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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>A simulation-based optimization of layby spot allocation for freight vehicles using spatial, temporal, and durational deferment strategies in a multi-objective framework</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2648597</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Loading-unloading of goods by freight vehicles in designated layby spots along commercial stretches are vital to urban logistics. Limited availability of these spots leads to various urban externalities and escalates logistics costs, necessitating the efficient management for optimized usage of layby spots. This paper addresses the challenge of optimizing layby spot allocation for freight vehicles, incorporating spatial, temporal, and durational deferment strategies to manage high demand and limited resources. The model is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem. The optimization function seeks to balance three objectives: (1) maximizing layby spot utilization, (2) minimizing the loss function associated with deferment, comprising opportunity costs due to loading-unloading time deferment, spatial deferment, and loading-unloading activity duration reduction, and (3) minimizing the percentage of unallocated requests. The constraints ensure feasible allocations within acceptable limits for time, spatial distance, and activity duration.Using a microsimulation model to generate layby spot booking requests, this study considers a setting with 30 commercial establishments and 10 layby spots. Data gathered from establishment-based freight surveys and interviews with transport operators from Bara bazar area in Kolkata inform the loss function across deferment types. NSGA-II is used to determine pareto-optimal allocations under various deferment scenarios. Results indicate that deferment strategies significantly reduce total fiscal losses, optimize layby spot utilization, and lower the rate of unallocated requests. These findings highlight the efficacy of deferment-based optimization for improving urban freight logistics by maximizing the efficiency of layby spot usage in constrained urban environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2648597</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Research of Point Choice on Network Problem</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2264106</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The solid waste unloading station choice is the important problem of train waste management. As a complex system, the quantity and the distribution of train solid waste are affected by a large number of factors at the same time, such as speed of train, waste-discharging coefficient, so it is hard to analyze and prognosticate the trend with conventional method. In the paper, the genetic arithmetic was introduced to the research for designing a optimum algorithm to solve the unloading station choice problem on the railway network.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jan 2025 14:52:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2264106</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>An enhanced exact algorithm for the multi-trip vehicle routing problem with time windows and capacitated unloading station</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2379823</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper introduces a vehicle routing problem that simultaneously considers multiple trips, time windows, and a capacitated unloading station. This problem is a generalization of the multi-trip vehicle routing problem with time windows, which determines a set of least-cost vehicle routes to fulfill all customer demands while respecting the constraints of vehicle capacity and time windows. Due to restricted resources (e.g., equipment and labor force) at the depot, vehicles may need to wait in a queue for being unloaded when they arrive. This unloading capacity constraint significantly complicates the problem, as it causes a trip to involve three stages—traveling, waiting, and unloading. The authors formulate this problem as an arc flow model and a trip-based set partitioning model, where the latter is solved by a branch-price-and-cut (BPC) algorithm. To improve the computational aspect of the BPC framework, a two-phase column generation (CG) algorithm is designed. First, a bidirectional labeling algorithm is tailored to solve the pricing problem, where two accelerating strategies are employed to speed up the resolution process. Meanwhile, k-path inequalities and limited-memory subset row inequalities are utilized to tighten the linear relaxation of the master problem. Computational results based on the instances adapted from the well-known Solomon’s benchmark show that the developed BPC algorithm can solve most instances within 50 customers to optimality in a short time frame and some instances of 100 customers to optimality within a 3-hour time limit. Moreover, the authors' BPC algorithm performs better than exact algorithms in the literature for similar problem variants in both solution quality and computing time.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Jun 2024 09:00:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2379823</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Estimating the benefits of dedicated unloading bays by field experimentation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1949471</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In most dense urban environments in emerging markets, retail deliveries are very fragmented to thousands of nanostores. It is not uncommon for a delivery route to include more than 60 stops. Unloading bays are often blocked by regular traffic. Due to the complex urban environment, it is difficult to estimate the benefits of making unloading bays available. In this study, the authors conduct a field experiment in an urban field lab of one square kilometer in the downtown of Querétaro, Mexico. During the treatment period of one week, the authors obtain help from the local traffic police to keep the unloading bays available for unloading only. Using advanced global positioning system (GPS) devices and extensive manual field observations, the authors are able to capture the change in driver behavior and the direct efficiency increases. The authors find a high efficiency gain, not only in travel time (39%) but also – remarkably – in the total time parked (17%). Corrected for other effects, the authors estimate a gain of about 44% in total time per delivery. Apart from the insights on unloading benefits, the authors also provide insights into the method of field experimentation in such a complex environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 May 2022 17:13:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1949471</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Conversion of an oil tanker into FPSO in Gulf of Mexico: strength and fatigue assessment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1881539</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper presents the conversion of an oil tanker into FPSO to be operated in Gulf of Mexico (GoM) considering the strength and fatigue analyses. First, hydrodynamic analysis is performed for a typical full load condition and a typical ballast condition in order to determine hydrodynamic loads for ultimate strength and fatigue for operating as an FPSO in GoM. The section scantlings are then generated to assess the hull girder ultimate strength based on still water and site-specific wave loads. Fatigue analysis is carried out to estimate of used and remaining fatigue life, which is based on DNVGL Classification Note 30.7: ‘Fatigue Assessment of Ship Structures’. The analysis comprises a check of the longitudinal material amidships, and is based on the approved drawings applying ‘as measured’ scantlings taken from UTM measurements. The actual trade pattern of the vessel, and other assumptions, has a large effect on the fatigue life.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Dec 2021 16:07:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1881539</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating problems and measures for a sustainable urban freight transport in Brazilian historical cities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1839149</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban freight transport (UFT) poses as a challenge in historical cities given the impacts on cultural heritage. This paper presents retailers’ perceptions about urban freight transport in Brazilian historical cities, characterising current operations, identifying problems, and proposing measures for a sustainable urban freight transport. A survey was conducted in seven Brazilian cities to obtain data for the analysis. The research approach is based on descriptive statistics (characterisations of retailers and operations), a method of successive intervals (identifying the problem and freight policies), linear regression (urban delivery generation models), and ordered logit regression (influence of UFT-related problems on solutions). The results indicate that trade in these cities primarily consists of small and independent retailers (nanostores). Unloading zones is the most significant problem and the solutions suggested by retailers are not related with this problem. Moreover, ordered logit regression model showed that delivery time is the UFT-related problem with influence on the freight solutions. The authors proposed three measures to improve the mobility and accessibility of cargo in historical cities: transhipment areas, truck routes, and unloading bays. Results could support the sustainable urban freight transport in historical cities to preserve the historical heritage and, consequently, Brazil’s memory.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Apr 2021 17:49:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1839149</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Overcoming Structural Design Challenges for Train Unloading Station at Coal Terminal in Colombia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1650914</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a summary of structural design challenges experienced, and resolved, during the construction of a train unloading station (TUS) at a key coal export terminal in Colombia. The TUS is a U-shaped underground cast-in-place concrete box structure, with a base slab and sidewalls supporting a series of transverse rail support girders. Due to unforeseen design changes and discoveries during construction, the original design of the TUS was deemed structurally inadequate to resist extremely high buoyant and hydrostatic design loads. By the time, these critical design changes were realized, the construction of the TUS was about 50% complete. To retrofit the partially built TUS structure, a simplified design method was developed utilizing materials which were locally available and implementing a simple solution which could be successfully executed with less expertise. The retrofit measures were successfully implemented, and the construction of the TUS was completed on time. The train unloading station continues to operate successfully.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Feb 2020 10:12:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1650914</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simulation-Based Quantitative Evaluation Method for Water–Water Transshipment Coal Terminals</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1579480</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Determining how to quantitatively analyze and evaluate a terminal layout is important for terminal design and construction organizations. In this study, a simulation-based quantitative analysis and an evaluation method were proposed to solve the comparison problem of water–water transshipment coal terminals. A simulation model that includes the seagoing ship-arrival subsystem, the yard operation subsystem, the barge arrival subsystem, and the performance indicator statistical subsystem was established. Based on the particularity of the loading and unloading operations of water–water transshipment coal terminals, the effect of the fluctuation in the seagoing ship-unloading efficiency and the barge loading efficiency on the operation of a terminal was considered in the model. Simulation models for three layouts of a water–water transshipment coal terminal were established. Simulation experiments were performed to analyze the future production performance of these layouts, and recommendations were provided for different goals. The application of the simulation model showed that the proposed method of the comparison and the selection for the design of water–water transshipment coal terminals is feasible. The method is also applicable to solving the problem of the selection of other types of terminals.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Feb 2019 09:54:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1579480</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Robust model for the assignment of outgoing flights on airport baggage unloading areas</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1515561</link>
      <description><![CDATA[One of the major functions of airports is to handle the baggage of customers from check-in counters to aircrafts. To have an efficient baggage handling system (BHS), the assignment of flights on unloading areas must incorporate uncertainties. The authors develop a robust optimization (RO) model to find a robust plan with constant performance stability in terms of future uncertainty realization. They construct a BHS simulation model to compare different assignment models. The results indicated that the total number of manually handled baggage using the robust plan is 58% lower than that using the current assignment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Jun 2018 16:55:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1515561</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of the environmental impacts of unloading bays based on cellular automata simulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1513877</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban freight transport contributes to a number of environmental problems, such as poor air quality, noise and greenhouse gas emissions. Analysing the impact of UFT measures is particularly important, since improving the situation for freight deliveries more often than not will be at the expense of the citizens. Unloading bays are one of the most popular and simple solutions to implement to support the development of a sustainable urban freight transport system. This measure is aimed at reducing the congestion in busy city streets, which is often caused by delivery vehicles parking directly on traffic lanes to perform their (un)loading operations. The analysis, presented in this paper, is aimed at emphasising the advantages of unloading bays for the public, and thus enhancing the arguments in favour of popularisation of unloading bays. The authors simulate the traffic in areas of Szczecin and Oslo, and compare the situation without unloading bays to the situation with unloading bays. This is used to predict the benefits of unloading bays in terms of traffic flow and emissions. The basis of the analysis is utilization of a scenario-based approach and cellular automata simulation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Jun 2018 16:53:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1513877</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improving mobility by optimizing the number, location and usage of loading/unloading bays for urban freight vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1513870</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The role of urban freight vehicle trips in fulfilling the consumption needs of people in urban areas is often overshadowed by externality-causing parking practices (e.g., double-parking associated with traffic delays). Loading/unloading bays are generally viewed as an effective way to avoid freight vehicles double-parking, but are often misused by non-freight vehicles. The authors assess the potential of reducing freight vehicles double-parking mobility impacts by changing: (a) the spatial configuration (number, location, size) of loading/unloading bays and, (b) the non-freight vehicles parking rules compliance levels. Parking demand models were created with data from an establishment-based freight survey and a parking observation exercise. Two case studies were defined for 1km² zones in the city of Lisbon, Portugal. Alternative bay systems were derived from an iterative implementation of the “maximize capacitated coverage” algorithm to a range of bays to be located. Parking operations in current and alternative bay systems were compared using a microsimulation. Bay systems’ ability in reducing double-parking impacts was assessed via a set of indicators (e.g., average speed). Freight traffic causes a disproportionate amount of externalities and the current bay configuration leads to greater mobility impacts than some of the proposed systems. Enforcement was a crucial element in reducing parking operations impact on traffic flow in one of the case-studies. Road network characteristics were demonstrated to play a role in the adequate strategy of arranging the spatial configuration of bays.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Jun 2018 16:53:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1513870</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mapping Urban Freight Infrastructure for Planning: A Demonstration of a Methodology</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1497151</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban transportation infrastructure includes facilities such as loading docks and curb space which are important for freight pick-up and delivery operations.  Information about the location and nature of these facilities is typically not documented for public or private urban freight stakeholders and therefore cannot be used to support more effective private sector operations or public sector planning and engineering decisions. Consequently, there is considerable value in performing an accurate inventory and evaluation of the system. In response to this urban freight challenge, the Seattle Department of Transportation (SDOT) contracted with the Supply Chain Transportation and Logistics Center (SCTL) at the University of Washington to develop a process to address the lack of information regarding the capacity for freight and parcel load and unload operations in dense urban areas of Seattle. This works focuses on the development of a data collection method for documenting private urban freight infrastructure that does not require prior permission, is ground-truthed, and can be completed within reasonable cost and time constraints. This paper presents the methodology, which consists of a survey form, survey collection app, data quality control process, data structure and a proposed typology for off public right of way freight loading / unloading infrastructure based on basic physical infrastructure characteristics. The data collection process methodology is applied to three Seattle urban centers.  The method was then revised and improved for a second data collection effort in two additional urban centers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Feb 2018 17:00:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1497151</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Material Selection for Hawsers for a Side-by-side Offloading System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1330682</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to provide a theoretical guide for choosing the material for the hawsers for the Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) side-by-side offloading system, which is moored by the yoke system, the three dimensional (3D) potential flow theory and full coupled time-domain analysis are presented to study the dynamic response of the offloading system. The MingZhu FPSO offloading system in the field BZ25-1 is simulated here; and four different characteristic fiber ropes are used as the material for the hawsers. To acquire an accurate hawser line tension, the polynomial fitting method is used to calculate the nonlinear stiffness of the hawsers. By comparing the hawser lines’ tension and the relative motion between the FPSO and the shuttle tanker, a suitable material for the hawser lines is chosen and discussed in this paper. The results indicate that the nonlinear stiffness characteristic of the fiber rope has a small effect on the relative motion of the vessels, but the hawser lines’ tension is greatly influenced by the different characteristics of the fiber ropes. The hawser lines’ tension with nonlinear stiffness is in accordance with the one with the upper and lower bound linear stiffness, which proves this method of fitting the fiber ropes’ nonlinear stiffness is reasonable and reliable.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Nov 2014 16:01:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1330682</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC) Techniques for Heavy Lift (HL) &amp; Materials Off-Loading Facility (MOF)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1302861</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper explores how Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC) strategies developed for regions of moderate to high seismicity are suitable for heavy-lift construction logistics wharves intended to serve new industrial projects such as LNG terminals in British Columbia. Many industrial facilities require a heavy lift construction logistics wharf for off-loading construction equipment and large preassembled process modules weighing thousands of tonnes each. The logistics wharf is often needed early in the project construction sequence, favouring the use of expedited construction techniques, consistent with maintaining suitable design and seismic performance criteria. This paper highlights aspects of the engineering design of the Heavy Lift (HL) Materials Off-loading Facility (MOF) to serve as a multipurpose deep water logistics wharf. The MOF will accommodate the simultaneous berthing of two large vessels: a RO/RO vessel, to accommodate multiaxle Self Propelled Modular Transporters (SPMT) off-loaded by the stern, and a heavy-lift general cargo vessel berthed on its side.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Apr 2014 15:04:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1302861</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Romania-Lng Import Terminal Project</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1249562</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Active studies have been made on the offshore liquefied natural gas (LNG) receiving terminal by many people around the world. LNG infrastructure consists primarily of tankers, import terminals, and inland storage plants. Many actual LNG receiving terminal projects are under progress and some are under engineering and construction stages. Considering most of the feed gas for LNG is imported via sea, it might be natural that many people in LNG industry would consider offshore LNG facilities as alternatives for the land-based ones. Two major sectors of the offshore LNG facility would be LNG Floating Storage and Regasification Unit (FSRU) and LNG Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 May 2013 13:07:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1249562</guid>
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