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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Logistics sprawl in the Brussels metropolitan area: Toward a socio-geographic typology</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1577648</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Logistics activities are concentrated around cities, for the purpose of accessing and serving these important markets. However, at a more refined level, because of land prices, availability and modern logistics schemes, suburban locations are preferred. This trend, the so-called logistics sprawl, creates land consumption, longer supply chains and jobs shifts. This article analyses the geography of logistics in the Brussels metropolitan area and highlights this suburbanization, notwithstanding the fact that some particularities appear, due to the Brussels, Belgian and European contexts. In a second step, the authors construct a spatial typology to understand the fine evolution of the Brussels metropolitan logistics space. These results reinforce knowledge of logistics geography and add a frequently neglected institutional dimension to the extant literature on the subject – wholesale trade activities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Feb 2019 09:40:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1577648</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Times They Are A-Changin’: What Do the Expanding Uses of Travel Time Portend for Policy, Planning, and Life?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1568258</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Personal travel is becoming increasingly “passengerized,” with new travel products and services being enabled by the same technology that is expanding the ways in which travel time can be used. This paper explores the implications of these changes from the traveler’s perspective. A typology of possible changes in travel time is presented, followed by an extended discussion of reasons why, and mechanisms by which, travel time could, in particular, increase. Some key research needs are suggested and concluding reflections offered.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Nov 2018 15:46:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1568258</guid>
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      <title>Benefits and Needs for an Integrated Approach to Cyber–Physical Security for Transportation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1526712</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Physical and cyber security mechanisms protect people and infrastructure assets for transportation from hazards, both natural and human-initiated. Both physical and cyber security mechanisms are diverse in size, function, deployment, and cost, and have proliferated. Since they are often colocated and functionally interdependent they need to be compatible. These physical and cyber mechanisms accomplish multiple security functions and reinforce one another for cost savings and conflict avoidance. First, connections between cyber and physical systems are presented in the context of interdependencies and resilience. Second, patterns and trends in cyber-attacks on transportation set the stage for typologies for both physical and cyber systems with illustrative cases. Third, social and economic effects and organizational arrangements are introduced to begin shaping solutions. Finally, conclusions are drawn as lessons learned.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Jul 2018 11:23:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1526712</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A parking policy typology for clearer thinking on parking reform</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1507786</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper contends that the absence of a widely understood typology of parking policy approaches is causing confusion in an important urban policy arena. This is apparent across the parking policy literature, both academic and practical, and across several regions. Previous typologies are reviewed and found to be either incomplete, overly simplistic, inaccurate, or failing to offer insight beyond merely describing the diversity. None enables much insight into the thinking behind each approach and reform thrust. To remedy this gap, a new approach to classifying parking policies is proposed. It is based on making explicit the contrasting mindsets behind different parking reform directions. A review of geographical diversity (both international and within metropolitan areas) is presented. This allows the value of the taxonomy to be evaluated, as well as enabling some refinements. Three main mindsets are posited, with each being defined by answers to two key questions. Each mindset has contrasting assumptions about the nature of parking as an economic good. Further detail in the typology is enabled through a third dimension based on one further question. New clarity provided by the new classification approach should reduce the tendency for parking debates to be confounded by the conflation of distinct reforms, by false dichotomies and by ‘straw man’ portrayals of key alternatives.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Apr 2018 12:13:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1507786</guid>
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      <title>SPATIAL COMPOSITION AND PEDESTRIAN BEHAVIOR CHARACTERISTICS IN THE TRADITIONAL COMMERCIAL STREETS OF LHASA, TIBET</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1500350</link>
      <description><![CDATA[ This research offers insights into the spatial composition of traditional commercial streets through a deep investigation from the point of view of pedestrians. First, the authors conducted typological studies among all the streets based on data from field investigations. Then, the authors selected typical spaces according to the classification results to clarify their dynamic relations with the social activities and physical environment. Furthermore, this research illuminated potential issues implicated in the forms of spaces with consideration to the needs of pedestrians. Based on these findings, the authors offer adaptable urban design guidelines to support the sustainable regeneration of the traditional commercial urban streets.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 Feb 2018 13:42:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1500350</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Typology of Transportation and Trade Forecasts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1485131</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Forecasts are an integral part of businesses because they inform decision makers about upcoming trends. Shippers, transport modes, supply-chain managers, and government organizations all rely on forecasts to guide their future investment decisions and operations. In this regard, dozens of public and private entities perform forecasts of various kinds. Examples include consulting firms, banks, federal government agencies, international organizations, academia, media, and trade associations (International Chamber of Commerce). Some forecasts are one-time studies, while others are annual reviews. Forecasts vary by time period, input factors used to forecast, transport mode, market sectors and commodities, countries, trade blocks (NAFTA), and the like. Moreover, forecasts take into account changes in technology and thereby help predict the future of existing businesses and their continuing relevance in the changing environment. This paper will identify and examine the objective and characteristics of various trade and transportation forecasts to present a typology of forecast literature with relevance to trade and transportation. The focus will be on the extent that they are comparable or differ and under what circumstances they provide useful information to state and federal transportation policymakers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Oct 2017 15:03:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1485131</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The many reasons your mileage may vary: Toward a unifying typology of eco-driving behaviors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1464715</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The role of vehicle driver behavior has been ignored in prior energy and environmental policy making. Laboratory procedures that produce the fuel economy estimates posted on every new car sold in the US are designed to preclude the effects of differences between drivers. Yet, every vehicle states the caveat, “Actual results will vary for many reasons, including driving conditions and how you drive and maintain your vehicle.” Eco-driving as means of strategically taking advantage of this variability has been inconsistently defined in conceptual analyses and variously operationalized in empirical analyses. The present research clarifies, synthesizes, and expands on prior definitions of eco-driving to develop a comprehensive and precise definition and typology of eco-driving behaviors. The resultant typology includes six mutually exclusive classes of behavior: driving, cabin comfort, trip planning, load management, fueling, and maintenance. This typology establishes a basis for systematic research to determine energy and climate impacts and develop effective policies and interventions for different types of eco-driving.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 May 2017 13:56:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1464715</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>IMAGE ANALYSIS OF STREETSCAPE ARRANGED IN THE CITY CENTRAL : A study on the image arrangement of streetscape Vol.2</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1450617</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this study is to develop a new comprehension on the composition of the street space in Japan. To clarify the diversity of streets image spread around the railway station, this study took "Shinjuku" district as one of the typical city central. To describe and quantify the image of streetscape, a method named "component element graphics" was adopted. By analyzing various types of streetscape, typology of streets' image were classified and the exsistence of distinctive space in city central was pointed out.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Mar 2017 17:09:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1450617</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Spatial Distribution of Freight Facilities: A Maryland Case Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1438726</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The location of freight facilities plays a critical role in understanding the relationship between freight distribution, transportation network and economy. Both the Maryland Department of Transportation (MDOT) and the Baltimore Metropolitan Council (BMC) have an interest in identifying warehouse locations. The MDOT will use this information to develop a better understanding of freight distribution and transfer points, while the BMC will use the information to support the development of a freight model. This study provides a comprehensive review of location data sources, typology and definition of freight facilities. Further, it assesses the spatial distribution of freight facilities in Maryland by integrating all major data sources. Additionally, both statistical and spatial analyses are conducted to create a freight typology analysis to distinguish the function and hierarchies of a variety of freight facilities. The results suggest that most of the freight facilities are concentrated in Baltimore - Washington Region, with smaller clusters distributed in the suburbs of Frederick and Hagerstown and in the rural areas of eastern shore. The identified freight facilities follow the major interstate highways of I-95, I-495, I-270, and I-70, along major population centers. The spatial distributions of different tiers of freight facilities are similar. The results also provide strategies which can be used to distinguish the hierarchy of various freight facilities in terms of employment, rail connections, proximity to Port of Baltimore and regional airports. The hot spot analysis provides insights on how freight facilities are located with respect to major highways and population centers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Mar 2017 09:34:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1438726</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Countywide Planning Framework to Identify Continuous and Connected Multimodal Arterial Networks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1438504</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over the past decade, the Complete Streets movement has revolutionized transportation planning by considering how all modes use roadways collectively. While many cities have developed roadway typology to inform design of roadway improvements, these typologies do not help agencies prioritize amongst the needs of multimodal users. Furthermore, most typologies are prepared by individual agencies ending at jurisdictional boundaries and do not offer opportunities for continuous and connected networks across jurisdictional lines. Alameda County Transportation Commission (Alameda CTC) developed a countywide planning framework that created a typology for its arterial roadways based on two factors: land use context and modal function (transit, pedestrian, bicycle, auto, and goods movement). This framework then prioritizes the modal users on the County’s arterial roadways based on a tiering system developed from land use context and layered (or more accurately nested) modal networks. The framework applies multimodal performance measures to identify roadway segments with existing and future improvement needs for high priority modes. This needs assessment enables Alameda CTC to identify needed improvement areas or cross-jurisdictional corridor projects that would establish a system of continuous and connected multimodal networks across the county.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Mar 2017 09:26:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1438504</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The electric vehicle landscape in China: between institutional and market forces</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1440257</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The electric vehicle market in China, both state-pushed and consumer-pulled, faces many challenges despite strong governmental support. On the one hand, both academic literature and official reports lack model-based sales data of passenger plug-in electric vehicles, a prerequisite to understanding dynamics between regulation, industry and market. On the other hand, a vast but unofficial micro electric vehicle market is fast growing in China's low tier cities. This research intends to provide the literature with a comprehensive yearly sales dataset by models of the Chinese passenger plug-in electric vehicle market from 2009 to the first quarter of 2015. The authors build a typology of the market by analysing product characteristics, usages and deployment territories and synthesise results in a unique landscape. Finally, a deeper understanding of electric mobility levers in China allows a formulation of industry and regulatory implications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2017 15:15:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1440257</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Typologies of Urban Cyclists: Review of Market Segmentation Methods for Planning Practice</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1437281</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Following global guidelines, several cities are investing in urban cycling. Cities are in different stages of cycling development and have adopted different approaches and packages of policies that are likely to be most effective at each stage. Urban cycling plans include investment in infrastructure, promotion, and education supporting the adoption of active modes for urban mobility. Some investments aim to meet current cyclists’ needs and others those of potential bicycle adopters. With respect to urban cyclists, several studies propose typologies, usually related to frequency, trip purpose, or motivation. This paper compares a set of cyclist typologies and the corresponding categorization methods and reviews 20 studies that considered different cyclists’ profiles. Most studies relied on expert judgment approaches or rule-based decisions; five considered multivariate analysis techniques for clustering groups, on the basis of data from surveys. Despite the variety of group categorizations, commonalities were found in most cases and divided cyclists into three main types: current cyclists (typically more proficient riders), potential cyclists (willing but not convinced), and noncyclists (unaware of or unwilling to shift to cycling). Dividing the population of potential cyclists into different typologies can better inform the different stages of planning for cycling infrastructure development by targeting more accurately the needs and requirements of different types of users. This is a key element in the management of a cycling network and cycling infrastructure, which are intended to be built on the basis of effective solutions and decisions to achieve desirable bicycle modal shares of regular trips.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2017 15:15:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1437281</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Millennials, built form, and travel insights from a nationwide typology of U.S. neighborhoods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1436081</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors examine the relationship between the built environment and the travel of Millennials in the United States. They develop a neighborhood typology to characterize the built environment and transportation networks in almost every U.S. census tract, allowing us to identify possible synergistic and/or threshold effects on travel. They measure travel behavior in two ways: (1) using a multi-faceted traveler typology created using latent class analysis, and (2) by measuring the vehicle miles of travel among people in each of these traveler types. This dual approach allows us to distinguish between the built environment changes needed to encourage travel by modes other than driving, and those needed to reduce vehicle miles traveled among drivers. Using a multinomial logistic regression, the authors find that travel patterns are relatively stable along much of the urban-rural continuum, everything else equal. Driving was substantially lower only in “Old Urban” neighborhoods, where densities, job access, and transit service are dramatically higher than in all other neighborhood types. This finding implies that dramatic changes in the built environment—doubling or even tripling development density or transit service—may do little to get young people out of their cars when initial densities or transit services are low, as they are in most of the U.S. Conversely, reducing vehicle miles traveled among drivers appears to require more modest built form changes, a finding that offers some room for optimism among those concerned with auto dependence.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Dec 2016 11:34:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1436081</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Developing a TOD typology for Beijing metro station areas</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1423528</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Across the world, Transit Oriented Development (TOD) offers a strategy to integrate land use and transport systems by clustering urban developments around public transport nodes in functionally dense and diverse, pedestrian- and cycling-friendly areas. Even though the basic philosophy of TOD seems to be the same in all contexts, its specific applications greatly differ in form, function and impacts, calling for context-based TOD typologies that can help map these local specificities and better focus policy interventions. In recent years, TOD has also been widely advocated and applied in China; however, so far no study has systematically developed a TOD typology in a Chinese context. This paper fills this gap for the case of the Beijing metropolitan area. The approach is based on the node-place model, introduced by Bertolini (1996, 1999) to chart ‘Transit’ and ‘Development’ components, expanding it with a third, ‘Oriented’, dimension to quantify the degree of orientation of transit and development components towards each other. The paper reviewed the main TOD indicators in the international literature, selected those appropriate for the Beijing context, and classified the metro station areas into TOD types through a cluster analysis. The six identified types of metro station areas in Beijing demonstrate how the context-specific typology can support local urban and transport planners, designers and policymakers when considering future interventions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Oct 2016 16:36:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1423528</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Trespassing Railway Property – Typology of Risk Localities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1414071</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The number of train-person crashes in the Czech Republic remains constantly very high. Many of these accidents concentrate at localities with frequent occurrence of trespassing. In frame of research project AMELIA (Trespassing railway property – research of situation and proposal of measures for prevention and mitigation of consequences), the localities with high risk of accidents resulting from trespassing were characterized and classified into six basic categories. The typology is supposed to serve as one of the tools facilitating formulation of preventive measures in further stage of the project.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 23 Jul 2016 14:43:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1414071</guid>
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