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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Instability of the middle partition in deep shafts of tunnels in water-rich strata: A case study of Tianshan Shengli Tunnel No.1-1 shaft</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689876</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The middle partition is crucial structure in the ventilation shaft of a transportation tunnel, and it is also a weak point in the overall stability of a deep tunnel shaft. However, there is a lack of research reports on the instability of middle partition in deep shafts in water-rich strata. Based on the No. 1-1 shaft of the Tianshan Shengli Tunnel, currently the world’s longest operational expressway tunnel. Theoretical analysis and on-site measurement methods were adopted to conduct research on the instability and failure of middle partition in shafts. The results of both methods with numerical calculations were compared. It was indicated that the main cause of the instability of the middle partition is unbalanced water level on both sides. The larger the tunnel shaft diameter, the more unfavourable the bearing stability of the middle partition. The midspan displacements and bending moments of the middle partition increase with increasing water level difference load, and the values increase with higher axial loads. Furthermore, the midspan displacements and bending moments of the middle partition decrease with the increase of section parameters and increase with the increase of tunnel shaft diameter. However, they are not significantly affected by the change of concrete strength grade and reinforcement diameter. The water level difference between the one side of the middle partition led to a three-phase trend of “rapid growth, slow growth, decline” in middle partition displacement, and they all had the characteristics of the closer to the water level. The theoretical solution is better matched with the results of on-site measurements and numerical calculations, which can reflect the instability and failure of the middle partition. On-site measurements also confirmed the cause of the instability and failure of the middle partition. The axial load threshold for instability and failure is 0.03 MPa, and the water level difference load threshold is 10 kN/m. Research results can provide a reference for the design and construction of middle partition in tunnel shaft in water-rich stratas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Apr 2026 09:37:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689876</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Investigation on the Effect of Fire Location on Smoke Exhaust Performance in Metro Tunnels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2651470</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fire location in metro tunnels is random. This study endeavors to comprehensively explore the influence of fire location on the smoke exhaust performance of intermediate air shafts. Adopting a numerical simulation approach, in-depth research is conducted by analyzing multiple key parameters. These parameters include the longitudinal distribution of ceiling smoke temperature, the distribution characteristics of visibility and smoke layer height, as well as the quantitative evaluation of the smoke exhaust efficiency of intermediate air shafts. The results demonstrate that as fire location shifts toward the uphill side, the maximum tunnel ceiling temperature increases generally. Meanwhile, the longitudinal attenuation rate of smoke temperature on downhill side decreases, and the longitudinal attenuation rate on uphill side increases. If the fire locations in two experimental conditions are symmetrical along the longitudinal center of the tunnel, the longitudinal distributions of visibility are also symmetrical. Under mode E of a horizontal tunnel, the smoke exhaust efficiency of Fire 3 is the lowest. For Fire 1 to 4, the smoke exhaust efficiency can be increased to more than 90% by supplementing air supply, while Fire 5 is much lower than that of the other fire locations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Jan 2026 17:02:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2651470</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Blasting and Sliding Parameter Optimization for Efficient Autonomous Construction Rock Debris Sliding Transportation in an Inclined Shaft</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592039</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the construction of inclined shaft projects, the efficient transportation of rock debris following blasting excavation is a crucial factor affecting the progress of the construction schedule. Given that traditional rock debris transport by trucks is both time-consuming and labor-intensive, utilizing height differentials for autonomous rock debris sliding transport offers green, low-carbon, and highly efficient advantages. When the shaft’s inclination is small, the inclination of the sliding surface and the gradation of blast fragments are key factors influencing the stability and efficiency of autonomous rock debris transport. This study aims to determine the optimal blasting parameters and sliding surface characteristics through model experiments to enable autonomous rock debris transport in gently inclined projects. In this paper, we first examined the rock debris sliding process in the construction of gently inclined shafts, developed a model testing device for rock debris sliding, and conducted 75 sets of model tests, with shaft inclination and blast fragment gradation as the primary variables. We analyzed the main factors affecting autonomous rock debris sliding and determined a minimum shaft inclination of 34° and the corresponding optimal blasting gradation. These findings were successfully applied in a real-world project, achieving efficient, autonomous rock debris transport. It provided a sustainable and energy-efficient alternative to traditional construction rock debris transportation methods, offering a design reference for rock debris transport in similar hydropower plants, underground mining, and tunnel excavation projects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Nov 2025 16:59:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592039</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lessons Learned from a Reduced-Size Exploratory Shaft for the Los Angeles Metro D-Line (Purple Line) in Tar-Impacted Soils</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1934567</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Los Angeles Metro Rail system includes an expanding underground transportation network with over 20 mi of subway in service and another 10 mi currently in construction. An extensively monitored exploratory shaft was excavated in tar-impacted soils next to a future Los Angeles Metro station to assess the excavation performance and associated ground deformations in tar soils. The exploratory shaft was excavated to dimensions of 5.5 m in width, 11 m in length, and 22.6 m in depth. It served as a “small-scale” test bed for the future, full-size Metro station that was approximately 15 m wide, 360 m long, and 23 m deep. Data from inclinometers, surface settlement markers, piezometers, and strain gauges provided in situ performance indicators during and after the shaft excavation. Maximum lateral movement of 24.8 mm was recorded near the mid-span of the excavation, equivalent to about 0.1% of the excavation depth. Two-dimensional numerical modeling, using the software package PLAXIS, was performed to simulate the excavation performance during various construction stages at the excavation mid-span. The simulations were performed with linear elastic (LE) and hardening soil (HS) constitutive soil models using parameters estimated from in situ and laboratory testing. The HS model predicted lateral movements that compared favorably with the measured in situ wall deformations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Jul 2024 13:52:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1934567</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>New York City No.7 Subway Line Extension Project Mitigating Construction Impact At Shaft A</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2234923</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The existing MTA-New York City Transit's (MTA-NYCT) No. 7 Subway was built in the early 1900's and currently terminates at Times Square near 41st Street and Seventh Avenue. As part of the City's redevelopment of the west side of Manhattan, the MTA-NYCT's No. 7 Subway extension project will add approximately 1.5-miles of twin tunnel alignment to the current line. The proposed alignment will extend from the existing Times Square Station west beneath 41st Street then turn south under 11th Avenue and terminate between 24th and 25th Streets. The project will include two new stations, a two-track line station and a three-track terminal. The project includes two major construction contracts: the running tunnels which would include TBM launching shaft (Shaft A) and retrieval shaft (Shaft L), and (2) the follow-on contract, which would include drill-and-blast mined cavern enlargements of the two stations and the drill-and-blast excavation for tunnels connecting the end of the TBM running tunnels to the existing No. 7 Subway Line at Times Square Station. This paper will focus on how Shaft A will be designed and constructed to mitigate impact on adjacent properties and utilities. A stiff support system will be adopted to minimize deflections to the shaft walls. Instrumentation will be utilized to monitor the performance of the support system and to verify the design and predicted effects of construction. The instrumentation will be designed to monitor actual loads and deflections within the shaft as well as the associated ground movements and settlements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Nov 2023 11:32:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2234923</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION OF EXCAVATION DAMAGED ZONE BY OPTICAL MEASUREMENT IN HORONOBE UNDERGROUND RESEARCH LABORATORY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1913309</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this research is to investigate the hydro-mechanical behavior of rock mass around the shaft in the Horonobe Underground Research Laboratory (URL). The long-term monitoring has been carried out by optical sensors installed below 350m depth of the shaft in the Horonobe URL. From the measurement results, AE activity occurred frequently within 1.5 m from the shaft wall. In this area, significant increase in pore pressure was measured several times as advance of the excavation, then decrease to almost 0 MPa after the excavation. Therefore, the area from the wall surface to a depth of 1.5 m was evaluated as EDZ (Excavation damaged zoon). This EDZ was consistent with the in-situ permeability test results and numerical analysis results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Mar 2022 10:22:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1913309</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on the utilization of non-mechanical ventilation power in extra-long highway tunnels with shafts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1906647</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The conventional design of tunnels includes the low utilization rate of non-mechanical ventilation power, and is not suitable for the ventilation design of extra-long highway tunnels. The main purpose of this paper is to study the allowance of the non-mechanical wind pressure in each part of an extra-long highway tunnel with shafts, and to propose a tunnel ventilation method with a higher utilization rate of the non-mechanical wind pressure. Based on the ventilation network, the loop division method of a common shaft ventilation tunnel is first established, and the pressure modules in the tunnel are calculated. Then, each module is input into the ventilation network model, the non-mechanical wind pressure margin of each loop is calculated, and the distribution method of the required air volume is adjusted to ensure that the non-mechanical wind pressure margin is reasonable. Finally, according to the distribution results, the tunnel fan can be configured, and the shaft resistance can be adjusted if necessary to ensure the maximum utilization rate of non-mechanical ventilation power in the tunnel. According to the design results of the Funiushan tunnel in China, the energy-saving effect of this method is evident, which verifies its rationality.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Feb 2022 16:14:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1906647</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Field Loading Tests to Optimize the Foundation Design of the Bogota Metro</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1850675</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The basic design studies for the First Line of the Bogotá Metro propose the execution of approximately 270,000 mL of drilled shafts. The cost of performing these drilled shafts represents 15% of the total cost of the project. The results of load tests on piles reported in the city, although limited in terms of quantity, have shown that the actual load capacity of the piles can exceed the expected values in the designs. With the objective of optimizing the dimensions of the foundations, nine field loading tests on real scale piles were executed. The proposed tests contemplated the installation of hydraulic elements inside each pile (Osterberg cells) to induce actions capable of failing the pile and that allowed to register the mobilization of resistance along the shaft and the tip by means of the instrumentation of the induced deformations on the pile. This paper presents the results and interpretation from the static, axial, and bi-directional load tests carried out using hydraulic jacks (e.g., Osterberg “O-cell” cells) on deep foundations distributed along the corridor and the relevant construction aspects of the tests.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Jun 2021 11:59:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1850675</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Using Thermal Integrity Profiling (TIP) to Monitor Shaft Cooling System for Large Diameter Drilled Shafts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1850641</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Large diameter drilled shafts can meet the criteria for mass concrete, and the South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) is considering provisions to limit the maximum overall and the maximum temperature differential across these shafts. To meet project specific requirements, a design-build team developed a cooling system consisting of six steel access tubes installed in an approximately 0.4 m (2 ft) diameter circle around the center of nineteen 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in.) diameter drilled shafts. PVC tremie pipe was inserted inside the steel tubes to the bottom of the shafts to convey water from the bottom of the tubes back up to the top of shaft after concreting was complete. Thermal (TIP) wires were installed in these shafts to measure temperatures on 1-ft vertical increments at multiple locations around the perimeter and in the interior of each shaft. The variations in temperature within the shafts due to the cooling system are discussed, and conclusions about the effectiveness of the cooling system to meet project requirements are also presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Jun 2021 11:59:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1850641</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tip Post-Grouting Using Smart Cells of 126 Drilled Shafts at Two Bridges in Bolivia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1850639</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A smart cell is a closed-type grout distribution system that is attached to the bottom of a reinforcement cage for drilled shaft foundations and acts in a similar manner to a hydraulic jack in bi-directional static load testing. Control of the grout is maintained during grouting, and a uniform stress is imparted across entire base area simultaneously. The goals of tip post-grouting are to improve the stiffness of the in situ soil, improve the shaft’s nominal axial resistance, and better align the load transfer curves to the project requirements. This paper will present an overview, basic principles, and the design methodology of tip post-grouting using this technique. The construction, tip post-grouting, select results, and general observations from the grouting performed on more than 120 total drilled shafts for Las Marotas vehicular bridge crossing the Paraí River and the Yapacani railway bridge structure crossing the Yapacani River, Bolivia, will also be presented and discussed. The general subsurface conditions for the sedimentary deposits at the two bridge sites consist of highly variable soil deposits, bedding, composition, and engineering characteristics. The diameter of the temporarily cased drilled shafts was either 1,200 mm (4 ft) or 1,500 mm (5 ft), and the length ranged from nearly 15 m (49 ft) to nearly 25 m (82 ft). Most of the drilled shaft foundations for these bridge structures were installed with a post-grouting cell at the bottom of its reinforcement cage to enhance performance and to reduce uncertainty. Using the measurements of the grouting operation, the premobilization of axial resistance and induced load imparted into the drilled shaft and to the soil beneath the base will be discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Jun 2021 11:59:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1850639</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Energy Saving Model of Three-Section Natural Ventilation for Shaft-Collecting Shed-Chimney of Highway Tunnel and Its Application</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1756851</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to reduce the cost of highway tunnel ventilation and realize the energy saving of tunnel operation, the utilization of natural wind is the direction of tunnel ventilation development. However, due to the randomness of natural wind direction and the uncertainty of air volume, the effective utilization rate of natural wind in tunnel is low. In order to enhance the effect of the natural ventilation of the shaft and control the natural wind direction of the shaft to realize the energy saving of the tunnel ventilation, a three-stage natural wind enhancement model of the shaft-collection shed-chimney is designed. By using the numerical simulation method, the temperature, pressure, and wind speed distribution in different positions of the solar chimney under different temperatures are analyzed. So as to determine the natural wind direction. The results show that under the different temperature of the solar chimney, the ventilation capacity of the three-stage solar chimney is linearly related to the temperature difference between the collector and the chimney. And the higher the ambient temperature is, the stronger the linear correlation is. When the ambient temperature is lower than 15°C the wind direction of the solar chimney keeps upward and plays the role of suction. According to the design idea of the model, the solar chimney natural wind ventilation system has been built in No. 1 Tunnel of Leijiapo, Shaanxi Province. The observation data show that the ventilation system can supplement the mechanical dynamic ventilation of the tunnel. This provides reference for the natural wind utilization of highway tunnels in the Loess Plateau and similar terrain areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Mar 2021 17:47:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1756851</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROPOSAL OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS METHOD FOR CIRCULAR DEEP SHAFT WITH OPENING FOR SHIELD TUNNEL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1770684</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Since the stress around the opening of a circular shaft is complicated, it is difficult to properly model it in 2D analysis, and a vertical 2D beam model that is designed for safety is used based on past experience and experience. Often. However, it is not economical compared to the 3D model, and its effect is considered to be large especially when the opening is large. On the other hand, FEM analysis using a 3D model is very complicated, and the design method is not systematized, and the evaluation is based on the designer’s judgment. Therefore, in this study, by using 3D FEM analysis, the authors investigated the effects of an opening and a rail beam on the circular deep shaft behavior around the opening. The authors propose a rational 2D modeling method for the sidewall of the opening considering the 3D effect.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Mar 2021 17:43:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1770684</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis on the Influence of Shaft and Cross Passage Turn to the Main Line of Ingate under Different Construction Schemes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1770179</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the weak stratum, the construction of ingate is a key technical problem at the place where the shaft and cross passage turn to the tunnel. Based on Lanzhou Metro, the corresponding changes to the construction plan of the ingate of the section tunnel were made. Finite element software is used to carry out three-dimensional modeling and design of subway shaft, cross passage, and tunnel structures in connected sections. The influence of the two construction schemes on surface settlement, deformation, and stress of tunnel support structure and stress conversion of ingate are compared, as well as the fitting degree between numerical simulation results and field monitoring data. Finally, the optimal scheme and key points of construction control are determined. The results show that the optimization scheme has obvious advantages in the control of surface settlement and the deformation of shaft and cross passage support. However, the difference between the stress and deformation of the tunnel supporting structure and the original plan is not obvious. Since the project focuses on shaft, cross passage, and tunnel connection section, the changed construction scheme is better.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Mar 2021 10:06:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1770179</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stability Investigation of a Deep Shaft Using Different Methods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1755489</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The New Zigana Tunnel is, at 14.5 km long, the longest highway tunnel project in Turkey. In this project, it is planned to construct two service shafts to provide access to outside the tunnel and temporary ventilation. Service Shaft 2 (Ø = 2.60 m), which is 220 m in depth, was opened by the raise boring machine (RBM) method. In this study, the wall stability of Service Shaft 2 was investigated using empirical analysis, analytical analysis, and numerical simulation methods. To define the rock masses on the shaft route, the rock mass rating (RMR), Q, and geological strength index (GSI) classification systems were utilized as an empirical approach. The rock-support interaction and convergence-confinement methods were applied in the analytical analysis of wall stability. To determine the plastic zones that occurred around the unsupported shaft walls, 2D and 3D numerical simulations (FEM-based) were used. According to the results of empirical analysis, there is no need for support to ensure the stability of shaft walls. Conversely, the analytical and numerical methods exhibited more conservative results than other methods and suggested support application for stability. According to the convergence-confinement method and 2D FEM simulation, the plastic zone around the shaft walls developed after depths of 105 and 81 m, respectively. Finally, the results obtained from these analyses were compared with actual field situations, and their compatibility was investigated. It was concluded that, of these analysis methods, 2D FEM simulation is most compatible with the actual field data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Dec 2020 09:36:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1755489</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on Reasonable Size of Coal and Rock Pillar in Dynamic Pressure Roadway Segment of Fully Mechanized Face in Deep Shaft</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1744905</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The deformation mechanism of the protective coal and rock pillar area outside a stope is an important parameter for setting a reasonable size. In this paper, based on the geological condition of working face 1231(1) in a mine in Huainan, a method that combines the use of a borehole and Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (BOTDR) was proposed to analyze the stress variation laws of coal and rock pillar areas, and the parameters of the monitoring borehole and installation technique of the sensing optical cables were designed. Based on the monitoring data, the strain distribution characteristics of the sensing optical cables and their relationship with the rock strata were analyzed, the development law of coal and rock strata deformation during the mining process was revealed, and the transverse influence range of the coal and rock pillar affected by mining was reasonably divided. According to the results, the sensing optical cables show an overall trend of tensile strain, with a maximum value of 1800 <italic>με</italic>, and the main areas of rock strata deformation occur near the interface of rock strata. The range of rock strata disturbance along the borehole direction was approximately 38 m, and the maximum deformation of rock strata after the disturbance, namely, the displacement, was 24.87 mm. A numerical model was constructed to acquire the strain variation characteristic within 100 m in the outer floor of the working face. The transverse range of the floor disturbance was analyzed to be 30–36 m. The field test had good correspondence with the numerical simulation results, which indicates that the optical fiber testing technology can effectively describe the stress variation in the coal and rock strata. The test results can provide technical support for the rational setting of coal and rock pillars and disaster prevention and control. The research direction of deep rock mass testing is discussed, and optical fiber testing in boreholes is considered an effective method for studying deep dynamic disaster control.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Oct 2020 17:37:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1744905</guid>
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