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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Technical Feasibility of an Open Area Test Site in Brazil for the UHF Band (300 MHz to 1 GHz)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1831169</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a set of measurements and simulations to investigate the technical viability of an UHF Band open area test site (frequency range from 300 MHz to 1 GHz). The presented experimental and computational analyses show the possibility of an emission test in a reduced size open area. Modified setups of the test proposed by international standard CISPR 25 are then proposed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Apr 2022 09:06:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1831169</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimising Acceleration and Braking Performance Profiles of Railway Vehicles for the Robust Operation of Ultra-High Frequency Timetables</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1751843</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ultra-high frequency train timetables, which will double the capacity of urban railway lines, are expected to eliminate the chronic congestion and minimise passengers’ disbenefit. However, it is well known that the higher the train frequency, the lower the so-called “robustness” or “resilience” of the timetable. Also, it is generally accepted that the fundamental, and in many cases the only, method to improve robustness and/or resilience is to add larger buffer times to it. This will cause disbenefits for the operators and the passengers alike because this will make trains slower. Instead, the authors examined the method to replace the vehicles with the ones with considerably higher acceleration and braking performance. According to our findings, this method is effective in allowing larger buffer times without slowing down trains for most cases but, unfortunately, not always. Also, problems in the trackside power supply system, such as overloaded substations, excessive voltage drop or too many losses, are almost inevitable because the power consumed or regenerated by trains become too high. Through these investigations,  the authors concluded that the optimisation of the acceleration and braking performance of trains was necessary. However, few literatures were found on this problem. Many previous works on the optimisation of running profiles of trains could be found. In these optimisation attempts, however, the performance of trains was treated as the “given” condition for them. In this paper,  the authors discuss the impact of the acceleration/braking performance of the railway vehicles on the whole system performance, based on the results of both the literature survey and some calculations.  The authors then discuss how train acceleration/braking performance optimisation can be performed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 Feb 2021 15:00:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1751843</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Reservation-Compulsory Commuting Railways: Innovation That Will Be Made Possible by UCRT/IPASS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1727815</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Making commuting railways “reservation-compulsory” is a quick method to realise “congestion-free” commute on those railways. This is a simple idea which have generally been rejected as unrealistic. However, the author believes that the advances in technologies recent years have seen is giving the idea a fresh chance to be realised. First, combining the moving block signalling systems and the ideas proposed by the authors to realise ultra-high-frequency train operation, a drastic improvement in capacity on already densely trafficked railway routes will become possible, giving railway operators the ability to provide a wide variety of services that, if properly selected by passengers, will better suit their individual needs. The ultra-high-frequency operation realised in the above way will result in train timetables that are really difficult to use. In addition, a slight imbalance in passenger loading across railway lines, trains or even coaches in a trainset may result in considerable destabilisation of operation. Here comes the need for implementing “compulsory reservation” policy or something close to that, giving the operator the ability to control passenger behaviour to a certain extent. The reservation policy will also give the operator the ability to provide sophisticated and individualised passenger guidance, as proposed by the author in his IPASS proposal. The complicated train timetables will become easy to use through the help of the high-performance individual passenger guidance function of IPASS. Fare collection will also be easy, giving operators the possibility to apply flexible fare structure while maximising passenger benefits. In the paper, the author describes in full detail the concept and possibility of reservation-compulsory commuting railways and reveal that this can be realised by the application of the group of ideas the author has proposed in recent years as part of his “UCRT/IPASS” concept.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2020 15:08:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1727815</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ultra-High Frequency Train Operation Using the Soft Coupling Technique: Headway Evaluations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1727807</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The level of congestion observed in urban railways during peak hours is unacceptably high, and there is a strong need for quick improvement. One possible method to alleviate congestion without large-scale investment in railway infrastructure (e.g. increasing tracks) is the realisation of “soft coupling”. This is a concept in which the space between two moving trains is controlled to an extremely short distance so that these two trains look as if they were mechanically coupled. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the limits of the transport capacity of urban railways when soft coupling is applied. Although it is expected that ultra-high frequency train operation will be possible by using this technique, there is a danger that these two trains would collide with each other when doing so. To avoid the problem, deceleration parameters of trains must be set properly. In this paper, the authors first search for the appropriate set of deceleration parameters by means of simplified braking performance calculations. Following this, the authors evaluate the possibility of increasing train frequency by using this technique. Especially, the authors reveal that it is possible to reduce headways between two trains that are running in the same direction and calling at the same platform in a station even further by using soft coupling, when compared with the cases using either pure moving block (PMB), relative moving block (RMB), a new variant of continuous ATP used in Japan (called Digital ATC) and another conventional variant of continuous ATP used in Japan (called ATS). By comparing all five types of signalling systems, it can be concluded that soft coupling can greatly contribute to shortening the headways between trains.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2020 15:08:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1727807</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Low Cost Wireless Fatigue Crack Monitoring System Using RFID Arrays</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1510146</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of welded steel cover plates had been a common design practice to increase beam section capacity in regions of high torsion for decades. Many steel girder bridges with cover plates are still in service. Steel girder bridges are subject to cyclic loading, which can initiate crack formation at the toe of the weld and reduce beam capacity. Thus, timely detection of fatigue cracks is of utmost importance in steel girder bridge monitoring. To date, crack monitoring methods using in-house radio frequency identification (RFID)-based sensors have been developed to complement visual inspection and provide quantitative information of damage level. Offering similar properties at a reduced cost, commercial ultra-high frequency (UHF) passive RFID tags have been identified as a more financially viable option for pervasive crack monitoring using a dense array of sensors. This project conducted a study on damage sensitivity of low-cost commercial UHF RFID tags for crack detection and monitoring on metallic structures. Using backscatter power as a parameter for damage identification, a crack sensing system has been developed for single- and multiple-tag configurations for increased sensing pervasiveness. The effect on backscatter power of the existence and stage of crack propagation has been successfully characterized, and compared with digital image correlation. For further automation of crack detection, a damage index based on the variation of backscatter power has also been established. The tested commercial RFID-based crack sensor contributes to the usage of this technology on steel girder bridges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Jun 2018 13:49:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1510146</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development and Evaluation of Commercial Radio Frequency Identification-Based Crack Sensors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1496565</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Defects in connections of steel bridges are common and are often undetected. Due to the cyclic nature of bridge loading, small cracks that can be easily missed during visual inspection can initiate from these defects and reduce capacity in critical load-carrying members. Thus, the detection of cracks using complementary non-destructive evaluation methods is imperative. Crack monitoring methods using in-house radio frequency identification (RFID)-based sensors have been previously developed. However, these are costly and have primarily been studied to detect longer cracks in reinforced concrete structures. Commercial ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID tags offer properties similar to in-house developed tags at a reduced cost, posing a financially viable option for pervasive crack monitoring. This paper presents the final prototype of a commercial passive UHF RFID-based sensor for crack monitoring on metallic structures. A new damage index based on backscatter power changes has also been defined as a parameter for normalized damage quantification. A novel procedure for laboratory-scale crack propagation testing was developed and implemented to assess the effectiveness of the crack sensor. The sensor successfully detects a crack on a metallic surface when it is less that 1 mm long and it need not be directly upon the crack in order to detect it. Additionally, its sensitivity to tensile strain was separately evaluated in a direct tensile test. It was found that strain does not interfere significantly with the sensor’s crack detection capability. The development and experimental validation presented herein contributes to the implementation of this technology on steel bridge monitoring.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jan 2018 09:47:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1496565</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Long Term Validation of High Precision RTK Positioning Onboard a Ferry Vessel Using the MGBAS in the Research Port of Rostock</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1493658</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to enable port operations, which require an accuracy of about 10cm, the German Aerospace Center (DLR) operates the Maritime Ground Based Augmentation Service (MGBAS) in the Research Port of Rostock. The MGBAS reference station provides GPS dual frequency code + phase correction data, which are continuously transmitted via an ultra-high frequency (UHF) modem. Up to now the validation of the MGBAS was rather limited. Either a second shore based station was used as an artificial user, or measurement campaigns on a vessel with duration of a few hours have been conducted. In order to overcome this, the authors have installed three separate dual frequency antennas and receivers and a UHF modem on the Stena Line ferry vessel Mecklenburg-Vorpommern which is plying between Rostock and Trelleborg. This paper concentrates on the analysis of the highly accurate phase based positioning with a Real Time Kinematic (RTK) algorithm, using correction data received by the UHF modem onboard the vessel. The authors analyzed the availability and accuracy of RTK fix solutions for several days, whenever the ferry vessel was inside the service area of the MGBAS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Jan 2018 10:43:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1493658</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Use of UWB Impulse Radio Technology in In-Car Communications: Power Limits and Optimization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1475294</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In-car wireless data communications systems require a short-range unlicensed radio communications technology that causes a very low level of interference in the other, already deployed radio links and networks, offers low and medium data rate, can reuse the already occupied radio-frequency (RF) bands, and assures low probability of message collisions. Ultrawide band (UWB) impulse radio employs RF pulses with very short duration to carry the information; consequently, it is an optimal candidate for the in-car wireless communications and intravehicular wireless sensor networks. Data rate and shape of RF carrier pulse determine the performance of a UWB radio link. To limit the interference caused, the maximum power radiated by an UWB device is restricted by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the U.S. Introducing a new mathematical model and starting from the FCC regulations, analytical expressions for the calculation of FCC power limits are derived here. It is shown that the low- and high-rate UWB impulse radio systems are peak and average power limited, respectively. The relationship between the mathematical model and the parameters of an UWB carrier pulse used in a built UWB radio is established. The performances of RF carrier pulses known from the literature are evaluated and compared. All expressions derived are verified by measurements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Sep 2017 16:45:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1475294</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Novel Concrete Temperature Monitoring Method Based on an Embedded Passive RFID Sensor Tag</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1471908</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper firstly introduces the importance of temperature control in concrete measurement, then a passive radio frequency identification (RFID) sensor tag embedded for concrete temperature monitoring is presented. In order to reduce the influences of concrete electromagnetic parameters during the drying process, a T-type antenna is proposed to measure the concrete temperature at the required depth. The proposed RFID sensor tag is based on the EPC generation-2 ultra-high frequency (UHF) communication protocol and operates in passive mode. The temperature sensor can convert the sensor signals to corresponding digital signals without an external reference clock due to the adoption of phase-locked loop (PLL)-based architecture. Laboratory experimentation and on-site testing demonstrate that the authors' sensor tag embedded in concrete can provide reliable communication performance in passive mode. The maximum communicating distance between reader and tag is 7 m at the operating frequency of 915 MHz and the tested results show high consistency with the results tested by a thermocouple.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Aug 2017 11:59:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1471908</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Factor Graph Aided Multiple-Symbol Differential Detection in the Broadcasting Phase of a Network Coding Based UWB Relay System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1471800</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A factor-graph-aided multiple-symbol differential detection (FG-MSDD) is proposed and its performance is analyzed and evaluated in the broadcasting phase (i.e., the downlink phase) of an ultra-wideband (UWB) two-way relay system (TWRS). In the downlink of the TWRS, the relay is transmitting network-coded information to the sources, and each source node aims to calculate <italic>a posteriori</italic> probabilities (APPs) of the information symbols from the relay node. A sampling method based on the modified autocorrelation receiver is proposed for FG-MSDD, which has a trellis structure. The trellis can be decomposed into multiple subtrellises depending on the FG factorization. Then, a methodology for APPs is derived when the forward-and-backward message passing is performed on the subtrellises. The main advantage of FG-MSDD is that it exploits soft information accurately with the aid of the bidirectional message passing. In addition, the proposed FG-MSDD, in conjunction with any soft-input soft-output (SISO) decoding scheme, is capable of obtaining an iterative detection algorithm. Various performance evaluation results obtained by means of computer simulations have verified that the proposed algorithm improves detection performance for the noncoherent UWB TWRS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Aug 2017 11:58:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1471800</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of a Platform to Enable Real time, Non-Disruptive Testing and Early Fault Detection of Critical High Voltage Transformers and Switchgears in High Speed Rail</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1475693</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Key to the success of any high speed rail system is to keep the operation and maintenance cost and schedule in check, and one big element of any operation, maintenance and safety effort is to ensure that all the critical high voltage systems, traction transformers (e.g., 2 x 25kV Autotransformer Feed Type Traction Power Supply Systems in California High Speed Rail), sulfur hexafluoride Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS), and sulfur hexafluoride switchgear (C-GIS) and alike for high-speed trains, are working properly. Of many effective detection methods and tools that are available, Partial Discharge (PD) detection  holds its advantage for monitoring the state of health of high voltage transaction transformers and GIS.  In this study, we tend to use a group of sensors, instead of a single type of sensor, to reliably detect and locate PD in high voltage transformers and GIS in real time. 
The goals of this research thus include (i) developing a platform and method to improve the quality and efficiency of testing critical high voltage hardware systems used in high speed rails; (ii) developing methods and hardware for localization and detection of partial discharge in high voltage transformers and switchgears  using UHF, ultrasonic, TEV and HF current sensors;  (iii) developing  a software package to automate the testing and analysis processes; and (iv) testing and validating  the developed platform (hardware and software) in controlled lab environment and in the field.
It is expected that the proposed PD detection platform and equipment can be eventually help reliably and continuously monitor and evaluate high speed rail system during its entire lifecycle, and any problem or potential hazard should be promptly detected at low cost.

]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 23 Jul 2017 19:55:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1475693</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Signal Processing for Fast RC Bridge Slab Damage Detection by Using UHF-band Radar</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1466641</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Maintenance costs for infrastructures, for example bridges, have been increasing especially in developed countries. The slabs are apparently important parts in bridges, however, the structural condition evaluation requires lots of manpower and is really time-consuming because dense hammering tests should be conducted in present inspection method. To overcome this difficulty, a non-contact inspection technique using radar is focused on in this research. Radar techniques have been utilized in the fields of mine-search, oil-source search, geographical archeology, etc. However, those searches are done by just visually checking reflected-wave image and their evaluation strongly depends on the inspectors’ ability and expertise. To more effectively utilize those radar techniques in bridge slab condition evaluation, the analysis of the reflected wave signals should be made automatic, fast and objective because huge amount of bridges to be inspected exist. In this research, to detect the damage of slab, some signal processing techniques for the reflected wave signal measured by UHF-band fast scanning non-contact SF-CW type radar are proposed, and their validity is shown by applying them to the signals obtained in real field bridge decks and full-scale bridge deck models in which some ideal damages are embedded.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 04 Jun 2017 18:02:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1466641</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Novel Passive Wireless Sensor for Concrete Humidity Monitoring</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1424460</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a passive wireless humidity sensor for concrete monitoring. After discussing the transmission of electromagnetic wave in concrete, a novel architecture of wireless humidity sensor, based on Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology, is proposed for low-power application. The humidity sensor utilizes the top metal layer to form the interdigitated electrodes, which were then filled with polyimide as the humidity sensing layer. The sensor interface converts the humidity capacitance into a digital signal in the frequency domain. A two-stage rectifier adopts a dynamic bias-voltage generator to boost the effective gate-source voltage of the switches in differential-drive architecture. The clock generator employs a novel structure to reduce the internal voltage swing. The measurement results show that our proposed wireless humidity can achieve a high linearity with a normalized sensitivity of 0.55% %RH at 20 °C. Despite the high losses of concrete, the proposed wireless humidity sensor achieves reliable communication performances in passive mode. The maximum operating distance is 0.52 m when the proposed wireless sensor is embedded into the concrete at the depth of 8 cm. The measured results are highly consistent with the results measured by traditional methods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Oct 2016 09:50:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1424460</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Identification of Postal Mails and Crates by New Developed UHF RFID Antenna</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1424511</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article deals with RFID technology, which is a part of automatic identification and data capture. The authors developed a wave propagation model and base on this, the authors developed a UHF RFID slim antenna. Article describes theoretical background about RFID antennas and electromagnetic waves. Consequently the authors are coming with the new access, that is, using the UHF RFID Slim antenna that eliminates disadvantage of inlays in the case if they are close or inter lap each other. The article describes scheme of identification of postal mails through UHF RFID slim antennas. Nowadays the identification of postal mails in postal sector is carried through barcodes and optical character recognition. In this article the authors would like to specify, how can be the postal mail items identified in the transmission process by RFID technology. All theoretical findings are verified by measurement in our AIDC laboratory that is located at the University of Žilina. Finally a method to perform our theoretical model and the identification performance was close 100%. It is an improvement for more than 30% in comparing the results reached with typical inlays. The results of the authors' research bring the new point of view and indicate the ways using of UHF RFID technology in post applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Oct 2016 09:50:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1424511</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research of Readability and Identification of the Items in the Postal and Logistics Environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1422265</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article deals with RFID technology, which is a part of automatic identification and data capture. Nowadays, the identification of parcels in postal sector is carried through barcodes. In this article the author would like specify, how can postal parcels located in postal container be identified in the transmission process of postal main processing centre by UHF RFID technology. All results are verified by measurement in the author's AIDC laboratory, which is located at the University of Žilina. The author's research contains 12 different types of orientation tags and antennas and more than 1000 tests. The author's identification performance was close to 100%. All tested parcels were located in postal container. The results of the author's research bring the new point of view and indicate the ways using of UHF RFID technology in postal applications. At the end of this article the utilization of the RFID technology in postal logistics chain is characterized.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Sep 2016 16:19:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1422265</guid>
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