard. The project was in Seattle’s Belltown and Denny Triangle business districts. SDOT prototyped a digital commercial vehicle loading permit by digitizing curb regulations, deployed two vehicle-to- curb technologies, and engaged with local business and urban freight companies. The project tested whether technologies could build a data-driven CLP program by measuring zone usage, identifying vehicle types at these zones, permit compliance, and integration capabilities into a larger digital permit ecosystem that could inform citywide policy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 09:52:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636015</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Environmental and operational impact of freight urban delivery: in-store, home and locker</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611349</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The boom of Business to Consumer e-commerce is impacting the last-mile delivery industry. Efforts are focused on exploring smart solutions for efficient and sustainable urban delivery strategies. This paper develops a methodology to compare the environmental and operational impacts (mileage, street space consumption and emissions) of in-store and e-commerce delivery strategies, with and without an intermediate cross-dock depot. It uses a Monte Carlo simulation to account for randomness in input variables and includes an ad-hoc questionnaire for logistic experts to gather necessary data. Applied to Madrid (Spain), the analysis shows significantly higher sustainability performance of in-store delivery compared to e-commerce. Within e-commerce delivery strategies, the use of an intermediate cross-dock depot significantly reduces negative externalities, on average by approximately one-third to one-half compared to direct-to-home/locker delivery. Despite these benefits, this two-echelon approach remains less commonly implemented in practice. This methodology also allows for modelling and assessing changes in current operations, helping freight carriers and transport planners in decision-making to reduce urban delivery mileage and associated negative externalities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 2025 09:36:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611349</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Urban transport for circular economy and local re-commerce</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598646</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project aims to identify the barriers and needs that citizens encounter in their daily lives while exploring innovative services that facilitate the transition toward localized and circular logistics. A possible future with different hypotheses of solutions were created and visualized in three HITS 2030+ scenarios. In these scenarios you find ideas about how problems are solved with new services. Some of these solutions were chosen to be tested and validated - is it a possible and viable solution?]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:19:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598646</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How to SUTZ your city : a guide for more efficient traffic and a more attractive and sustainable city</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598625</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This is a guide on how to develop smart urban traffic zones. Smart urban traffic zones (SUTZ) contribute to the development of a more flexible and sustainable city, where vehicles move in a city designed from the human perspective. This report will provide you with information on what, why, when and how a SUTZ can be implemented. We start with a short “how to do it”-stepwise guide and then move on to the necessary components; what is SUTZ, for whom and to what end and what does it consist of. Based on experience in the SUTZ project, we provide examples of SUTZ and describe how they can be evaluated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:19:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598625</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Summary of interviews in pilot 1 in Gothenburg</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598623</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The city of Gothenburg aims to create efficient transportation with fast and efficient loading and unloading. By eliminating unnecessary driving and minimizing congestion, they strive to reduce emissions in the city center and create more seamless logistics. Understanding and optimizing the use of existing loading areas is seen as key to a dynamic and flexible city center. In connection with this work and within the research project Smart Urban Traffic Zones, the city of Gothenburg, together with other project participants, has developed a solution that can benefit both the city and transporters. This solution is visualized in two different prototype tools: a real time tool that helps drivers find available loading areas in real-time, and a planning tool that shows how loading areas have been used over time and helps transport managers plan routes for loading and unloading in the area around Vallgraven in Gothenburg. Approximately 50 transport vehicles were equipped with GPS transmitters. In addition, several Scania vehicles sent their positions directly from their built-in systems. By tracking the vehicles' positions, the availability status for each loading area was updated in near real-time. Cameras were also installed at two loading areas, at the central station and at Norra Hamngatan, where availability status and vehicle types were identified through an image recognition algorithm. To investigate how the real-time tool was received and accepted by the drivers, an interview study was conducted with three different drivers who operated in the area. The purpose of the interviews was to provide an opportunity to discuss various aspects related to the function and experiences of the real-time tool during driving, loading, and unloading in the area within Vallgraven.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:19:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598623</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Efficient loading areas : pilot 1 : pilot evaluation report</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598622</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is competition for space in urban areas and it can be hard to find loading zones in central Gothenburg, resulting in difficult working conditions for logistics companies and unnecessarily long driving distances/times for deliveries. Meanwhile, there are other options for temporarily parking vehicles during deliveries, such as short-term parking spaces and shared space environments. The need for loading zones also depends on the type of goods being delivered. Currently, there is no data to assess user needs and the use of loading zones. With more available data, the city could improve physical planning for logistics purposes. More data would also benefit the planning and operations of logistics companies. European legal requirements within ITS also demand more data sharing. These aim for a coordinated and standardised implementation and use of ITS in road transport (ITS Directive 2010/40/EU). The Traffic Committee's overall strategic plan for traffic innovation, adopted in 2020, requires more data sharing as well and wants the City of Gothenburg to remain at the forefront of the developments currently taking place in the vehicle sector regarding electrification, digitalization, and automation. These technological shifts are considered crucial to addressing challenges such as congestion, environmental impact, and the need for more efficient transport. In this pilot, efficient loading areas, we have set up a service that demonstrates a possible subscription to data streams, aggregated and processed data. We have focused on data collection from various sources and methods, such as camera detection, GPS tracking, proprietary APIs, position data from third parties, and manual methods. The data has been aggregated and GDPR-secured before being shared on the project's common platform. By collecting and sharing data with each other, we have opened up opportunities for both the city and transporters. We have developed a tool where you can see in real-time how the loading zones are utilized in the inner city of Gothenburg. We have also developed a planning tool based on historical data, where you can see how the loading zones have been used over time.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:19:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598622</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimization of a hierarchical hub and satellite network for urban freight on transit</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582955</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Growing urban populations drive the demand for urban goods movement, prompting interest in innovative urban logistics solutions. This study explores integrating passenger and freight transport by using public transport—the urban rail network—for parcel deliveries. The authors propose a three-echelon transit-based freight transport system. Parcels are initially transported by trucks from warehouses to hubs located at train stations. They are then transferred by rail to satellite stations, where smaller vehicles complete final deliveries to end destinations. The research focuses on strategic decisions pertaining to hub and satellite locations and tactical planning for vehicle routing and parcel assignments. To identify optimal satellite locations that minimize vehicle kilometers traveled, we develop an iterative heuristic algorithm. Furthermore, the authors assess the viability of the approach using real-world parcel delivery and rail network data in Singapore. Findings indicate that leveraging transit can significantly reduce vehicle kilometers traveled, thereby promoting sustainable urban logistics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Aug 2025 14:56:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582955</guid>
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