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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Weather Alerts Reduce Bikeshare Trips but Not Equally Across Communities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679252</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines how National Weather Service alerts are associated with bikeshare ridership in disadvantaged and non-disadvantaged communities in Philadelphia, PA. The need for this analysis is particularly pressing as climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, bikeshare ridership is expanding across U.S. cities, and weather-related disruptions disproportionately affect communities with limited mobility alternatives. A Bayesian hierarchical negative binomial model with spatial random effects is employed to quantify how different weather alert types (e.g., flood, wind, and heat advisories) are associated with hourly bikeshare ridership and to assess whether communities exhibit differential behavioral responses to whether alerts after accounting for meteorological conditions, temporal patterns, and spatial dependence. Several findings reveal how bikeshare ridership is shaped by climatic conditions and social context. First, weather alerts exert independent effects on bikeshare ridership beyond observed meteorological conditions, indicating that officially issued alerts influence mobility behavior even after physical exposure is held constant. Second, flood- and winter-related alerts produce the largest reductions in hourly ridership, demonstrating that alerts signaling substantial physical disruption correspond with sharp contractions in cycling activity. Third, alert responsiveness differs by day of week, with weekend ridership showing greater elasticity under several alert categories, while weekday ridership remains comparatively more stable under moderate alerts. Fourth, interaction estimates reveal socioeconomic heterogeneity, as non-disadvantaged communities experience larger proportional reductions under flood- and wind-related alerts, whereas disadvantaged communities exhibit greater sensitivity to heat advisories. These findings carry direct implications for climate-adaptive transport planning and bikeshare system management, emphasizing the importance of integrating real-time alert responsiveness, flexible operational protocols, and targeted outreach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 16:13:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679252</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Aviation Meteorologists: Urgent Actions Needed to Address Staffing Concerns</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2593926</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The National Airspace System (NAS) is currently under tremendous strain as air traffic controller shortages and periodic equipment failures in aging air traffic control systems have been leading to delayed and canceled flights. The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) and others have reported on these challenges, and GAO currently has ongoing work in these areas. Severe weather can exacerbate such strains on the NAS as the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) reports that weather is the leading cause of cancellations and delays. The purpose of this report is to inform the Department of Transportation (DOT) and Congress about another stressor on the NAS—concerns about aviation meteorologist staffing levels—which GAO identified in their ongoing work on aviation operational preparedness. These meteorologists work directly with air traffic controllers in the command center and en route centers, providing face-to-face briefings as necessary, and helping them safely direct flights to avoid severe weather. In this report, GAO is recommending that the Administrator of FAA, in close consultation with the National Weather Service (NWS), should fully identify potential risks to the safety and efficiency of the NAS caused by current meteorologist staffing levels and take urgent action to address them. FAA concurred with this recommendation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 08:57:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2593926</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Driving through Extreme Weather (DEW) Mobile App: Improving Risk Communication from NWS to Vehicle Drivers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582587</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Driving through Extreme Weather (DEW) project addresses the critical need for effective risk communication between the National Weather Service (NWS) and vehicle drivers during severe weather events, particularly tornadoes. Many travelers either fail to receive timely weather warnings or lack actionable guidance on how to respond while on the road. To close this gap, this project developed and demonstrated a prototype mobile application integrated with a backend decision-support system. The app provides real-time visualization of severe weather alerts—including storm origin, path direction, and affected zones—using a user-friendly map interface. Built on a Django REST backend and an Android-based frontend, the DEW system dynamically renders tornado alerts as geospatial polygons and warns drivers if their planned route intersects hazardous areas. The app leverages data from the NWS and Google Maps APIs to guide user decisions during active weather threats. While the full route optimization algorithm is reserved for future work, the current system successfully enables timely and location-specific risk awareness for drivers. This prototype offers a scalable framework for enhancing public safety on roadways and lays the foundation for broader deployment and integration with commercial navigation platforms.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Aug 2025 09:12:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582587</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Real-Time Flood Forecasting for River Crossings</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2361820</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors have developed a generic prototype of a flood-forecasting model that is transferable to other locations around the Midwest to provide monitoring and forecasting flood potential at critical infrastructure points, such as bridges, where streamflow gauges are not available. A real-time web-based visualization platform to display the model predictions has been implemented. The platform will display the river network upstream from a point of interest and a time control slider that will allow exploring the evolution of flows everywhere in the network over the past several days, and about a week into the future. The model uses in-house developed radar-rainfall maps updated every 5 minutes with the spatial resolution of about 0.5 km currently covering the Iowa domain and extending some 100 km into the neighboring states. For the future rainfall, the authors use predictions for the National Weather Service High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) forecasting system. The system provides hourly accumulation products for up to 20 hours ahead. This system expands the forecasting capabilities of the current NWS by providing predictions at locations that have not been historically gauged.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 10 May 2024 16:51:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2361820</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on Dimensionless Unit Hydrograph and Time of Concentration for Maryland Watersheds</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2072569</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Observed data from 100 rainfall-runoff events on 54 watersheds in Maryland and Delaware were used to investigate two watershed characteristics: the dimensionless unit hydrograph (DUH) and time of concentration (Tc). Streamflow hydrograph data were obtained from US Geological Survey gaging stations. Event hyetographs were generated from US Weather Service NEXRAD Radar Stage III data (DPR) using a method developed in this study. The gamma-function form of the Natural Resources Conservation Service unit hydrograph was assumed. For each event, an optimization method was used to determine the time to peak and gamma parameter (related to the Peak Rate Factor, PRF) that give the best-fit direct runoff hydrograph when convolved with the rainfall excess hyetograph. Tc was estimated by differentiation of the unit hydrograph. Efforts to predict PRF and Tc using watershed properties, and to update an existing regression equation, were inconclusive. Future investigations will focus on improving the event baseflow separation and determination of rainfall excess.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Dec 2022 09:12:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2072569</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aviation Investigation Report: Implement Special Federal Aviation Regulation for Air Tours near Ketchikan, Alaska</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2071986</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is providing the information in this report to urge the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the National Weather Service to take action. The recommendations in this report are derived from findings from the investigation of an August 2021 air tour airplane accident in Ketchikan, Alaska, as well as from NTSB's review of previous investigations of Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 135 air tour airplane accidents near Ketchikan since 2007. As discussed in this report, despite the FAA’s efforts since 2008 to encourage operators to voluntarily adopt processes and procedures to improve the safety of air tour airplane flights in the Ketchikan area, these operations continue to be vulnerable to the hazards unique to the area’s terrain and weather conditions. The NTSB is issuing three new safety recommendations, two of which supersede previously issued safety recommendations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 05 Dec 2022 10:57:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2071986</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Putting Research Into Practice: Improving Winter Road Weather Alerts on Highway Dynamic Message Signs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1981565</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Two surveys addressing state department of transportations’ best practices and drivers’ perception of weather warnings on dynamic message signs (DMS) informed Minnesota Department of Transportation’s development of a software interface to translate some National Weather Service winter weather alerts into automatic highway messages to rapidly inform drivers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jun 2022 17:16:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1981565</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aviation Investigation Report: Provide Graphical Forecast of Potential Supercooled Large Droplet Icing Conditions in Alaska</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1981514</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is providing the following information to urge the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the National Weather Service (NWS) to take action on the safety recommendations in this report. NTSB identified a safety issue during the ongoing investigation of an accident involving a Cessna 208B airplane that was substantially damaged after an in-flight upset resulting from an inadvertent encounter with supercooled large droplet (SLD) icing conditions after takeoff from Fairbanks, Alaska. The NTSB is issuing one safety recommendation to the FAA and one safety recommendation to the NWS; the US aviation weather service program includes the joint efforts of these civilian agencies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Jun 2022 10:47:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1981514</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Predictive Deep Learning for Flash Flood Management</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1763262</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research was completed in tandem as a project funded through MoDOT and the Mid-America Transportation Center. It used deep learning methods, along with weather information from NOAA/National Weather Service and geospatial data from the USGS National Map and other public geospatial data sources, to develop forecasting tools capable of assessing the probability of flash flooding in high risk areas. These tools build on existing models developed by the USGS, FEMA, and others and were used to determine evacuation routing and detours to mitigate the potential for loss of life during flash floods. The project scope included analysis of publicly available data in Greene county in and around Springfield, MO as part of a pilot project in Missouri. This data was then used to determine the probability of flash flooding in order to model evacuation or detour planning modules that can be implemented to assure the safety of the community and highway personnel. These modules used existing rainfall data and weather forecasts in a three-day sliding window to include soil moisture in the flash flood predictions. The transportation safety or disaster planner can use these results to produce planning documents based on geospatial data and information to develop region-specific tools and response methods to potential flash flood events.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Jan 2021 10:10:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1763262</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Safety Recommendation Report: Guidance on the Issuance of Turbulence Products and Training for Low-Level Turbulence Identification and Forecasting for National Weather Service Forecasters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1531941</link>
      <description><![CDATA[​The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is providing the following information to urge the National Weather Service (NWS) to take action on the safety recommendations in this report. NTSB identified these issues during their ongoing investigation of a fatal accident involving a Pilatus PC-12 airplane, N933DC, that impacted terrain near Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport (AMA), Amarillo, Texas, April 28, 2017. The NTSB is issuing two safety recommendations to the NWS: (1)  Revise National Weather Service Instruction 10-811 to include guidance on the issuance of airmen’s meteorological information advisories and other products that advise of nonconvective turbulence hazards when convective significant meteorological information advisories are active, or may be issued, in the same region. (2) Develop and provide formal training to NWS aviation weather forecasters on the analysis, interpretation, and forecasting of low-level turbulence.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Aug 2018 17:02:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1531941</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Safety Recommendation Report: Tropical Cyclone Information for Mariners</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1473015</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is providing the following information to urge the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National Weather Service (NWS; a component of NOAA), and the US Coast Guard to take action on the safety recommendations in this report. The recommendations address, in the interest of mariner safety, the development of tropical cyclone information and its availability to mariners. The recommendations derive primarily from factual information gathered during the NTSB’s ongoing investigation into the sinking of cargo vessel El Faro on October 1, 2015, 40 miles northeast of Acklins and Crooked Island, Bahamas, and close to the eye of Hurricane Joaquin. The factual data revealed that critical tropical cyclone information issued by the NWS is not always available to mariners via well-established broadcast methods. The data also suggest that modifying the way the NWS develops certain tropical cyclone forecasts and advisories could help mariners at sea better understand and respond to tropical cyclones. Further, factual data on the official forecasts for Hurricane Joaquin and other recent tropical cyclones suggest that a new emphasis on improving hurricane forecasts is warranted. The NTSB has yet to determine the probable cause of, or contributing factors in, El Faro’s sinking. Nevertheless, based on the meteorological facts gathered thus far, plus discussions with the NWS and the Coast Guard, the NTSB makes ten recommendations in this report. Two recommendations are addressed to NOAA, seven to the NWS, and one to the Coast Guard.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Jul 2017 09:32:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1473015</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Fog Predictions and Detection Phase 2</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1456846</link>
      <description><![CDATA[On January 29, 2012 at about 4:00 am a thick fog and smoke caused a multiple car crash just south of Gainesville, Florida. 11 people were killed and 18 were hospitalized. Nationally there are about 38,000 fog related accidents which result in about 620 fatalities. It would be valuable to anticipate where and when fog will form. If that is through numerical models, the environmental factors are the requisite input. One of these is soil moisture. It is found a very economical way with no loss in accuracy is to use National Weather Service (NWS) collected radar accumulated rainfall instead of expensive soil measurements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Mar 2017 09:30:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1456846</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Collaboration Across the Road Weather Enterprise: The Pathfinder Project</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1455192</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Weather has a significant impact on the operations of the nation’s roadway system year-round. To help improve weather impacts on our roadways the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Road Weather Management Program (RWMP) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA’s) National Weather Service (NWS) have been working together to document the state-of-the-practice and working relationships between State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) and the weather enterprise. The Pathfinder project was initiated to document current State DOT interactions and working relationships with the weather enterprise (both NWS and private sector). The team documented best practices across the agencies to disseminate consistent messages about the weather and its impact on the roads. This document serves as a guidance document for improving the collaboration between State DOTs and the weather enterprise.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Feb 2017 09:25:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1455192</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Marine Weather Forecasting in the National Weather Service</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1356484</link>
      <description><![CDATA[According to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) official economic statistics, over half of the U.S. population lives within 50 miles of the coast. At sea, maritime commerce has tripled since about 1960‐2010. The National Weather Service (NWS) Marine Program has a mission to provide marine forecasts and warnings for the U.S. coastal waters and Great Lakes, offshore and high seas portions of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and for a portion of the Arctic Ocean (north of Alaska). This information helps protect people and their property while on United States' waters. Weather and ocean data are critical to the mariner. This is due to a combination of hazards—such as strong wind and large waves—and the fact that the mariner is often isolated. When in peril, rescue of these vessels may be hours or days in coming. Not having accurate and timely weather information and the knowledge to properly apply it increases risk to mariners and their vessels. In coastal areas, NWS provides vital services and products to inform and protect residents, businesses, tourists, and others from hazardous weather and surf conditions. Typically in the coastal community, rip currents and inundation caused by storms and unusually high tides are the primary focus. Techniques of marine forecasting have come a long way, bringing us into the modern era of marine observations via satellite, radar, and buoys and forecasting using sophisticated computer programs. The role of marine weather forecasters worldwide is a complex one and will continue to change in response to evolving technology and user requirements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2015 13:43:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1356484</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Threat of paediatric hyperthermia in an enclosed vehicle: a year-round study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1320402</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article examines temperature change in an enclosed vehicle throughout the day in Austin, Texas. For one day each month in 2012, vehicular temperature was measured with a digital temperature sensor. A National Weather Service station predicted 30-year normal data and the NWS heat index and hazard levels provided a guideline for the research. Among the findings were a vehicular temperature of ≥90°F (an "extreme caution" level) in all 12 months, with the temperature rising to the "danger" level of ≥105°F in December and January. The authors conclude that the threat of pediatric hyperthermia, leading to disability or death, exists in states with mild winter temperatures. They suggest that prevention efforts should focus on awareness of a childhood heat vulnerability, parental perception of susceptibility to forgetting a child in a vehicle and universal availability of vehicular safety device.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Sep 2014 09:03:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1320402</guid>
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