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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Correlation of Tribological Characteristics with Brake Emission Factors in Automotive Disc Brakes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2778012</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Following the recent introduction of the Euro 7 regulations, research on non-exhaust emissions, including brake wear particles, has increased. However, full-scale dynamometer tests are affected by complex variables such as vehicle class and brake system specifications, which makes it difficult to analyze the unique characteristics of friction materials independently.Previous studies have predominantly focused on comparing emission levels by friction material composition or on disc surface treatments, and quantitative correlations, resolved by friction material type, between the physical wear mass of friction materials and the Brake Emission Factor (BEF), remain scarce.In this study, the brake emissions from various friction materials were precisely measured using a scale dynamometer reflecting the UN-GTR No. 24 standards. By applying the WLTP cycle, a quantitative correlation was derived between the friction characteristics and the BEF for each braking section. The results show that BEF varies with friction material type depending on the friction- and wear-related factor, while disc wear and total wear were confirmed, regardless of friction material type, to be common key indicators that exhibit a statistically high correlation with BEF.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 09:13:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2778012</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tribological Insights into the Production Temperatures of Polymer-Modified Binders Containing Warm-Mix Additives</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697833</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tribology—the study of friction, lubrication, and wear—offers a novel framework for evaluating warm-mix asphalt (WMA) technologies, especially for polymer-modified binders (PMBs), where conventional viscosity-based methods often overestimate production temperatures and risk polymer degradation. This study explores the use of tribological testing to determine realistic mixing temperatures (MT) and compaction temperatures (CT) for PMBs, incorporating two widely used WMA additives Sasobit and Rediset. In addition to tribological characterization using a ball-on-three-plates geometry, a torque-based workability test was conducted to evaluate binder behavior under varying temperature conditions. Both additives improved the lubrication and workability of PMBs. Sasobit acted as a flow modifier, reducing viscosity, while Rediset improved coating efficiency through surface tension reduction. These effects led to substantial decreases in estimated MT and CT values. The coefficient of friction (CoF) from tribology testing showed clear temperature-dependent trends that closely aligned with torque-based measurements. Statistical validation revealed a strong correlation between the two methods, confirming their consistency and complementary nature. Overall, this study demonstrates that tribological testing is a reliable and practical approach for estimating production temperatures in PMB-WMA systems. By avoiding unnecessary overheating, this method supports more sustainable asphalt paving practices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Aug 2026 08:34:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697833</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical and experimental investigations on tribological characteristics of engine main bearings</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706080</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The careful design of engine main bearings can significantly reduce friction losses while maintaining high reliability, which is very valuable for reducing emissions of commercial vehicles. Simulation analysis based on high-precision models can provide effective means for achieving this goal. Therefore, a comprehensive model considering elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication and tribo-dynamics of the main bearing-crankshaft system is built in this study, and the effectiveness of the model is verified through an online ultrasonic measurement of oil film thickness. Then, the potential design improvement solutions are analyzed for the main bearing of a commercial vehicle engine. The results indicate that there is still an opportunity for optimizing the design of engine main bearings. This study can provide an effective method for the low friction design of commercial vehicle engines.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 15:05:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706080</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of Modified Fly Ash Content on the Properties of Resin-Based Friction Materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742452</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, five resin-based brake pad samples with modified fly ash contents of 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, and 16% were prepared to investigate the influence of fly ash content on the comprehensive performance of the friction materials. The tribological properties of all samples were evaluated under temperature conditions ranging from 100 °C to 350 °C, and their overall performance was assessed using five evaluation indices. Based on the AHP-MOORA algorithm, sample F12 exhibited the highest comprehensive weighted score of 0.11, followed by samples F0 and F8 with scores of 0.10 and 0.09, respectively, indicating a slight decline. In contrast, the comprehensive weighted scores of F4 and F16 were relatively low, at 0.05 and −0.01, respectively. Among the five composites, F12 demonstrated the best overall performance, with F0 and F8 ranking next, while F4 and F16 performed poorly. These results suggest that, within a certain range, increasing the fly ash content can enhance the comprehensive properties of the material. However, excessive addition of fly ash may lead to the detachment of harder particles during wear, thereby increasing wear thickness and wear rate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 15:57:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742452</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Innovative Friction Modifier for Copper-Free Brake Pad Applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742684</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The development of copper-free brake pads poses a significant challenge because copper plays a critical role in tribofilm formation and friction stability. This study proposes a novel approach using a recycled flake iron oxide material, characterized by high thermal stability and a unique plate-like morphology, as a sustainable alternative. The material acts as a friction modifier, promoting the formation of stable tribofilms and serving either as a copper substitute or a functional additive. Its iron-oxide composition ensures strong compatibility with the counterface tribofilm, enhancing adhesive friction, while its role as a primary plateau contributes to friction stability and reduced wear.Three application scenarios were investigated: (i) copper substitution in Low-Steel (LS) and Non-Asbestos Organic (NAO) formulations, (ii) partial replacement of steel fibers in copper-free LS formulations, and (iii) synergistic use with iron sulfide in copper-free NAO formulations. Tribological performance was evaluated using a tribometer, and worn surfaces were analyzed by SEM and EDS to characterize tribofilm formation.Results demonstrate that the proposed material provides friction stability and wear resistance comparable to copper in both LS and NAO formulations. Partial substitution of steel fibers improved wear resistance by up to 75%, while synergistic addition with iron sulfide further enhanced friction and wear performance in copper-free NAO pads.These findings highlight the potential of this recycled material as a sustainable and effective alternative for copper-free brake pads, offering both environmental benefits and high tribological performance while reducing reliance on critical raw materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 15:49:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742684</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on Long-Life Solid-Liquid Hybrid Lubrication Technology for Large Drive Mechanisms of Survey Platform</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742627</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For the large drive mechanisms of the survey platform, aiming to achieve                     long-life in-orbit rotation lubrication, a study was conducted on the                     tribological characteristics of a lubrication solution combining molybdenum                     disulfide (MoS2) coating with the application of perfluoropolyether                     (PFPE) greases. Validation tests were carried out under vacuum and high-low                     temperature environments to evaluate the equivalent in-orbit service life of                     solid lubrication coatings when used in conjunction with vacuum greases.                     Additionally, the physical properties of the friction pairs under solid-liquid                     hybrid lubrication conditions were investigated. Using life components                     equivalent to the actual product state, vacuum high-low temperature life tests                     under solid-liquid lubrication conditions have been completed to validate                     long-life lubrication technology. This holds significant guiding and reference                     value for the design of subsequent long-life spacecraft.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 15:42:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742627</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Preparation and Characterization of Glycerol-Based Fe3O4 Magnetic Fluids</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742577</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To optimize the preparation protocol and tribological performance of                     glycerol-based Fe^3O^4 magnetic fluids, three hybrid                     agitation systems—(i) chemical co-precipitation coupled with magnetic stirring                     (H+C), (ii) chemical co-precipitation coupled with mechanical stirring (H+J),                     and (iii) chemical co-precipitation integrated with mechanical plus ultrasonic                     agitation (H+J+C)—were systematically investigated with respect to their                     influence on the physicochemical characteristics and lubricating behaviour of                     the resulting magnetic nanoparticles. Relative to the H+C and H+J protocols, the                     H+J+C protocol effectively suppressed intermediate agglomeration, yielding a 15                     % increase in Fe^3O^4 productivity and a 15 % reduction in                     the full-width at half-maximum of the particle-size distribution. A binary                     surfactant system composed of oleic acid and citric acid achieved complete                     surface passivation, producing nanoparticles with a saturation magnetization of                     59.2 emu g^–1. Under a magnetic flux density of 0.0341 T, tribometric                     evaluation revealed that the friction coefficient of the fluid prepared via the                     H+J+C route decreased to 0.041, corresponding to reductions of 7.1 % and 22 %                     relative to the H+J and H+C counterparts, respectively, thereby demonstrating                     superior tribological performance. The present work furnishes an experimental                     foundation for the rational design of high-performance magnetically responsive                     lubricants and the optimization of magnetic-fluid synthesis protocols.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 15:36:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742577</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Surface Engineering Approach to Enhance the Tribological Performance
                    of Titanium Nitride–Coated Stainless Steel against Ti6Al4V under Wet
                    Condition</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742481</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The impact of a titanium nitride (TiN) coating by the cathodic arc deposition                     (CAD) technique on a 316L stainless steel (SS) 316L substrate is examined in                     this experimental work. The X-ray diffraction study showed that TiN made the                     osbornite phase grow in the coated specimen. The SS 316L sample had a hardness                     of 217.66 HV, and the samples with CAD coatings were five times harder than the                     uncoated disc. The wear test was conducted using a pin-on-disc tribometer under                     dry and wet conditions at loading conditions of 2 N, 4 N, and 6 N with the                     counterpart of grade 5 titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V). Wear resistance improved                     significantly, with the wear rate decreasing markedly after coating compared to                     the uncoated sample. The wear morphology of the wear on the contact surfaces was                     identified by SEM analysis of the images. The biocompatibility of the                     ceramic-coated SS 316L sample with the normal cell line was proved by a cell                     viability test. The demand for SS 316L and the use of CAD coatings to reduce                     friction and wear in bio-implant applications were the main topics of the                     current study.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 15:16:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742481</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of Electric Vehicle Oils with High Energy Efficiency and
                    Cooling Performance by Applying Novel Friction Modifier</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742454</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Improving the efficiency of electric vehicle (EV) transmissions can help to                     extend the driving range of EVs, and the EV oil used in these transmissions                     plays an important role. In this study, in order to enhance energy efficiency,                     we examined the effects of lowering viscosity, traction, and friction in EV oil.                     While friction modifiers (FMs) have been widely used as friction reduction                     technologies in the field of tribology for many years, we previously developed a                     new FM that reduces friction in drive units. We found that a combination of                     lowering viscosity and using the developed FM was effective for better energy                     efficiency. The oil formulated with the developed FM improved efficiency by                     approximately +0.8% to +0.9% compared to commercial EV oil.EV oil also requires cooling performance. We assumed that reducing heat                     generation through friction reduction would improve cooling performance and                     examined the effect of lowering viscosity, traction, and friction. Consequently,                     it was found that a combination of lowering traction and applying the developed                     FM is effective for reduction in parasitic heat losses. We also examined                     durability, which is an issue when reducing viscosity. The results suggested                     that the oil formulated with the developed FM had good durability for gears and                     bearings. Thus, we succeeded in developing an ultra-low-viscosity EV oil that                     has excellent energy efficiency and high cooling performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 15:16:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742454</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Material Development for Cold Spray Valve Seat</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2695914</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The material for the cold spray valve seat was developed to form a straight port which was effective for strong tumble flow. Hardness is necessary to ensure wear resistance, but if the material is hard, plastic deformation during particle impact becomes difficult, and the adhesion between particles and between the coating layer and the substrate decreases. In order to solve this trade-off, it was realized in the composite layer of Corson alloy which is an age-hardening copper alloy and Cobalt base hard particle. In this development, it was found that the fracture strength was improved by the addition of hard particles, and the phenomenon of Ni silicide which seemed to be effective for the fracture strength improvement was discovered.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 09:23:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2695914</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lightweight Magnesium Nanocomposites with Enhanced Wear Resistance for Landing Gear Application</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712139</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study systematically evaluated the wear resilient performance of AZ61 magnesium alloy reinforced with 15 wt.% SiC and diverse amounts of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) under dry sliding circumstances adopting pin-on-disc apparatus (ASTM G99). To identify the influence of factors like sliding speed (SS) (1-3 m/s), axial load (AL) (10-30 N), and MWCNT concentration (0-3 wt.%) that affect tribological performance, experiments were developed using a Central Composite Design (CCD) under Response Surface Methodology (RSM). SEM micrographs revealed a dispersion optimum near 2 wt.% MWCNT, where CNTs anchor to SiC and bridge the a-Mg matrix, while 3 wt.% shows agglomerates and micro-voids. Findings showed that wear loss (WL) and friction coefficient (CoF) was greatly amplified by increasing AL owing to localized heating and contact stresses. A compacted tribolayer was formed by increasing SS, which decreased WL but marginally raised the CoF. At low AL (10 N), SS (2.09 m/s), and 2.12 wt.% MWCNT, the wear resistance was significantly improved by improving load transfer and creating a lubricating carbon-rich coating, resulting in a decreased WL of 0.006 g. The CoF persisted within the range of 0.19 to 0.28. Agglomeration of MWCNTs caused increased WL and CoF when the MWCNT content is increased above 2 wt.%. Worn-surface microscopy at the optimum showed fine wear tracks and a continuous carbon/oxide glaze, evidencing a lubricious CNT-rich third-body film, whereas high AL/low MWCNT produced deep grooves and delamination.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2026 13:36:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712139</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation of Aluminium Alloy Composites Reinforced with Zirconium oxide and Solid Lubricant Attributes for Brake and Clutch Components of Aircrafts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712146</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For brake and clutch components of aircraft vehicles which require higher mechanical strength and wear resilient, light-weight aluminium composites were developed infusing solid lubricant. In this study, hybrid composites were developed using powder metallurgy route with aluminum alloy AA356 and various amounts of zirconium oxide (ZrO2) (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.%) as reinforcements. A solid lubricant hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) at a fixed 5 wt.% is considered. Following the appropriate ASTM guidelines, the specimens were mechanically characterized by measuring their density, porosity, micro-hardness, compression strength, impact strength, and flexural strength, among other properties. The findings showed that the composites' mechanical and physical behaviour were greatly affected by the inclusion of ZrO2. Porosity increased as a result of particle clustering and interfacial voids, while density increased gradually as ceramic content increased. Consistently increasing ZrO2 addition led to micro-hardness improvements; at 20 wt.% reinforcement, values reached their maximum, indicating that the hard ceramic phase contributed to better surface resistance. The best balance between particle reinforcement and matrix continuity was suggested by the compression and flexural strengths peaking at 15 wt.% ZrO2. However, when the addition was raised to 20 wt.%, brittleness and porosity began to marginally deteriorate. Unreinforced and lower ZrO2 composites had superior toughness in impact, whereas materials with a higher content had a poorer energy absorption capacity. The 5 wt.% hBN improved fracture arresting capabilities and helped load transmission over the interface. Inclusion of hBN provides solid-lubricating tribofilm formation that enhances the tribological performance. This study reveals that AA356/ZrO2-hBN hybrid composites have good hardness and compressive strength improvements, with 15 wt.% ZrO2 being the best composition with good strength, toughness, and wear resistance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2026 13:32:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712146</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Electrical and Copper Compatibility Studies of Transmission
                    Lubricants for Advanced Electric Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712075</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Improved energy efficiency and lower CO2 emissions are the two major                     drivers for the emergence of E-mobility. Growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has                     sustained ever since their introduction till 2020 and has substantially                     increased thereafter. EVs require specialized lubricants, which are different                     from conventional lubricants mainly due to the addition of new hardware                     technology including e-motor, inverter, battery, and new materials (copper                     windings, elastomers, plastic, and other materials). Lubricant when used in an                     advanced powertrain electric vehicle specifically in E-powertrains may encounter                     the e-motor and must deliver unique performance attributes such as optimal                     electrical properties, thermal management, and material compatibility apart from                     the traditional features including extreme pressure, friction performance,                     oxidation, and wear control. In the current study, we have investigated                     conventional GL5, manual transmission fluid (MTF), automatic transmission fluid                     (ATF), and dedicated e-fluids to understand additive and viscosity effects on                     aforesaid performance traits. Our study emphasized that additive chemistry plays                     a significant role on key properties such as electrical properties, corrosion                     resistance, oxidation resistance, and tribological performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 10 Jun 2026 17:04:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712075</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on the Friction Performance of EVA Insulating Mats for Live Working in Smart Grids</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706221</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Live-line operation is a critical technique for maintaining the reliability and continuity of power supply in modern distribution networks. Insulating mats serve as essential protective equipment during such operations by providing both electrical insulation and mechanical shielding. In practical service conditions, insulating mats are subjected to repeated mechanical contact and friction against conductors, metallic fittings, and ground surfaces, which progressively deteriorates their surface integrity and compromises operational safety. Current performance standards for insulating mats emphasize dielectric and tensile properties, while tribological durability remains unaddressed.In this study, an EVA – PA6 composite film fabricated via the tape casting method was selected as the representative outer insulating layer of insulating mats. Reciprocating friction tests were conducted using an SDR339 abrasion tester to evaluate the effects of normal load and sliding speed on wear behavior. The results indicate that wear mass increased monotonically with friction cycles at a given speed, whereas the incremental wear rate gradually decreased due to contact area evolution. A pronounced transition from mild surface abrasion to severe material removal was observed when the applied load reached 5 N, accompanied by surface scratching and exposure of the internal fibrous layer. These findings demonstrate that the wear resistance of the EVA – PA6 composite film is insufficient for long-term service under realistic frictional conditions. The results provide experimental evidence supporting the necessity of incorporating standardized wear resistance evaluation into performance criteria for insulating mats used in live-line operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Jun 2026 11:12:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706221</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANN and RSM-Driven Optimization of Tribological Characteristics of CuO-Doped Castor Oil Bio-Lubricants</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2692226</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The development of renewable and eco-friendly bio-lubricants can address the environmental challenges posed by petroleum-based lubricants. At the same time, it is possible to improve the tribological properties of lubricants through alternative sources. To overcome these problems, castor oil is a potential basis for bio-lubricants due to its high viscosity, natural lubricity, and biodegradability. In the current work, castor oil was chemically modified by the epoxidation process. This process has improved the tribological properties of castor oil through the epoxidation method. In this method, the presence of hydrogen peroxide acts as an oxidizing agent while sulfuric acid serves as a catalyst, converting the unsaturated double bonds present in the oil into oxirane rings. At the same time, this modification enhanced the thermal stability and tribological applications in harsh operating conditions. The tribological performance of the epoxidized castor oil, further reinforced with copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles, was examined using a four-ball tribometer. In the present test, pressure, temperature, nanoparticle concentration, and rotational speed were considered as process parameters, while the Coefficient of Friction (COF) and Wear Scar Diameter (WSD) were evaluated as the primary responses. To understand the influence of these parameters and their interactions, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models were employed. The RSM model, developed to optimize the COF, showed a high correlation with R² = 0.999, which was found to be highly consistent with the experimental results. This model provides more than 90% prediction accuracy and also highlights important interactions between various factors. The optimal operating conditions 0.2 wt.% CuO nanoparticles, 1300 rpm, 25 mbar, and 120 °C resulted in a minimum COF of 0.0409 and a WSD of 0.6288 mm. An ANN model trained using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm, configured with double hidden layers of ten neurons each, further validated the RSM results. The network achieved prediction errors of less than 1% for both responses. Overall, the study concludes that CuO-enhanced epoxidized castor oil significantly improves friction and wear characteristics, representing a viable and sustainable alternative to mineral-based lubricants. The combined use of RSM and ANN provides a reliable pathway for optimizing future bio-lubricant formulations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jun 2026 11:19:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2692226</guid>
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