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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Enhanced Performance of Cross-Flow Savonius Turbines at Low Current Velocity: A Numerical Investigation on the Influence of Deflector Configurations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2696039</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In Indonesia, ocean currents represent a promising resource and one technology that can be used to harness them is the Savonius turbine. Although the vertical-axis Savonius turbine has been widely explored due to its ability to operate at low flow velocities, research on the cross-flow type remains limited. This study analyzed the influence of adding a deflector and placement variations on the performance of a cross-flow Savonius turbine. The turbine was tested with several deflector configurations, including different distances 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, and 0.33 m from the turbine, to evaluate their influence on performance. The deflector was designed to redirect flow to avoid the returning blade while strengthening the advancing blade, thereby enhancing energy capture. A numerical investigation was conducted using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The results of adding the deflector significantly improved the turbine performance in terms of its torque (Ct) and power coefficients (Cp) by 44%. The optimal configuration was obtained at a deflector distance of 0.23 m with a Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) of 0.739, yielding a coefficient of power of 0.289. This study indicates that proper deflector positioning can effectively improve the performance of a cross-flow type Savonius turbine.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 14:58:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2696039</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Visual-assisted dynamic positioning of offshore wind service vessel with multi-model adaptive control</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685338</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Service vessel with dynamic positioning is the key facility for operation and maintenance of offshore wind turbines. As the vessel approaches to wind turbine, their hydrodynamic interactions varies and control performance is likely to degrade if such time-varying hydrodynamic interaction is not considered. Moreover, the poor signal of global positioning system also generates reference error. To this end, this paper develops a multi-model adaptive control algorithm for dynamic positioning with the assistance of imaged-based visual servoing. Multiple parameter-defined strategy is employed to integrate time-varying hydrodynamic coupling into the control framework, which optimizes control output adaptively during the berthing process. A visual servoing is designed to introduce visual feature as extra state monitoring, and implemented into the motion equation of vessel to form a combined dynamic-visual state model. Simulation results demonstrate that the visual-assisted adaptive control framework developed in this study has good path tracking and position keeping performances. The root mean square error of path tracking is as low as 0.02 m thanks to the multi-model framework and visual servoing. It also exhibits robustness against time-varying hydrodynamics and error of position reference. Nevertheless, the computation burden of present method is increased a lot since multiple optimizations are performed in parallel.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Mar 2026 10:14:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685338</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Assessment and mitigation of the effects of waves and wind gusts on power production of an energy ship</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674190</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the dynamic behavior and power performance of an energy ship designed to harvest offshore wind energy through wind propulsion and onboard hydrokinetic turbines. A nonlinear dynamic model, validated at model scale, is used to assess the influence of waves and wind gusts on power generation.Simulations accounting for wave effects show that, while wave-induced dynamics generate power fluctuations of up to approximately 2%, their impact on mean power production remains limited, with a reduction of less than 1%. The most constraining conditions are associated with wave periods close to the surge resonance of the vessel. Simulations taking into account wind gusts reveal that transient overproduction may arise under nominal operation, exceeding up to 120% the maximum allowable power. Thus, a combined control strategy–adjusting both the hydrokinetic turbine rotational speed and ship heading is introduced. It is shown that it can successfully maintain power, torque, and rotational speed within safe operating limits, while enabling an energy gain of 6-10% during gust events.The results highlight the need to consider unsteady environmental effects when designing energy ship control systems and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in ensuring safe and efficient operation under realistic sea conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 11:44:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674190</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dynamic behaviors of operational floating offshore wind turbines subjected to ship collisions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679783</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the rapid development of offshore wind industry, the collision between ships and floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) has emerged as a substantial concern. However, research on this topic remains scarce. To address this gap, this study carries out refined finite element (FE) analyses to investigate the dynamic responses of operational FOWTs subjected to ship collisions. A 3000 DWT carrier with a mass of 4000 tons is selected as the striking object. Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic effects are incorporated via a coupled procedure. The model is validated by comparing its results with previous studies and benchmarks. Key parameters, including impact velocity, plate thickness, wind direction, and wind velocity, are examined to assess their influence on collision dynamics. Results reveal a multi-phase collision process between the ship and FOWT, with energy predominantly exchanged in the primary collision phase. Distinct collision modes and structural damage under varying impact velocities and plate thicknesses are observed. Damage to both the ship and FOWT correlates with wind direction, whereas wind velocity has a limited effect on the dynamic responses of the FOWT. These findings provide valuable insights into the collision behavior of FOWTs, contributing to their design and safety assessment in offshore environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 11:44:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679783</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Interpretable prediction of floating offshore wind turbine dynamic Responses: An attention-based deep learning approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2641345</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study develops, for the first time, an interpretable prediction framework for Floating Offshore Wind Turbine (FOWT) dynamic responses, focusing on mooring line tension and tower-top acceleration. The architecture combines a simplified attention mechanism with a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), using a sliding window approach on time-series data generated from OpenFAST simulations of a 22 MW IEA reference turbine. The simulations represent diverse operational conditions, including normal operation and parked scenarios, with varying wind and wave environments. The model achieves high predictive accuracy, essential for reliable interpretation of the attention mechanism. Also, the analysis reveals that the model attends to different time scales: 2.5 s for mooring tension and 1.25 s for tower-top acceleration. Key input features are consistently prioritized, with their relative importance dynamically adjusted based on the operational state. Mooring tension prediction relies heavily on tower-base forces, lower-tower accelerations, and platform motions, whereas tower-top acceleration is primarily influenced by tower-top moments, upper-tower forces and accelerations, and rotor thrust. Validation using standard MLPs confirms that the high-attention features (7) provide better predictions than low-attention features (12). This interpretable model offers potential insights for ocean engineering, including guiding sensor placement, informing structural health monitoring, and contributing to control system design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Mar 2026 14:47:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2641345</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AIA Recommendations for Ultrasound Inspection of New-Make Turbine Engine, Life-Limited Rotating Parts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663112</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aero gas turbine industry has collaborated with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to study and provide guidance regarding the inspection process for the subsurface volume of critical nickel-based engine hardware, through the Aerospace Industries Association (AIA) team AIA A-18-003. Data from across a broad spectrum in the industry is needed for this work since the probability of an uncontained rotor event from any cause has proven to be extremely low. Following an uncontained event from a melt anomaly in a nickel high pressure turbine (HPT) disk in 2016, industry teams including this team AIA A-18-003, team AIA A-18-004, the AIA Jet Engine Nickel Quality Committee (JENQC), and the AIA Rotor Integrity Steering Committee (RISC) have collected data and considered ways to improve rotor damage tolerance through improvements in inspection technologies, melting and manufacturing practices, and part design and lifing. This report documents the findings from the evaluation of Ultrasonic (UT) forging inspections. The inspection guidance and recommendations provided here are integral components of a broader damage tolerance strategy for critical parts. A comprehensive damage tolerance strategy includes part manufacturing, service management, and engineering design characteristics to effectively minimize potential threats. The position of AIA A-18-003 Team is that aircraft safety is enhanced by the inclusion of subsurface UT inspections. The most effective and desirable method to detect subsurface anomalies and remove defective material from the supply chain is through original equipment manufacturer (OEM) UT inspections of billets and forgings prior to finished part machining. Focusing on the UT inspection of forgings, anomaly detection capability could be enhanced beyond the current baseline by adopting a Multi Zone Multi Angle (MZMA) inspection approach. Evaluation and recommendations for the UT inspection of billets will be addressed in a separate report to be published later. Additionally, another opportunity to detect anomalies is visual inspection of the etched surface of forging and/or finish machined parts, as part of a series of inspection processes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Feb 2026 08:52:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663112</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>In-Service Ultrasonic Inspections for Turbine Engine, Life-Limited Rotating Parts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663111</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aero gas turbine industry has collaborated with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to study and provide guidance and make recommendations about the implementation of requirements for in-service, sub-surface inspections through the Aerospace Industries Association (AIA) team AIA A-18-004. Data from across a broad spectrum in the industry is needed for this work since the probability of an uncontained rotor event from any cause has proven to be extremely low. Following an uncontained event from a melt anomaly in a nickel high pressure turbine (HPT) disk in 2016, industry teams including this team, team AIA A-18-003, the AIA Jet Engine Nickel Consortium (JENQC), and the AIA Rotor Integrity Steering Committee (RISC) have collected data and considered ways to improve rotor damage tolerance through improvements in inspection technologies, melting and manufacturing practices, and part design and lifing. This report documents the data collected and the findings from the evaluation of in-service inspections. The inspection guidance and recommendations provided here are considered as part of a larger critical part damage tolerance strategy. A comprehensive damage tolerance strategy considers the part manufacture, service management, and engineering design characteristics in order to minimize threats. The position of AIA A-18-004 is that aircraft safety is augmented by the inclusion of subsurface, ultrasonic (UT) inspections. The most effective and desirable means to detect subsurface anomalies and cull suspect material is by original equipment manufacturer (OEM) UT inspection of the billet and forging prior to finished part machining. However, industry field experience suggests in-service UT inspection, implemented at piece part opportunity exposure, may also be helpful. Such in-service inspections provide the most value on large blade carrying HPT disks and some intermediate pressure turbine (IPT) disks while other component types are currently well served by the surface inspections already in place. For some specific applications, a part may be available for piece part inspection at multiple times within its service life. The in-service inspections should be conducted each time one of these safety critical parts is completely disassembled, unless otherwise agreed to with the Authority.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Feb 2026 08:52:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663111</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Equivalent current load simulation for floating wind turbines in model testing: Method and experimental validation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2638355</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Current simulation methods for pulley-and-weight systems in wave basins test have been proposed as practical alternatives to implementing such systems in physical model testing. This study systematically reviews the implementation process of pulley-and-weight systems-based equivalent current load simulation methods and evaluates their performance by comparing them with physical current generation. A semi-floating wind turbine model is used as a case study to demonstrate the method's practical application. Current drag coefficients under design draft conditions are obtained and validated through wind tunnel and towing tests. Subsequently, an integrated experimental arrangement is constructed in the wave basin, and comparative tests are conducted under both physical and equivalent current conditions. The dynamic responses, including platform motions, mooring system loads, and nacelle accelerations, are measured and analysed. Results show that the pulley-and-weight method reproduces the dynamic response trends with mean motion deviations almost 10 % and mooring load differences within 7 %, however, discrepancies are observed in extreme value measurements. These findings confirm the method's applicability for steady current conditions and provide quantitative guidance for selecting equivalent load parameters in FWT basin testing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 15:11:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2638355</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dynamic analysis of a TetraSpar floating offshore wind turbine with different tendons failure scenario</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661502</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) are emerging as a promising solution for harnessing wind energy in deepwater regions, but their structural integrity under extreme conditions remains a critical challenge. The primary and direct objective of this article is to enhance the understanding of the dynamic characteristics of the TetraSpar FOWT under different tendon failure scenarios, supporting a 3.6-MW Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy wind turbine in 200 m water depth, which is a prerequisite and key factor for improving design safety and reliability. Using detailed numerical simulations performed with SIMA, the analysis investigates the platform motions, mooring line tension, keel line tension and tower base bending moment. Key results reveal that ML2 failures significantly increase surge motions, while failures in other mooring lines exhibit relatively limited impact. Failures in keel lines lead to substantial increases in tower base bending moments, underscoring the critical influence of tendon integrity on overall system performance. By presenting statistical metrics and response spectra for platform motions, tower base loads, and mooring tensions, the study highlights practical implications for improving the design and operational reliability of FOWTs in deepwater. These findings contribute to enhance the safety and design optimization of FOWT platforms should be the future work.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 15:10:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661502</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seismic response analysis of offshore wind turbines supported by monopiles on gently sloping sandy seabed</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661500</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many nearshore and offshore seabeds are classified as gently sloping seabeds, typically with an inclination angle of less than 10°. This study employs a time-domain coupled dynamic analysis model to investigate a monopile foundation supporting a 5-MW offshore wind turbine (OWT) on a gently sloping sandy seabed, using the finite element software OpenSees. The feasibility of the numerical model for simulating the seismic response of a gently sloping sandy seabed was validated through Liquefaction Experiments and Analysis Projects (LEAP) centrifuge tests. The results indicate that the excess pore water pressure (EPWP) in the sloping seabed is influenced by the interaction between the initial shear stress and the lateral movement of the seabed. The maximum horizontal displacement of OWTs is significantly affected by the seabed slope angle, with the impact occurring through the rotation of the OWT monopile. As the EPWP increases, the dominant vibration frequency of the OWT system tends to approach the natural frequency of OWTs, resulting in a larger horizontal displacement. This process is affected by factors such as the peak of the seismic motion, seismic frequency, and the seabed slope. These findings provide key insights for improving OWT monopile stability under gently sloping seabed conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 15:10:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661500</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stability of submarine slopes with monopile foundations under storm conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2660740</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Monopiles are a key foundation type for securing offshore wind turbines to the seabed. They face multiple dynamic loading conditions, especially for extreme storms. Despite much research on foundation stability, there is a lack of understanding of the interaction between monopiles and complex submarine terrains, especially regarding submarine slope stability. A coupled wave-structure-soil numerical modeling framework is used to investigate the effects of the monopile on the submarine slope stability before, during and after storms for the first time, using field data of wind and wave conditions, seabed slope, soil properties, OWT and monopile at a wind farm in the North Sea. It was found that introducing a monopile into a sloped seabed environment induces significant stress concentrations, affecting the surrounding geological strata. In addition, the installation of a monopile significantly alters the local stress-strain conditions. As storms approach, the observed peak plastic strain and displacement highlight the need to incorporate cut-off speed effects into the OWT design considerations. While soil liquefaction was not detected for the model set up of the present study, it remains a potential risk in soils with low cohesion where a thorough evaluation is required. Furthermore, increasing the diameter and depth of monopile installations was found to enhance slope stability. The present study provides new insights that submarine slope instability should be a critical consideration of OWT developers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 15:10:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2660740</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A novel foundation design for the hybrid offshore renewable energy harvest system</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2660735</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Establishing a hybrid offshore renewable energy harvest system (HOREHS) on a shared platform can reduce energy costs and increase productions. This paper aims to propose a HOREHS supported by a foundation consisting of a monopile and a plate to integrate various offshore renewable energy devices. Taking the Sheringham shoal wind farm as a case study, the benchmarking monopile dimensions were determined using design guidance and an equivalent monopile-plate combination was determined from FEM simulations. Parametric studies of system mechanical responses were conducted using FEM simulation. It is found that, to maintain the same mechanical response, the embedded depth of the monopile supporting the HOREHS should be increased by about 17% comparing with that supporting an offshore wind turbine. Adding a 14 m diameter steel plate can avoid the extra 17% embedded depth. Adding a plate has no effect on the size of influence zone of lateral soil stress. However, due to the shorter embedded depth, the magnitude of lateral stress for the hybrid foundation is larger than that for monopile, with the maximum increase being about 18%. The system response at the mudline level shows the highest sensitivity to the changes in embedded depth and plate diameter.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 15:10:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2660735</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Behaviour of an offshore finned monopile located on a sloping ground surface: An innovative foundation solution</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2660727</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study explores the performance of finned monopiles as an innovative foundation solution for Offshore Wind Turbines subjected to cyclic loading under varying seabed conditions. Traditional monopiles face challenges related to stability when installed on sloped terrains, which are common in offshore environments. To address this, the research investigates the effectiveness of rectangular fins attached along the monopile's length to improve lateral resistance and reduce accumulated rotation. Experimental and numerical analyses were conducted across different slope gradients (flat, 1V:5H, 1V:3H, 1V:2H), pile positions (0Dp, 2.5Dp, 5Dp, 7.5Dp), and soil densities (35%, 55%, 75%), applying cyclic loading at 0.25 Hz over 1000 cycles with lateral load amplitudes (ξb) of 30%, 40%, and 50%. This study is the first to investigate finned monopiles under cyclic loading on sloping seabed conditions, demonstrating a 30–60% improvement in lateral resistance by increasing the passive soil resistance by reducing the rotation compared to monopiles. This work addresses the challenges of Offshore Wind Turbine foundations in complex topographies. Numerical modeling using PLAXIS 3D closely aligned with experimental findings, confirming the effectiveness of finned monopiles in enhancing stability on sloped seabeds. These findings suggest that finned piles offer a robust foundation alternative for Offshore Wind Turbines, particularly in challenging environments with variable seabed topography.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 15:10:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2660727</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An improved frequency-domain approach for integrated analysis of three-column semi-submersible floating wind turbines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2660716</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Large-capacity three-column floating wind turbines (FWTs) are gaining attention for their economic viability and stability, though the side-column placement of the tower and rotor-nacelle assembly (RNA) imposes significant eccentric loads on the floater. This study presents a versatile frequency-domain (FD) method for coupled modeling and dynamic analysis of three-column semi-submersible FWTs with account for eccentricity of tower and RNA. By accurately equivalent modeling of RNA and floater properties and loads at the tower nodes, the dynamic behavior of the FWT system is obtained by solving the equations of tower beam. An innovative modeling transformation method is developed, addressing the spatial reference frame differences in horizontal and vertical planes, to enable the FD method to analyze three-column FWTs effectively. Using a 15 MW three-column semi-submersible FWT as a case study, the improved FD method demonstrates good agreement with time-domain simulations, with key responses such as surge, heave, and pitch motions and critical loads like tower base moment and mooring tensions showing discrepancies below 10% in mean and standard deviation. Primary spectral peaks are accurately captured, confirming the method's efficiency and reliability. This study verifies the FD method as a robust tool for the preliminary design of FWTs, advancing sustainable offshore wind energy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 15:10:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2660716</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Regression-based identification of quadratic transfer functions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2660707</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a new system identification method for estimating low-frequency hydrodynamic loads from model test data, important for slowly-varying motions and mooring loads of floating structures. The difference-frequency quadratic transfer function (QTF) is represented by two-dimensional penalized B-splines, whose coefficients are determined using linear regression. This implies minimizing a cost function which embeds both fitting errors (discrepancy between measured and estimated loads) as well as penalty terms used to control the trade-off between flexibility and statistical variability. One penalty term also provides a rational means to blend the empirical QTF with a theoretical QTF from potential theory in regions of the bi-frequency domain with little support from data - far away from the peak of the wave spectrum. Well-established methods from linear regression theory are used to quantify model complexity, statistical variability and prediction performance. One advantage of regression-based system identification is its flexibility in terms of parametrization. This enables us here identifying an Hs-dependent QTF, including a Hs-proportional term representing “quadratified” cubic wave forces. The INO WINDMOOR 12 MW floating wind turbine is used as case study, and it is shown that the estimated Hs-dependent QTF provides good agreement between measured and estimated motions across a range of sea states.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 15:10:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2660707</guid>
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