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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>The relationship between micro-fragmentation mechanisms and macro-mechanical responses in granite residual soil</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2704404</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Granitic residual soil (GRS) exhibits engineering properties that differ markedly from those of conventional clays, primarily due to its distinctive microstructure and mineralogical composition. In this unique fabric, particle breakage plays a critical role in governing the mechanical behavior. However, existing studies on particle breakage have largely concentrated on sandy soils, while investigations involving clayey soils, particularly residual soils, remain relatively scarce. This study systematically investigates the mineralogical composition and microstructural characteristics of GRS using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, a series of consolidated-drained (CD) triaxial shear tests were conducted to examine particle breakage under varying dry densities and confining pressures. The results demonstrate that increasing confining pressure and dry density intensify stress concentration within the soil matrix, thereby promoting more pronounced particle breakage. A particle breakage index was introduced to quantitatively evaluate the degree of soil fragmentation. Furthermore, based on a modified version of Rowe’s dilatancy theory, an additional parameter was incorporated to calculate the comprehensive volumetric deformation friction angle and the breakage-induced incremental friction angle. The results indicate that contractive behavior dominates the initial stage of shearing. As deformation progresses, particle breakage gradually becomes the core mechanism governing the soil’s mechanical response, with breakage mainly occurring within the particle size range of 1–2 mm. Due to microstructural alterations during shearing, the friction angle increment induced by particle breakage increases with rising confining pressure, albeit at a gradually decreasing rate. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive and multi-perspective analysis of particle breakage in GRS and its influence on mechanical behavior, offering valuable insights for the analysis and design of geotechnical structures involving residual soils.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Sep 2026 09:21:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2704404</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Hybrid Mechanical Behaviour of Cold-Recycled Mixtures with Foamed Bitumen</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701532</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study presents the formulation and laboratory validation of a cold recycled mixture (CRM) with foamed bitumen, designed to deliberately exhibit a hybrid mechanical behaviour, positioned between lightly stabilised granular materials and conventional bound pavement layers. The mixture incorporates a high reclaimed asphalt content (>90%) and optimised proportions of foamed bitumen (2.6%) and cement (2%), promoting enhanced bonding while preserving the advantages of cold recycling technologies as a sustainable paving solution. A comprehensive laboratory testing programme was carried out, including indirect tensile testing, stiffness characterisation, fatigue assessment using four-point bending, permanent deformation evaluation, and monotonic triaxial compression testing to capture stress-dependent structural behaviour. The results show that the CRM develops non-negligible cohesion (c = 148 kPa) and a high friction angle (φ = 41°), together with deformation modulus values ranging from 1900 to 2600 MPa in triaxial testing and a stiffness modulus between 2200 and 3400 MPa in four-point bending tests. These properties place the material clearly above granular or lightly stabilised mixtures, while remaining below the stiffness levels commonly reported for hot-mix asphalt. Fatigue testing showed that the CRM can sustain cyclic loading at low strain levels, exhibiting a cohesive, bonded response, while diverging from conventional asphalt behaviour at higher deformations. Overall, the results confirm that cold recycled mixtures with foamed bitumen can be engineered to achieve a structurally relevant hybrid behaviour, providing a mechanically robust, structurally relevant, and resource-efficient solution for pavement rehabilitation and maintenance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Aug 2026 08:35:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701532</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of gradation on particle breakage and mechanical behaviour of coral sand</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698916</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The mechanical properties of coral sand are strongly influenced by its initial gradation. However, systematic experimental studies that quantify the influence of initial gradation on the drained shear behavior of coral sand remain scarce. To address this, a series of consolidated drained (CD) triaxial shear tests were conducted to investigate the effects of gradation on particle breakage and the mechanical behavior of coral sand. The results show that the stress–strain curves of coral sand with different gradations exhibit strain-softening behavior under low confining pressures. As confining pressure increases, the stress–strain curves of samples with coarse-grained gradation (#1) transition to strain-hardening behavior. The volumetric strain curves clearly show dilatancy, with the finer particle gradation (#4) yielding greater peak strength and volumetric strain. It is observed that the particle breakage of coral sand is influenced by both the initial gradation and confining pressure, with a pronounced power-law relationship between particle breakage and confining pressure for a specific gradation. By introducing a gradation parameter (β), an expression was developed to represent the relationship between gradation, confining pressure, and relative breakage. The critical state lines (CSLs) for coral sand with different gradations are parallel on the e-(p’/pa)ξ plane. A predominant linear relationship exists between the intercept of the CSLs (eГ), the void ratio after isotropic consolidation (ei), and the relative breakage (Br), which leads to the establishment of a critical state equation for coral sand that accounts for the effects of gradation and particle breakage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Aug 2026 08:35:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698916</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How to Assign Nonlinear Anisotropic Modulus Model Parameters for Mechanistic Analyses of Unbound Aggregate Pavement Layers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2761050</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Granular base materials used in pavement systems exhibit anisotropic and nonlinear stress-dependent behavior, characterized through the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) or Uzan-type models using nine nonlinear model parameters (K₁ through K₉) related to the horizontal, vertical, and shear resilient moduli. As part of the development of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ flexible pavement analysis program (C-FLEX) based on the finite element method, the MEPDG and Uzan models have been incorporated into the Joint Evaluation and Design Integrated (JEDI) software framework to characterize granular base and subbase layers. However, deriving these model parameters from standard resilient modulus testing remains challenging, especially those for horizontal and shear resilient moduli. This study introduces a methodology to establish nonlinear anisotropic resilient modulus parameters for the MEPDG model using triaxial test data generated with an advanced test apparatus with multi-directional pulsing capabilities. This method builds on previous work and provides for the MEPDG model regression-based relationships between material properties and anisotropic resilient moduli. Multiple datasets from various data sources were used to develop the guidelines presented in this paper for deriving horizontal (K₁ to K₃) and shear (K₇ to K₉) modulus model parameters based on vertical modulus model parameters (K₄ to K₆). The outcome includes recommended K₁ through K₉ for aggregate materials of varying quality, intended for implementation in the JEDI software to support nonlinear anisotropic stiffness characterization of unbound aggregate layers for mechanistic-empirical pavement design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Aug 2026 09:25:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2761050</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Determination of the visco-hypoplastic material parameters of rolled asphalt</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2693765</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Asphalt behaviour is typically described using viscoelastic and viscoplastic material models. This study investigates whether the mechanical response of asphalt mixtures can be captured within the visco‑hypoplastic constitutive framework, which treats asphalt as a granular skeleton interacting with a highly viscous bitumen phase. Triaxial and oedometric tests were performed at different temperatures and strain rates, and the results were used to evaluate the applicability of the model and to identify temperature‑dependent material parameters. The findings show that the visco‑hypoplastic formulation can reproduce compression behaviour, strain‑rate dependency and unloading–reloading response under the examined conditions, indicating that the framework is suitable for describing asphalt behaviour in these loading regimes. As a proof of concept, this work establishes the feasibility of applying the visco‑hypoplastic framework to asphalt and identifies directions for further development, including cyclic loading, microcrack‑related degradation and validation across a wider range of temperatures and mixture types.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Jul 2026 08:40:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2693765</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Quantitative analysis of the mechanical behavior of granular sands subjected to particle pre-crushing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2692410</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Particle crushing is a critical mechanism governing the macro-mechanical response of granular materials, yet current research predominantly focuses on thebehavior ofpristine sands, leaving a significant gap in understanding the quantitative effects of stress history. To address this, this study employs drained triaxial shearing tests coupled with high-performance Acoustic Emission (AE) monitoring to capture the multi-scale evolution of silica sands with varying degrees of pre-crushing. The results reveal that pre-crushing proportionally enhances peak shear strength and friction angle while suppressing particle re-crushing, volumetric contraction, andcrushing-induced high-frequency (>100 kHz) AE activities. By establishing quantitative characterization frameworks based on dissipated energy and high-frequency AE signatures, a fundamental transition in energy dissipation pathways from crushing-dominated to frictional rearrangement-dominated modes is deduced. This transition is attributed to the enhanced packing efficiency resulting from the combined influence of particle cushioning and a lower initial void ratio. Furthermore, a robust linear correlation between high-frequency AE hits and the breakage index is validated for both pristine and pre-crushed series.These findings highlight the feasibility of frequency-based AE analysis as a continuous, non-invasive tool for quantifying particle crushing under complex testing conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Jul 2026 09:14:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2692410</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Deep learning-based inversion of loading parameters for quarry spoils</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2687058</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study proposes a deep-learning loading parameter inversion framework for the embankments filled with moderately-strongly weathered siliceous mudstone (MSWSM) quarry spoils, undergoing progressive degradation under seepage erosion and cyclic loading. Firstly, 300 datasets, including peak strength [(σ1-σ3)max], failure strain (ε1 failure), and elastic modulus (E), were collected through cyclic-monotonic triaxial testing. Subsequently, the Bayesian Optimization − Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network − Gradient Penalty (BO-WGAN-GP) framework was employed for inversion, with a five-fold cross-validation ensuring model reliability. Then, the model’s accuracy and robustness were evaluated via multiple metrics, complemented by sensitivity and monotonicity analyses to assess the influence of individual loading parameters. Furthermore, the inversion performance was systematically evaluated by a closed-loop validation, integrating benchmark parameter selection, inverse prediction, forward testing, and error tracing. The accuracy and error analysis demonstrated that the optimal validation fold achieved a determination coefficient R² of 0.952, with minimal mean absolute error fMAE (4.34) and mean absolute error fMAPE (3.11), demonstrating high predictive accuracy. The uncertainty analysis confirms no significant systematic bias, stable confidence intervals, and consistent key metrics across five-fold cross-validation. The posterior parameter distribution analysis shows training stability, with 83.6 % of parameters concentrated in [−0.5, 0.5], indicating robust feature capture. Sensitivity analysis captured the variation trends of mechanical properties under parameter perturbation, aligning well with existing studies, though noise interference was observed in the impacts of seepage erosion intensity and confining pressure on ε1 failure. The inversion results confirmed the model’s robustness, with an average relative error of 6.8 % for (σ1-σ3)max and an R² of 0.88 for ε1 failure. The closed-loop validation effectively balanced local accuracy and overall reliability, particularly in the E inversion, validating the BO-WGAN-GP model’s effectiveness in complex parameter mapping.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 10 Jul 2026 09:42:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2687058</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Thermal-hydraulic-mechanical evolution investigation of silt controlled by wicking geotextile under freeze–thaw cycles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2682109</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The transportation infrastructure in high-altitude regions such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China is frequently affected by frost heave and thaw settlement diseases. The active regulation of moisture in wicking geotextiles is an effective way to control roadbed frost disease, but currently, no studies have investigated the control characteristics of wicking geotextiles based on the thermal–hydraulic-mechanical (THM) coupling mechanism. This study conducts one-dimensional temperature-controlled experiments on soil columns. Firstly, a large-scale soil column freeze–thaw cycle system is developed, which can restore the characteristics such as ultraviolet radiation, temperature and moisture, and groundwater. Using this experimental system, six sets of parallel freeze–thaw cycle tests on silt soil columns were conducted to analyze the temperature change mechanism, moisture migration characteristics, and settlement evolution process of 0, 1, and 3 geotextile layers under continuous water supply conditions. Subsequently, 105 sets of triaxial shear tests are conducted with saturation, freeze–thaw cycle number, and freezing temperature as independent variables. Based on the testing results, a cohesive degradation expression is constructed to describe the hydrothermal conditions. The findings provide material and methodological support for mitigating frost heave and thaw settlement damage in high-altitude regions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Jun 2026 07:29:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2682109</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Railway Subgrade Characterization Through Repeated Loading Triaxial Testing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2113115</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Currently, the improvement of means of transportation is a great challenge. Brazil has a large ore production, which will continue in the next decades, and seeks to reduce the transportation times between production and export centers, as well as reduce the emission of contaminants to the environment. In this sense, railways are a more efficient and environmentally friendly means of land transportation, and their proper conservation and operability affect the net gains that Brazil receives from the export of commodities. The implementation of this program proposed in the engineering practice would allow taking more precise decisions regarding the activities of maintenance of railroads, generating significant savings. The first step of the research is the analysis and interpretation of results of repeated load triaxial tests carried out in Brazil on railway subgrade soils. An engineering methodology is presented considering the geotechnical properties of the foundation soil obtained through field and laboratory tests for performing of geotechnical analysis. To ensure the railway stability, criteria of bearing capacity, elastic deflection and permanent deformation for the railway substructure must be met. A prediction model of permanent deformation is used, as well as the influence of moisture on the behavior of the foundation soil. This study aims to contribute to the finding of a comprehensive methodology for evaluating the useful service life of the track substructure so that the most appropriate material can be selected for use as a railroad formation material in order to limit stresses on the railway subgrade, which in turn cause progressive loss of geometric profile of the railway, and to maintain a safe operation of the trains. This will allow significant savings in the periodic maintenance of the substructure, which are one of the activities to restore the track geometry of railways.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 17:09:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2113115</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanical responses and reinforcement assessment of non-typical in-situ enlargement for closely spaced tunnel groups in weak surrounding rock</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2667258</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In weak surrounding rock, the closely spaced tunnel group in this study adopts a downward in-situ enlargement restricted to the overlapping segment between the existing and the new tunnels, where the interaction of evolving excavation paths and construction sequences markedly amplifies deformation and stability challenges. To examine the applicability of a non-typical stepwise “remove–backfill–downward enlargement” scheme (hereafter abbreviated as fill–then-excavate) for such settings, an ongoing closely spaced tunnel group in weak surrounding rock project along the new Chengdu–Chongqing Central Line was investigated. Laboratory tests were performed to characterize the mechanical behavior of mudstone interbedded with sandstone, and numerical simulations were integrated with in-situ monitoring to compare ground and structural deformations. Alternative backfilling strategies prior to enlargement and reinforcement options for the inter-tunnel rock pillar were assessed for construction optimization. Results indicate that stress–strain curves remain similar in shape across confining pressures, while triaxial strength and deformation characteristics vary markedly; bedding and sand-lens heterogeneity leads to pronounced mechanical anisotropy. Rightward advancement after backfilling induces early unloading in the upper-right transition zone, shifting the settlement center toward the upper-right and forming an asymmetric, unimodal pattern aligned with the enlargement contour. Excavation of the upper-bench core triggers a jump in circumferential displacement around the enlarged tunnel, with a peak of 7.79 mm. Distinct backfilling schemes perturb the surrounding rock at different stages and thereby affect both surface and lining deformations; the full backfill followed by unified enlargement scheme reduces crown settlement by 3 mm. Moreover, small-pipe grouting lowers crown settlement by approximately 20%, raises the cumulative vertical stress at the core of the middle rock pillar to 3.77–4.43 MPa, and—with simple procedures and low disturbance—emerges as a preferred option for reinforcing the pillar in closely spaced tunnels within weak rock.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 May 2026 08:50:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2667258</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of geogrid stabilization on ballast breakage under monotonic triaxial loading</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647976</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Railway ballast particle breakage leads to fines generation, increases fouling, reduces drainage capacity, and ultimately weakens track performance. While geogrids are known to stabilize ballast by limiting particle movement and redistributing contact stresses, their effectiveness in reducing breakage, particularly at different ballast depths, remains unclear. This study employs a large-scale monotonic triaxial testing framework to evaluate particle breakage in clean ballast, with and without geogrid stabilization, under both loose and compacted density conditions. Each specimen was divided into four vertical zones: Top, Top-Mid, Bottom-Mid, and Bottom, and particle size groups were color-coated to enable breakage tracking. The results show that geogrid-stabilized specimens exhibited greater strength and stiffness in both density conditions. For loose ballast, geogrid inclusion reduced total particle breakage by approximately 27%, with the most significant reduction occurring in the middle zones. In contrast, for compacted ballast, the total breakage remained nearly unchanged with geogrid use; however, breakage was more evenly distributed across all zones, with noticeable reductions in the Top and Top-Mid zones. Corner breakage dominated in the middle zones, and splitting breakage near the top and bottom. Marsal’s breakage (Bg) index proved most sensitive for zone-by-zone evaluation. The findings highlight the benefit of geogrids in mitigating ballast degradation and emphasize the importance of zone-specific analysis under varying density conditions. The proposed monotonic triaxial framework provides a mechanistic baseline for future cyclic triaxial studies, where repetitive loading will further clarify long-term stress redistribution, particle migration, and cumulative breakage under realistic railway service conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Mar 2026 09:09:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647976</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of consolidation history on the transitional behavior of silty clay</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647958</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Understanding the mechanical response of silt–clay transitional soils is increasingly important for underground transportation infrastructure, where complex stress paths and one-dimensional (K₀) consolidation histories are common. However, most existing studies rely on isotropic consolidation, leaving the effects of K₀ consolidation on transitional behavior insufficiently understood. This study presents a systematic series of undrained triaxial tests on reconstituted silty clay consolidated under isotropic and K₀ conditions across a range of overconsolidation ratios (OCRs). The results show that phase transformation—a hallmark of transitional soil behavior—appears only in isotropically consolidated specimens at low OCRs, whereas it does not occur in K₀-consolidated specimens tested under comparable OCRs. K₀-consolidated specimens exhibit a counter-intuitive non-monotonic relationship between void ratio and mean effective stress at the end of shearing, reflecting persistent anisotropic structural effects consistent with anisotropic critical state theory. While K₀ consolidation produces more complex stress–strain responses, the stress-ratio evolution remains broadly comparable to isotropically consolidated cases. Overall, the findings demonstrate that consolidation history critically governs the undrained behavior of silt–clay transitional soils and underscore the importance of incorporating realistic K₀ consolidation conditions in laboratory characterization and geotechnical design for transportation applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Mar 2026 09:09:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647958</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of Slope Failure Using Advanced Geotechnical Tests: Case Study in Harrisonburg, Louisiana</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2192145</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The failure of a slope along a segment of Highway 8 near Harrisonburg, Louisiana resulted in its partial closure in December 2008. The Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development needed to assess the damage and find a way to remedy the problem. Soil borings were taken and the slope was monitored using a vertical inclinometer. Then the aerial photos were used to evaluate the site conditions and map the progress of slope failure over time. Further, a series of laboratory tests were performed on the samples obtained by boring from the site to determine the stress path followed by the soil which led to the slope failure. Laboratory testing program included conventional unconsolidated undrained (UU) triaxial tests, multistage consolidated undrained (CU) triaxial tests, and Ko-consolidated undrained (CKoU) triaxial lateral extension tests. Using the extensive laboratory test results, the soil design parameters were selected for slope stability analyses. The limit equilibrium analyses showed different results based on parameters obtained from different stress path testing. Further, partial stabilization at the toe of the slope was recommended as the most suitable remedial measure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:24:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2192145</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation on the triaxial creep behavior of red-stratum mudstone soil-rock mixture with different rock contents</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2644849</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Red-stratum mudstone, due to its wide distribution and convenient availability, has been widely used in high-fill subgrade projects in western China, but its low strength and susceptibility to fracturing make the problem of creep deformation particularly prominent. In this paper, a series of triaxial creep tests on red-stratum mudstone soil-rock mixture were carried out, focusing on the influence of rock content and stress state on creep behaviors. The development of axial and volumetric creep strains, the effect of rock content on the viscoplastic flow direction was clarified, and the time-dependent evolution of particle breakage was further analyzed. The results show that creep strain develops rapidly in the initial stage, then gradually slows down and tends to stabilize, and the overall curve exhibits a hyperbolic feature. At the same time, the final axial creep strain decreases first and then increases with the increase of rock content, with the optimal range being 0.5–0.7. Moreover, the volumetric creep path differs significantly from the conventional shear path, meaning the traditional dilatancy equation cannot directly describe the viscoplastic flow direction. Finally, particle sieve tests reveal that creep behaviors depend not only on particle breakage but also on the internal pore structure of the mixture. A denser pore structure will weaken the contribution of particle breakage to macroscopic creep deformation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Mar 2026 09:48:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2644849</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Comparative Study of Spatially Mobilized Plane (SMP) Based Extensions to the Modified Cam Clay (MCC) Model for Lode Angle Dependency</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669740</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The fundamental Cam-Clay constitutive model for soils did not include strength anisotropy in the deviatoric plane (i.e., Lode angle effects) through a modified failure criterion, so there was no difference in deviatoric stress between the compression and extension paths. However, the extension triaxial and true triaxial tests exhibit differences in shear resistance response compared to the compression path. This difference in shear stress response can impact numerical simulations because the stress paths can be uncertain throughout the domain of the simulated model. The paper presents three straightforward methods to incorporate Lode angle effects using the Matsuoka-Nakai criterion. Triaxial compression and extension tests under drained and undrained conditions were simulated. Several lessons were learned from these simulations about the ease of incorporating the Matsuoka-Nakai criterion and the differences between simulations using three methods. Finally, an extensive discussion focuses on identifying the most suitable alternative for simulating soil mechanical behavior. This discussion was intended as a simple improvement to the modified Cam Clay model for basic simulations or as a basis for further, more complex model development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 2026 12:00:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669740</guid>
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