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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Reinforcement learning-based parametric generative model for underground road horizontal alignment design considering construction risk</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2743363</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During the construction or renovation of underground roads in urban areas, they are subject to strict environmental disturbance constraints, high-precision design requirements, and construction risks, which pose major challenges in alignment design. This paper presented a Reinforcement Learning (RL)-based generative alignment design method for underground road. An innovative parametric generation approach for composite alignment was introduced, and the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm was employed for multi-objective evaluation considering construction risk. Two case studies demonstrated that the proposed parametric alignment generation method achieved superior adaptability in complex urban environments with obstacle avoidance constraints compared with existing approaches, reducing the number of obstacles traversed by 77.5%. In addition, the proposed RL-based generative design method effectively optimized the alignment with respect to construction risk, reducing construction risk by 17.29%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 09:22:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2743363</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>On crack propagation due to blasting : exploring behavioral patterns to predict rock damage</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752070</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Blast-induced damage is a key determinant of the stability, safety and economic performance of excavations. Controlled blasting techniques aim to control the crack development by inducing intended cracks between adjacent blastholes while minimizing the damage to the surrounding rock. Despite the extensive research, the link between blast design parameters and the initiation, propagation, directionality and final network of the cracks is insufficiently understood. This work presents an integrated scientific analysis based on experiments conducted in small rock-like cylinders using ultra-high-speed photography and two-dimensional (2D) digital image correlation methods to investigate the blast-induced crack behavior. The combined data sets allow a systematic evaluation of qualitative crack patterns, quantitative damage indicators and crack propagation velocities. The results demonstrate the decoupling ratio has a greater influence on crack trajectories, coalescence modes and damage distribution than the delay time between blastholes. Lower decoupling ratios promote earlier crack initiation, crack paths with few curves and cleaner cuts in the rock between blastholes. Meanwhile, higher decoupling ratios tend to produce curved paths and circumferential branching, demonstrating the reduced stress transfer. Delay time primarily modifies stress redistribution and crack symmetry rather than significantly affecting the inter-blasthole crack path propagation. Acting as crack attractors, guideholes have beneficial effects in reducing blast-induced damage (unintended cracks). The findings provide experimental insights relevant to controlled blasting designs and highlight directions for future research focused on correlation with numerical calibration and field-scale tests.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:36:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752070</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEM-CFD investigation of soil disaster and its reinforcement mechanisms during water and sand leakage in excavation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2690956</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Persistent water and sand leakage (WSL) in excavation can lead to disasters such as severe ground settlement and structural collapse. However, existing research has not yet clarified the internal mechanisms of soil behavior during the WSL process, nor has it provided a comprehensive understanding of the action mechanisms of key reinforcement measures. This study employs the DEM-CFD coupling method to investigate the effects of surcharge load position and leakage depth on ground settlement, stratum loss, wall stress evolution, stress field distribution, contact force chains, and soil strength. The results indicate that when the eccentric load distance is 0 m, the overlying load and soil loss generate a coupled failure mechanism, leading to a rapid acceleration of settlement and a more pronounced collapse. When the eccentric load distance exceeds 0.25 m, its influence on ground settlement becomes negligible. The study reveals that direct loading near the retaining walls causes degradation of the soil arching structure, manifesting as a shift in the primary force chain from a horizontal to a vertical orientation, which weakens support and thereby exacerbates soil collapse. Furthermore, as defect depth increases, the soil arching effect is significantly enhanced, effectively suppressing ground settlement, which is a beneficial effect of the soil arching structure that mitigates the adverse impact of the increased hydraulic head. Finally, this study evaluates the effectiveness of engineering measures such as shallow reinforcement and grouting in mitigating persistent WSL disasters, revealing the corresponding soil response mechanisms. These results provide a significant reference for designing reinforcement strategies to address seepage-related disasters in excavation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Jul 2026 09:10:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2690956</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simplified Finite-Element Modeling of TBM Advancement: A Novel Computational Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2690972</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Developing a numerical model of tunnel excavation using a tunnel boring machine (TBM) is a difficult task due to the complexity of the phenomena involved in the advancement of the machine through the ground. The ease of use of calculation software often masks (at least in part) the representation in the numerical simulation of the actual phenomenon. Many simulations use nodal forces to account for stress relaxation at the boundary of the excavated ground and for the interaction between the TBM, the grout, and the surrounding soil. However, calibrating these models may prove difficult. This paper proposes a simple approach called the swelling method, which aims to take into account the TBM control parameters, especially the grout injection parameters. This approach allows directly defining the final stress applied to the tunnel contour, taking into account the grout pressure. The conventional and the new approaches are implemented in the finite-element code CESAR (version 2024.0.5) and tested to simulate surface settlements and lateral soil displacements induced by tunneling using a full-scale research project called TULIP (Tunneling and Limitation of Impacts on Piles) as a background. The results show a strong agreement between the two methods, but the swelling method is easier to handle and has the potential to capture the complex interactions between the TBM and the surrounding soil. The influence of the model parameters on the width of the surface settlement trough is discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Jul 2026 09:10:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2690972</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Face instability mechanisms of shield tunnel undercrossing an existing tunnel: Insights from centrifuge model tests and FDM-DEM simulations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686707</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban underground tunnels are increasingly constructed to support the development of transportation network, necessitating shield tunnelling adjacent to existing tunnel(s). In such scenarios, the tunnel face stability, as one of the important factors affecting construction safety, has not been fully experimentally investigated. In addition, most existing researches treat the existing tunnel as a homogeneous rigid object, which does not accurately reflect actual conditions. Therefore, this study conducted centrifuge model tests to investigate the instability mechanisms of tunnel face undercrossing a segmental existing tunnel. The results demonstrated that the failure pattern showed a chimney-shaped area that bend near the segmental existing tunnel, and the failure-induced surface settlement trough was narrower than that under single tunnelling condition. The shield tunnel face instability triggered abrupt bending moment reductions along the transverse section of the segmental existing tunnel, while the bending moment increased at 1D from the central section along the longitudinal section. The earth pressure dropped rapidly and then partially recovered due to stress redistribution during the instability process. A coupled FDM-DEM numerical model was subsequently established to further study the evolution mechanism of tunnel face instability under different working conditions. Based on centrifuge and numerical results, the influence of existing tunnel on the face instability mechanism of the new tunnel has been fully discussed, and quantitative representations of the face failure modes and the limit support pressures have been provided. These findings could advance the understanding of instability mechanisms of shield tunnel face adjacent to existing tunnel and provide practical guidelines for optimizing tunnel face support pressure in high-density underground space.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2026 13:29:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686707</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Theory and Field to Determine the Construction of Bridge and Tunnel Linked Segment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720251</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bridge–tunnel linked sections characterized by ultra-small clear distances and steep slopes pose significant construction risks due to strong spatial constraints and complex mechanical interactions between adjacent underground structures. In such conditions, excavation method selection becomes a critical factor governing construction safety and deformation control. Taking the Yuxi-side tunnel group of the Lvzhijiang Bridge as a case study, this study establishes a three-dimensional numerical model and integrates it with field monitoring data to systematically compare three excavation methods: full-face excavation, bench cut, and side heading with pilot tunnels. The schemes are compared using key comparison metrics for scheme selection, including crown displacement evolution, surrounding-rock plastic-zone development, and construction safety implications. These results indicate that, although differences in plastic-zone extent among methods are moderate, the side heading method with pilot tunnels exhibits superior deformation control and more stable excavation responses under ultra-small clear-distance conditions. Field monitoring further validates the numerical trends and highlights the influence of site-specific factors such as potential sliding surfaces and rainfall. These results support a scheme-selection logic that prioritizes deformation controllability over excavation efficiency in ultra-small clear-distance portal zones, and indicate that the side heading method with pilot tunnels is a safer option under the investigated site constraints.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 08:56:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720251</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Deformation risk assessment in tunnel excavations: a stochastic physics-based Bayesian Gaussian process model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685190</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Our research aims to address the following research question: How can physics-based models and monitoring data be effectively integrated to enhance uncertainty quantification and improve the accuracy of diaphragm wall deflection predictions during braced excavation in tunnel construction? To this end, this study proposes a physics-based Bayesian Gaussian process regression approach that synergistically combines numerical simulations with field monitoring data to achieve higher predictive accuracy and robust uncertainty quantification. The proposed method is validated using a case study from a real-world tunnel excavation project in Wuhan, China. Results show that the hybrid model achieves a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.95, significantly outperforming traditional numerical methods (R² = 0.69). The findings demonstrate the potential of our approach to serve as a foundation for smart construction monitoring and risk-informed decision-making in deep-braced excavation projects. By bridging physics-based modeling with data-driven model, our proposed approach offers a promising pathway to advance safety in tunnel engineering.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2026 13:52:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685190</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental study on face stability for shield tunnelling in sandy cobble strata at various rock contents</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684675</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sandy cobble strata are complex and highly variable, with rock content serving as one of the key indicators for characterizing their differences. Clarifying the face stability for shield tunnelling in sandy cobble strata under different rock contents has great engineering significance. Using a model shield machine that can achieve cutterhead rotation and discharging soil, shield model tests for deep tunnels (2.0D) in grounds with rock content 0%, 30%, and 70% are completed. From the views of shield mechanical parameters, ground deformation and face failure mode, the influence of rock content on the face stability is analyzed. Moreover, the ground failure characteristics induced by two methods, i.e. the discharge soil or the shield retreating, are compared. The test results show that the screw conveyor torque exhibits a positive correlation with rock content, while the maximum cutterhead torque increases firstly and then decreases. Such a variation reflects the coupling influence of rock content and discharging soil rate. The ground surface settlement is asymmetric about the tunnel centerline, and the eccentric position is closely related to the cutterhead rotation direction. When the cutterhead rotates clockwise (viewed from the tunneling direction), the symmetry axis lies on the left side of tunnel centerline. At the same tunnelling distance, the offset decreases as the rock content increasing. The ground surface collapse induced by discharging soil exhibits an inverse correlation with rock content, while those induced by shield retreating are generally consistent across strata with different rock contents. The face failure modes are global instability, with collapse zones containing the soil ahead of and behind the cutterhead. The collapses on the ground surface are elliptical, with the major axis perpendicular to the shield advancing direction. A higher rock content contributes to a smaller ground collapse range and lengthens the started time of ground collapse.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2026 13:52:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684675</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Explainable Prediction of Tunneling-induced Ground Settlement Using a Metaheuristic-based Random Forest and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697803</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present work aimed to build an explainable artificial intelligence method for tunnel-induced ground settling using invasive weed-optimized random forest (IWO-RF) and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). After performing 100 model runs on two datasets, this technique was evaluated using the nonparametric Friedman and post hoc Nemenyi tests. The findings from the two cases indicate that the metaheuristic-tuned RFs exhibit attention biases in their predictions, which can be attributed to the stochastic nature of the procedures employed. The assessment of performance in a single simulation run is significantly influenced by the selected evaluation criteria, underscoring the need to employ nonparametric testing. The results of these experiments demonstrated significant differences among the compared several metaheuristics. The IWO consistently maintained the highest place in all ranking categories. Additional evaluations of model stability have verified that the IWO surpasses the other algorithms in terms of stability. The performance of the IWO has demonstrated a substantial enhancement in comparison to earlier models, with the maximum improvement reaching 27.18% by coefficient of determination on Set 1. SHAP analysis identified cover depth, moisture content, and advance rate as the most influential predictors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2026 13:51:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697803</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Longitudinal Deformation of Existing Tunnel Caused by New Shield Tunneling Based on Timoshenko-Kerr Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2696086</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The up-pass construction of a new shield tunnel may lead to nonuniform deformation of the existing tunnel, thus affecting the operation safety. In order to investigate the mechanical response, Timoshenko beam model and Kerr three-parameter foundation model are introduced to establish a shield section-soil coupling model considering tunnel shear effect and the continuity of soil layer deformation. The governing differential equation between additional soil stress and longitudinal deformation of existing tunnel under up-tunneling is derived. Then a numerical method for solving the longitudinal deformation of existing tunnels is established by using the finite difference scheme. Combined with the construction case of the shield crossing the existing metro Line 2 in the Xinsheng Road Station-Jiyuqiao Station section of Wuhan Rail transit Line 5, the theoretical calculation results, three-dimensional numerical simulation results and field measurement data are compared and analyzed to verify the rationality of the calculation method. The results show that Kerr three-parameter foundation model can improve the prediction accuracy of the longitudinal uplift of the existing tunnel is approximately proportional to the excavation area of the new tunnel. As the net distance between the new tunnel and the existing tunnel decreases, the impact of the new tunnel on the existing tunnel becomes more obvious. When the Angle of horizontal projection is greater than 60°, it can be approximately considered as orthogonal crossing. Compared with 90° orthogonal crossing, the increase rates of longitudinal uplift displacement peak of existing tunnels at 75° and 60° are only 1.66% and 6.87%. The Poisson's ratio has little effect on the additional stress and longitudinal deformation of the existing tunnel.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2026 13:51:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2696086</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical and Machine Learning-Driven Approaches for Predicting Tunneling-Induced Surface Settlements in Cohesive Soils under Greenfield Conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2696043</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accurate prediction of maximum tunneling-induced ground surface settlement (S[subscript max]) was investigated using numerical simulations and machine learning techniques for cohesive soils under Greenfield conditions. A database of 900 numerical simulations was generated by systematically varying three governing dimensionless parameters, including tunnel depth-to-diameter ratio (C/D), stiffness ratio (E/Sᵤ), and strength ratio (γD/Sᵤ). Two predictive models were developed using gene expression programming (GEP) and a hybrid sine–cosine optimized artificial neural network (SCA-ANN). Model evaluation demonstrated that SCA-ANN achieved superior predictive accuracy with R² = 0.984 and RMSE = 1.689, compared with GEP yielding R² = 0.942 and RMSE = 3.366. The mean ratio of measured-to-predicted values was closer to unity for SCA-ANN (λ = 0.986) than for GEP (λ = 1.581). Taylor diagram analysis confirmed the improved agreement and reduced variability of SCA-ANN predictions. Model uncertainty and reliability were assessed using Monte Carlo simulations, showing that over 90% of SCA-ANN predictions fell within ± 12% error. Feature importance and physical consistency were evaluated using SHapley Additive exPlanations and Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test, identifying C/D as the dominant parameter. The proposed models provided accurate and reliable tools for predicting tunneling-induced settlements in geotechnical design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2026 13:51:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2696043</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reuse of improved shield muck as reinforcement material for bridge erosion protection</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2682110</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Erosion disaster seriously affects the safety and durability of bridge structures. In order to effectively use shield muck as a bridge erosion protection reinforcement material, its performance was improved through a series of tests. Field tests were carried out based on the erosion protection project of Jiangjin Yangtze River Highway Bridge in Chongqing, and the curing mechanism was analyzed by SEM and NMR. The results show that when the admixture content is 0.3 %, the cement content is 10 %, and the water–solid ratio is 0.50, the performance improvement effect of the solidified soil is the best. The initial fluidity of the solidified soil is 238 mm, the fluidity of 1 h is 163 mm, the suspended solids content is 97 mg/L, the pH is 9.1, and the critical shear stress of 5 h is 12.63 Pa, which meets the performance index requirements. The quadratic function model of fluidity-suspended solids content, the modified exponential model of critical shear stress-curing time and the linear model of critical shear stress-shear strength were established, which provided a method for rapid evaluation of erosion protection characteristics of solidified soil. The field test confirmed that the solidified soil had good underwater filling effect, and the maximum erosion loss rate was 9.39 %, which had significant environmental and economic benefits. The impermeability and water stability of the solidified soil gradually increase with the increase of curing time. The 28 d permeability coefficient is <10-5 cm/s, and the water stability coefficient is >80 %. Microscopic analysis shows that the density and strength of solidified soil can be significantly improved by the combined action of C-S-H gel and AFt crystal chemical cementation and physical filling. Optimizing the microstructure is the internal factor to improve the erosion resistance of solidified soil.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Jun 2026 07:29:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2682110</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A new ground freezing method using freezing tunnel segment for tunneling construction: A case study in Tianjin, China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2682011</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The reception of tunneling shields is a critical stage in shield tunnel construction, during which the portal of the receiving shaft is broken, and the shield machine enters the shaft. In this process, groundwater and soil may gush into the receiving shaft and cause engineering accident. Conventional shield arrival technologies such as soil reinforcement and often struggle to effectively seal seepage pathways within the excavation gaps at the portal zone. This paper proposes a new ground-freezing method adopting an innovative ‘Freezing Tunnel Segment’ (FTS) aiming at effectively mitigating ground water leakage in the tunnel portal. The FTS is a new type of tunnel segment with built-in freezing tubes that can flexibly and precisely freeze the surrounding soil. This allows the formation of a frozen wall within the excavation gap and enhances the seepage plugging, effectively blocking groundwater inflow into the tunnel portal. In this study, the designment of the FTS is introduced in detail and a freezing experiment on a single FTS block is presented. Furthermore, the engineering case study using FTS enhanced ground freezing system for tunnel reception in Tianjin, China is investigated. The freezing experiment indicates that the frozen wall generated by FTS extended radially at a rate of about 6 mm/h. On-site monitoring from the practical engineering shows that the frozen wall reached a temperature of −12 °C with a thickness of 150 mm and achieved closure within 25 h. The proposed FTS enables precise and flexible ground freezing in tunnel construction under challenging hydrogeological conditions. Also, it provides an alternative to conventional AGF systems that generally employ external freezing tubes and involve a complex and time-consuming on-site construction process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Jun 2026 16:35:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2682011</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>KL divergence-guided transfer learning for data-driven shield tunneling under distribution shift</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676155</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transfer learning (TL) is a pivotal strategy for developing robust data-driven models in engineering applications, particularly in data-scarce scenarios such as clogging predictions in mechanized shield tunneling. However, significant distribution shifts between source and target domains often compromise transfer performance and it remains unclear under what conditions TL can offer tangible improvements. To address this challenge, three key contributions are presented in this study: (1) Multi-dimensional Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence is introduced as a novel metric to quantify domain discrepancy at the probability distribution level and explain model transferability; (2) an adaptive fine-tuning approach is developed, by incorporating KL divergence as a regularization term in the loss function; (3) a transferability criterion is proposed to assess potential performance gains in cross-project applications. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method for clogging prediction tasks in tunnel engineering, while the proposed framework has the potential to extend other TL tasks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 12:23:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676155</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Intelligent Construction for Open-Cut Tunnel: Insight from Mobile On-Site Factory Method (MOFM)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2714354</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Conventional open-cut tunnel construction is often characterized by low levels of automation, poor interprocess coordination, and limited overall efficiency. To address these challenges, this study introduces the integrated mobile on-site factory method (MOFM), applied in Section 6 of the Xiong’an underground segment of the Xiong’an-Xinzhou High-Speed Railway in China. MOFM aims to intelligentize the entire open-cut tunnel construction workflow by deploying a mobile factory system encompassing key stages such as steel bar binding, concrete formwork placement, vibration, and curing. Several innovative technologies have been developed and implemented, including microload balancing conversion for lining reinforcement systems, precise control of high-performance concrete, and an integrated intelligent collaborative control system. Field applications demonstrate substantial performance gains: MOFM reduces the curing age difference between the lining and invert concrete by 16 days, accelerates early strength development by 40%, enhances concrete forming efficiency by 50%, and decreases human–machine input by 30%. Moreover, the construction duration per tunnel formwork is reduced by 1.5 days, yielding a 24% improvement in overall construction efficiency. These improvements demonstrate that MOFM not only enhances construction productivity and quality control but also promotes the transformation of conventional open-cut tunnel construction toward intelligent, industrialized, and sustainable practices. The results highlight MOFM as a scalable and replicable model for intelligent construction in large-scale urban infrastructure projects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Jun 2026 11:38:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2714354</guid>
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