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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Stabilisation of tropical soils with lime mud: materials characterisation and pavement structural analyses</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2618022</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road construction often depends on limited natural resources, prompting researchers to explore waste reuse for eco-efficient solutions. The effects of lime mud (LM), a residue from the cellulose industry, on the stabilisation of different soil types have not been previously studied. The influence of curing period on different geotechnical properties of soil-LM mixtures remains unknown. Their resilient behaviour and plastic deformations were not investigated in previous works. This study addresses these gaps by evaluating the mechanical behaviour of different soils with varying LM contents and subjected to different curing times. Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS), California Bearing Ratio (CBR), swelling, resilient modulus, and plastic strain were determined. Results showed that LM improved UCS, reduced swelling, enhanced resilient behaviour, and decreased soil deformability. Structural analyses explained the mechanical performance of asphalt pavements incorporating the soil-LM mixtures. Therefore, LM from the cellulose industry can be a promising alternative for sustainable road construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Feb 2026 13:55:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2618022</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Resilient modulus estimation in tropical subgrade soils: a statistical approach and machine learning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611586</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The resilient modulus (RM) is a parameter in mechanistic-empirical pavement design, representing the stress-dependent elastic response of pavement materials under repeated loading. However, its determination via triaxial testing is complex, time-consuming, and often unfeasible during early design stages, especially for tropical soils with highly variable behavior due to intense weathering. The present study investigates the prediction of RM for 20 tropical soils classified as LG’ under the Miniature Compacted Tropical (MCT) methodology. The database included parameters such as maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, particle size distribution, and MCT classification indices. Statistical analyses included non-parametric correlation methods, principal component analysis (PCA), and multiple linear regression techniques to explore inter-variable relationships and develop predictive models. Regression models were developed using confining pressure, deviatoric stress, fines content (#200 sieve), sand percentage, and selected MCT parameters. The most comprehensive model explained up to 63.55% of RM variability, with robustness confirmed by R² and residual analyses. RM was found to increase with dry density and under low moisture conditions and decrease at higher moisture contents. This trend is consistent with compaction theory for tropical soils, which exhibit distinct moisture-density behavior. Although clay content traditionally influences mechanical behavior, its limited predictive power here is attributed to the micro-aggregated structure of lateritic soils, which behave more like granular materials. These results provide empirical tools for preliminary pavement design, aiding material screening and decision-making in tropical regions. However, these models are not intended to replace standardized laboratory testing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Dec 2025 09:38:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611586</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Amplified impacts of tropical cyclone-induced compound wind-rain hazards on high-speed rail passengers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608343</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tropical cyclones (TCs) increasingly threaten the operational stability of high-speed railway (HSR) system, particularly through compound wind–rain hazards, yet their impacts on HSR passengers remain poorly quantified. This study develops the first HSR resilience assessment framework to quantify the effects of TC-induced compound wind–rain hazards on intercity travels, integrating train schedules, meteorological observations, and mobility data. Analysis of Chinese HSR during eight TC events reveals that compound hazards cause 2.96 times more affected passengers and 3.94 times greater delays than wind-only scenarios. Urban-scale amplification ratios reach up to 59.25 times for affected passengers and 790.44 times for delays. Moreover, compound hazards expand the spatial footprint of disruption, shifting impacts from coastal hotspots into inland regions. Sensitivity analyses confirm the persistence of amplification effects across variations in railway response strategies. These findings inform targeted adaptation strategies and offer a scalable framework for railway systems facing intensifying climate-related risks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Dec 2025 11:41:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608343</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Use of binder based on palm oil fuel ash for stabilization of tropical clay soils</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608517</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study evaluates the use of palm oil fuel ash (POFA), a waste product generated during palm oil production, as a stabilizing binder for tropical soils. The raw materials were characterized through chemical composition analysis (XRF), mineralogical composition (XRD), and morphology (SEM). It was determined that the optimal calcination temperature for POFA is 850 °C, significantly enhancing its reactivity. The calcined POFA was mixed with hydrated lime in ratios of 30:70, 50:50, and 70:30 to determine the best combination as a binder. Clayey soil was stabilized using binder proportions of 6 %, 8 %, 10 %, and 12 % (POFA and lime). For reference, an Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) was used in the same proportions. The impact of the binder on soil plasticity, optimum moisture content for compaction, and maximum dry density were analyzed. Additionally, mechanical performance was evaluated under dry and capillary-saturated conditions. The results indicate an increase in the soil’s compressive strength, reaching 0.50 MPa with 12 % binder (POFA and lime), compared to 0.14 MPa for untreated soil and 0.60 MPa for soil–cement with the same binder proportion. These findings demonstrate that adding POFA with hydrated lime significantly improves the soil’s physical and mechanical properties, presenting itself as a viable and efficient alternative to traditional cement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Dec 2025 09:56:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608517</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Resilient modulus of fine-grained tropical soils from sensitivity-driven evolutionary polynomial regression</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2599009</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Resilient Modulus (MR) is a fundamental parameter for the design and analysis of road pavement structures based on mechanistic principles. Although understanding material resilience is essential in this context, the tests required for MR determination are costly, complex, and time-consuming. Advanced computational modeling has proven to be an effective tool for estimating this parameter in preliminary studies, conceptual designs, and small-scale projects. This study adopted a sensitivity-driven Evolutionary Polynomial Regression (EPR) approach to develop new empirical models to predict MR of fine-grained tropical soils. Using a dataset comprising 126 experimental values of MR obtained from triaxial tests, the proposed model estimates MR based on six explanatory variables: plasticity index (PI), optimum moisture content (wopt), percentage passing through the No. 200 sieve (P200), laterization index (e'), confining stress (σ3), and deviatoric stress (σd). The grey-box nature of the proposed approach allows for direct correlation with physical soil properties. The consistency and robustness of the models were evaluated through cross-validation, using three randomly shuffled data batches for the simulations. The model exhibited desirable attributes such as parsimony (with only two polynomial terms in the equation), strong predictive capability (R² > 0.85), generalization capacity, and robust performance under cross-validation. The analysis highlights the significant influence of e' on MR, a previously overlooked factor. The proposed models provide reliable options for predicting MR in tropical soil engineering applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Nov 2025 10:27:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2599009</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Corrosion behavior and mechanical property degradation of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy in tropical marine atmosphere</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594624</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The corrosion of aluminum alloys severely impacts the long-term performance of marine infrastructure. This study aims to establish a stochastic pitting corrosion model for finite element analysis, simulating the mechanical properties under different exposure times, and to establish the correlation between corrosion behavior and mechanical property degradation of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys in marine environments. Initially, a 24 months field exposure experiment was conducted in a representative marine atmospheric environment. By integrating macroscopic and microscopic corrosion morphology observations, corrosion product analysis, electrochemical testing, and mechanical property evaluations, the corrosion evolution process and underlying performance degradation mechanisms were elucidated. The results indicate that the corrosion progression of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy can be categorized into three distinct stages: the initial stage (1–6 months), the intermediate stage (6–12 months), and the advanced stage (12–24 months). During the early phase, pitting corrosion is predominant, which progressively evolves into intergranular and exfoliation corrosion over time. The primary corrosion products identified are AlO(OH) and Al(OH)₃. Mechanical property tests revealed that after 24 months of corrosion, the alloy's yield strength decreased from 332.45 MPa to 307.84 MPa, tensile strength dropped from 455.60 MPa to 375.05 MPa, and elongation after fracture reduced from 18.34 % to 5.64 %. Finite element models based on corrosion pit characteristics suggest that both pit density and depth have a direct influence on the material's mechanical integrity. The simulation outcomes are consistent with experimental trends, offering theoretical insights for predicting the service performance of aluminum alloys in marine environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2025 15:31:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594624</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of Performance Grade Specification for Polymer Modified Bitumen in SEA Region</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407378</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the increase of traffic volume and traffic loads, polymer modified bitumen has been widely used in Southeast Asia (SEA) region under Superpave Performance grading specification. Because of the tropical climatic in the SEA region no freezing air temperature, the used PG grade specification in the SEA region only included the high temperature grade requirement without the low temperature grade. Consequently, only the DSR (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) and RTFO (Rolling Thin Film Oven) are used by most of the local PMB producers and test companies without BBR (Bending Beam Rheometer) and PAV (Pressure Aging Vessel). This paper reviews the development of Superpave Performance Grading system in the US and its application. The constraints and limitations of the existing Performance Grading system used in SEA region have been investigated and are explained. Combined with the development of latest research for polymer modified bitumen and its test method, a PG-based polymer modified bitumen specification is proposed at the end of this paper, which is more suitable for the climatic conditions and existing equipment setups in the SEA region.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Sep 2025 08:49:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407378</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Roadside vegetation maintains pollination ecosystem services in the surrounding agricultural areas of a Neotropical savana</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2585848</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Linear habitats, such as roadsides, are increasingly recognized as potential refuges for pollinator diversity and the ecosystem services they provide. Understanding the role of these habitats is essential for their effective management, contributing to biodiversity conservation and the resilience of agricultural systems. Here, the authors assessed the potential of roadside vegetation in a biodiverse savanna in Brazil to sustain pollination services for adjacent agricultural areas. The authors analyzed tree and shrub diversity from preserved savanna areas and roadsides in the Brazilian Cerrado, integrating pollination system data obtained through an extensive literature review. The authors' results show that all pollination systems associated with woody plants in protected areas were similarly present in roadside vegetation, except hummingbird, butterfly, and bee pollination, which were slightly less represented on roadsides. However, the decrease in bee pollination on roadsides amounted to only 7 %. Additionally, the authors identified 24 native plant species along roadsides that are pollinated by key bee species responsible for pollinating major crops in the region, including coffee, soybean, and tomato. The authors' findings underscore the potential of roadsides to support both pollinator conservation and agricultural productivity, which is particularly relevant given the growing demand for pollination services in Brazil and worldwide. To maximize these benefits, it is crucial to strengthen environmental policies, maintain adequate roadside width, and identify restoration hotspots and target species with special benefits for pollinators and ecosystem services.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Aug 2025 08:52:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2585848</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Typhoon evolution characteristics and influence on ship navigation with polar coordinate data-driven: A case of historical tropical cyclone trajectory</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2585114</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To improve ship safety navigation in extreme weather, it is critical to understand and predict typhoon trajectories, especially in areas exposed to severe tropical cyclones. By normalizing the complex trajectory to the polar coordinate system, the temporal-spatial behavior analysis of typhoons is simplified, and new insights are prepossessed to interpret their evolution characteristics. First, based on a dataset of 1964 tropical cyclones samples spanning 78 years, the movement trends and trajectory characteristics of Pacific typhoon are revealed. Second, by introducing DTW and K-means methods, a novel framework is proposed to reveal hidden patterns in typhoon movement using polar coordinate transformation and advanced clustering algorithm. Third, this method is directly applied to maritime navigation, especially on the heavily trafficked Maritime Silk Road. The results reveal that the characteristics of typhoons at four phases have different influence on ship navigation, and ocean-going ships could predict and avoid potential risks according to the phase changes of typhoons.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Aug 2025 09:12:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2585114</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance of sustainable cement mortar and concrete containing recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) under tropical temperature</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2577764</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The mechanical properties of cement mortar and concrete containing recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) are sensitive to temperature due to the thermo-viscoelastic behavior of the bituminous binder. This research article investigated the effect of high ambient temperature on the performance of cement mortar and concrete containing RAP for sustainable pavement applications in tropical regions. The mortar and concrete containing RAP were prepared under RAP replacements of 0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 %. After 28 days of curing, high ambient temperatures (i.e., 25°C, 35°C, 45°C, 60°C, and 75°C) were applied to the samples. Then, the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test was performed before conducting the compression test. The fractured specimen obtained from a compression test was employed to ascertain any changes in the microstructural components subsequent to exposure to high ambient temperatures through X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The results indicated that the strength reduction was more significant for the cement mortar and concrete with higher RAP replacement as a result of high ambient temperature. The increase in voids brought on by moisture evaporation was the primary cause of the decline in cement mortar and concrete strength. The UPV and XRD analyses of the samples showed that another factor affecting the strength reduction of samples with RAP replacement was the change in the thermo-viscoelastic properties of the bituminous binder due to temperature. Cement mortar and concrete with RAP over 50 % are not recommended for structural members due to high temperature sensitivity. The normalized relationship between compressive strength and temperature exposure was proposed for cement mortar and concrete containing RAP exposed to high ambient temperatures, with a high correlation coefficient. The parameter kt, which represents the effect of thermo-viscoelastic properties of bituminous binder on the strength reduction, was proposed as the key design parameter for cement mortar and concrete use in structural and non-structural road components exposed to tropical temperatures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Jul 2025 09:25:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2577764</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of nonlinear responses of asphalt pavements under overloading and tropical climate temperature conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2551273</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The design of asphalt pavement in many developing nations still relies on an empirical approach, often leading to either premature failure of the pavement or overdesign. The transition from an empirical approach to semi-mechanistic or mechanistic was felt by past researchers, and many advanced tools based on these approaches have been developed. Computational tools, like finite element (FE) analysis, are capable of handling complex material properties of pavement materials under nonuniform loading conditions. Asphalt mixes are widely known to exhibit viscoelastic behaviour based on temperature and loading conditions, while the response of unbound materials under cyclic loading is stress dependent. Due to the complexity of the entire process, numerous pavement design tools treat them as purely elastic materials. This study aims to develop a finite element based, simple, and practical framework to assess the structural response of asphalt pavement under overloading and varying temperature conditions in a tropical climate. The framework offers a straightforward method for the determination of time dependent viscoelastic parameters of the asphalt mixture using creep compliance test. The nonlinear stress-dependent behaviour of unbound granular materials (UGMs) in different layers has also been presented based on repeated load triaxial compression testing. It was concluded that overloading and increasing mix temperature severely affect pavement performance. A 25 % overloading resulted in a reduction of subgrade rutting life by 62.33 %, whereas an increase in mix temperature by 10° C at intermediate temperature reduced asphalt fatigue life by 29.34 % and subgrade rutting life by 42.03 %.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 May 2025 09:53:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2551273</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bamboo pedestrian bridge: An ecological alternative for the tropical country regions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2540543</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article explores the design and optimization of a bamboo pedestrian bridge as an ecological solution for tropical regions, measuring 18.60 m long and 3.10 m wide, featuring bamboo trusses and a deck made of Eucalyptus grandis wood. The study focuses on Dendrocalamus asper (Da) and Dendrocalamus giganteus (Dg), two bamboo species with exceptional mechanical properties. Their longitudinal modulus of elasticity, averaging 20,000 MPa, is nearly double that of glued laminated timber (11,600 MPa for GL24h). The structural lightness of bamboo is also noteworthy, with values of 0.00042 [1/m] for Da and 0.00051 [1/m] for Dg, making them three times lighter than concrete. This reduces loads on supporting elements and foundations, offering material savings and lower construction costs while maintaining structural integrity. A key aspect of this study is the direct comparison of the mechanical properties and structural behavior of both bamboo species. The curved configuration of the lower truss members ensures that two-thirds of these elements are compressed, utilizing bamboo's high compressive strength, comparable to 28-day-old high-strength concrete. The remaining one-third experiences tensile stress, benefiting from bamboo’s superior tensile resistance, where concrete falls short. Finally, the global deflection is 8.80 mm for Da and 8.60 mm for Dg, both well below allowable limits, confirming the design’s structural efficiency and viability. This research highlights bamboo as a sustainable, ecological, and cost-effective alternative for transport infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Apr 2025 16:58:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2540543</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of moisture content and soil suction on the permanent deformation of tropical subgrade soils: experimental investigations and modelling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2446929</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study presents the effects of moisture variation and the influence of matric suction on the permanent deformation (PD) of three tropical soils with different geological-geotechnical characteristics used in road subgrades in southern Brazil. The experimental programme consisted in determining the soil-water characteristic curves and in dynamic triaxial tests to obtain the PD in different compaction and post-compaction moisture contents. The variation of compaction moisture content caused microstructural changes, influencing the plastic behaviour of soils: the higher the initial moisture content, the greater their accumulated permanent deformations. As expected, the post-compaction moisture variation (wetting process) tended to increase the plastic deformation of materials, evidencing the influence of the suction variation on the performance of the soils studied. In addition, matric suction proved to be the best variable to represent the effects of moisture variation on the plastic behaviour of soils subjected to cyclic loading. Thus, a PD prediction model for tropical soils with the inclusion of this parameter was proposed. The model proved to be highly predictive and may become an important tool to be incorporated into current mechanistic-empirical design methods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Nov 2024 09:47:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2446929</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Amphibian roadkill patterns in an Asian tropical rainforest</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2427933</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wildlife roadkills have emerged as one of the most adverse impacts of road networks on biodiversity. Knowledge regarding amphibian roadkill patterns in Asian tropical rainforests is limited. Herein, the authors present the first assessment of roadkill patterns of amphibians in the Hainan tropical rainforest of southern China, based on extensive field surveys covering 58 road transects in 2021 and 2022. The authors investigated the effects of species characteristics, seasons, and environmental factors on amphibian roadkill patterns. The authors recorded 503 amphibian carcasses and identified 13 amphibian species. Abundant species are more likely to be killed. There were no significant differences in the roadkill observations between the dry and wet seasons. The number of roadkill observations correlated positively with the percentage of area with buildings. The authors' findings provide new insights into the ecological effects of roads and transportation in Asian tropical rainforests, which will help design and implement conservation actions. The authors suggest prioritizing permanent mitigation measures to reduce roadkill risk for abundant species on roads with a relatively high percentage of area with buildings in the Hainan tropical rainforest.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Sep 2024 09:06:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2427933</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Chemical, mineralogical, microstructural and engineering properties of tropical soils stabilised with the combined and individual use of different types of steel slag</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2387443</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The combined use of electric arc furnace slag fines (EAFSF) and ladle furnace slag fines (LFSF) for soil stabilisation was not evaluated in previous works. Previous studies reported limited information on the microscale behaviour of steel slag materials used in soil stabilisation. This work evaluated synergistic effects provided by the combination of EAFSF and LFSF on the stabilisation of clayey and sandy soils. It provided a detailed microscale analysis of raw materials and slag-soil mixes with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and derivative thermogravimetry. Their compaction behaviour, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), CBR index, swelling, and resilient modulus were also determined. Filler effects, cementitious, pozzolanic, and ion-exchange reactions were discussed. A positive synergistic behaviour was observed when combining 10% LFSF and 5% EAFSF (by soil weight), which provided a structural arrangement that provided increases in UCS and CBR up to 651% and 1500%, respectively]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Jun 2024 16:12:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2387443</guid>
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