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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Heterogeneous vehicle scheduling with precedence constraints</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663002</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The problem of heterogeneous vehicle scheduling with precedence constraints is inspired by the transportation service in tourism areas. Tourists must take the shuttle vehicles provided by the areas because of the long distances between the scenic spots. The scheduling of vehicles in tourism areas is complicated because the transportation requests of tourists are precedence-constrained temporally and spatially. The problem optimises both the cost of using vehicles and the waiting time of tourists. A mixed-integer linear programming model is formulated according to the description of a graph. An adaptive large neighbourhood search algorithm with several specialised operators is designed to solve the problem. Experiments based on randomly generated instances validate the mathematical model and the algorithm. A real-size instance based on Qiandao Lake in China is also analysed. The results indicate that the algorithm outperforms the model. The sensitivities of key parameters are analysed with managerial insights presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2026 16:38:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663002</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Reliability premium: A generic conceptual framework for evaluating the cost of travel time variability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661819</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, we propose the reliability premium as a generic concept that eliminates the utility difference between the expected utility and the utility of a travel choice that is subject to randomness in travel time–without specifying the underpinning utility function nor the travel choice domain to which it relates. Mathematically, the reliability premium quantifies the buffer or additional time a traveller is willing to pay beyond the expected outcome of a travel choice to eliminate the extra disutility due to travel time variability (TTV), thereby conceptualising the cost of TTV directly and intuitively in time units. We then discuss the reliability premium under, first, the Bernoulli approach, which focuses on route choice only, and second, the scheduling delay approach, which encompasses both departure or arrival time choice and route choice. Under the Bernoulli approach, we show that it is convenient to derive the monetary cost of travel time variability based on the reliability premium. In addition, we discuss the preservation of first-order and second-order stochastic dominance (SD) of the reliability premium, which removes the computational concern of using the reliability premium in reliable path-finding problems or related assignment models. Under the schedule delay framework, we derive formulations of the reliability premium for different applications and show the detailed impact of TTV on the resulting valuations. We find that the reliability premium can be effective in capturing the asymmetry and distributional tail of travel times for quantifying the TTV cost, especially for risk-averse users, making it suitable for evaluating the impact of TTV on travellers’ route choice decisions. Numerical examples are employed to elucidate the concept of the reliability premium and illustrate its practical application.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2026 16:38:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661819</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Do Trip Length Models Effectively Account for the Trade-Off Between Speed and Cost for Daily Commuters?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671572</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study evaluates the effectiveness of trip length models in capturing the trade-off between speed and cost for daily commuters in Guwahati, India. Trip length models are crucial in transportation planning, predicting travel distances based on various factors. Traditional models often used fixed cost coefficients, assuming a direct relationship between trip length and cost. Recent models incorporate utility-based approaches, integrating both travel time and monetary cost. This study uses a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative research techniques. A detailed questionnaire survey gathered data from 420 respondents, focusing on factors influencing trip length, speed, and cost. The findings indicate a predominant preference for two-wheelers, with work trips being the most common purpose. Females are found to be more centric toward electric vehicles (EVs) than males. The study examines mode-specific trip costs and preferences among commuters, revealing a higher preference for two-wheelers and cars for longer distances. The study highlights the economic efficiency of bicycles and e-rickshaws for shorter trips, while buses and e-buses are more economical for public transport. The results show that trip lengths in Guwahati are generally between 1 and 7 km, with an average trip length of 5.69 km. Understanding the limitations and strengths of current trip length models can help stakeholders develop more accurate tools for forecasting travel patterns, optimizing transportation networks, and making informed decisions on infrastructure investments and policy interventions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671572</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Investigation of the Travel Mode Choice for Work Trip in Class I Cities/Urban Agglomerations: A Case Study of Imphal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671560</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mode choice for cities with population less than a million exhibit choice behaviors which is governed by universally common factors like cost, convenience, and comfort. In the current paper, the mode choice in the study region of Imphal is investigated. A Multinomial Logit Model (MNL) is developed, the prediction accuracy, direct and cross elasticity as well as the acceptable travel time cost and acceptable distance of the trip have been evaluated. The acceptable travel time cost of the various modes is as anticipated with the car users having a highest value. The absolute values of direct elasticity for a 1% change in out-of-pocket costs indicate a relatively inelastic change in choice probabilities of the modes. The results indicate that public policies such as increase in the out-of-pocket costs or reduction in in-vehicle times have small effect on the usage and ridership. It also means that the revenue can be increased by raising out-of-pocket costs. A hierarchy within the choice of alternatives is modeled using Nested Logit (NL). It is seen that car, two-wheelers, non-motorized transport, auto form a subset of alternatives whose choice is conditional on choosing the non-shared mode. The marginal choice is between non-shared mode, pooled services, bus, share auto, and Tata Magic. Based on the willingness-to-pay survey a choice between the existing shared services (share auto, Tata Magic) and e-auto is explored.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671560</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimization of Seaplane Transport System in Greece with the Use of Conjoint Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579517</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Research was conducted on optimizing the seaplane transportation system in Greece using the Choice-Base Conjoint Analysis method. Due to its geographical morphology and its level of touristic development, Greece is considered an ideal country for using seaplanes. A sample of 216 people were asked questions related to the utility of seaplanes, the quality of seaplane services, and seaplanes’ quality characteristics as set mainly by the Greek business world but also by their standards of use from foreign tourist countries in the field of touristic services. The results were the basis for designing scenarios simulated in market conditions. These scenarios were evaluated in comparison to each other regarding their quality characteristics and the scale of their appeal to the public regarding their contribution to a more effective use of seaplanes. It was found that the optimal seaplane transport system is as follows: The seaplane capacity consists of 18 persons, the frequency of the flights is three (3) times per day, no intermediate stop is interposed, the departure times are in the afternoon, and the cost of the ticket is equal to the cost of traveling by car. The attributes were found to have the following importance: (i) ticket cost, 45.13%; (ii) density of the flight, 21.76%; (iii) intermediate stops, 15.61%; (iv) capacity and size of the seaplane, 11.14%; and (v) departure times, 6.35%. This optimal system gathered 77.28% of respondents who prefer it over the base system, with a rate of 22.72%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579517</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Accessing the airport by car or train in the case of a weekend trip using a random forest modeling approach: an analysis of respondents from Serbia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2682112</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Airport access represents a significant segment оf overall travel, affecting passenger satisfaction and the efficiency оf transport systems. Different factors are valued differently by specific segments of passengers. This paper focuses on the hypothetical scenario of choosing a car or train to access the airport in the case of a weekend trip, with the aim to identify the most influential factors. The data were collected through the online survey conducted on the European level; however, this paper analyses only Serbian respondents. Results indicate that key factors influencing mode choice are cost, reliability, and demographic characteristics, with the random forest model demonstrating the best performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2682112</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Commute mode choice behavior of academic population: a comparative study of five Italian universities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2682029</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines travel behaviors and modal choices among students, faculty, and staff across five Italian universities in Bari, Cagliari, Milan, Naples, and Padua. It analyzes factors influencing travel choices, such as travel times, costs, and access, while considering socioeconomic and professional differences. Using Multinomial Logit (MNL) models, the study compares the travel patterns of students and faculty/staff, highlighting how perceptions vary by context. Elasticity measures assess the potential impact of sustainable mobility policies. The large, diverse sample strengthens the generalizability of findings, aiding in the design of targeted interventions to influence academic travel behavior.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2682029</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Equilibrium analysis of corridor problem with joint charging of departure time and travel distance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643269</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates the impact of joint time and distance charging on many-to-one origin-destination travel behaviour, as a preliminary exploration of congestion charging in the continuous corridor model. Firstly, the equilibrium trip cost is analyzed to capture the departure time selection characteristics and flow dynamics. Secondly, we perform a mathematical analysis to reveal equilibrium flow patterns and deduce the properties of the departure set (set of departure space-time points). Next, we propose an ingenious mathematical approach to solve the continuous corridor model and conduct a numerical analysis to derive the equilibrium solution for three cases. Compared with the no-toll equilibrium, the departure set under congestion charging is still horn-shaped with its tip located somewhere close to the central business district. As a result, the departure time-based charging encourages commuters to leave earlier to avoid congestion, and the joint charging can ensure effective congestion relief while avoiding unfair charges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2026 16:15:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643269</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enhancing a GRASP heuristic for the prize-collecting covering tour problem through data mining techniques</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2651883</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent research has shown that hybrid heuristics, combining greedy randomised adaptive search procedures (GRASP) with data mining, are an effective approach to solving combinatorial optimisation problems. This paper presents a novel hybrid heuristic for the prize-collecting covering tour problem, which employs data mining techniques to enhance the GRASP algorithm. By leveraging patterns observed in high-quality solutions, our approach is able to explore the search space more efficiently, leading to improved results and reduced computational time. Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, which consistently outperforms existing methods across a wide range of problem instances. We present statistical significance tests, as well as an analysis of the impact of pattern mining and time-to-target plots, to support our findings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2026 16:15:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2651883</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dynamic traffic assignment in a bi-dimensional model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643233</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bidimensional models represent the transportation system as a bi-dimensional fluid flowing on a bi-dimensional medium. This approximation allows modelling of very large networks with modest requirements in terms of input data and computational power. The objective of the paper is to develop a methodology for the calculation of dynamic traffic assignment equilibria within the framework of bidimensional models. The approach of the paper assumes a route choice based on instantaneous travel times and departure time based on experienced travel costs. The main issues addressed in the paper are the evaluation of travel times and the calculation of equilibria. Examples of applications on large networks illustrate the chosen approach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 15:50:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643233</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Transport and housing rent cost burden on families: a comparative analysis of Addis Ababa &amp; Sheger Cities, Ethiopia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643207</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research compares the financial burden of transport and housing rent on families residing in Addis Ababa, and Sheger City, Ethiopia. Data were collected from 927 families using stratified random sampling. ANOVA and 𝘵-tests were employed to assess whether these cost burdens, individually and combined, differ significantly from established standards and vary across locations. The findings indicate that the overall sample experiences a low transport cost burden, whereas the housing rent burden is close to the standard. However, there is considerable variation in housing rent burdens, implying that some residents experience higher or lower rent burdens on average. Moreover, on average, residents spend less on housing rent and transport together but with significant variation. Furthermore, Addis Ababa inner-city residents experience lower transport but higher housing burden, Addis Ababa suburban residents experience moderate transport and housing rent cost burden whereas Sheger City inhabitants generally have lower transport, housing, and combined burdens. This study implies that location significantly influences the financial pressures related to essential expenses . Hence, urban, transport and housing policy makers and planners should consider the effects of spatial disparities on essential residents' expenses during urban interventions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 15:50:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643207</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyzing Regional Travel Mode Choice Behavior: A Study on Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) Adoption in Delhi NCR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659332</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rapid urbanization in Delhi NCR highlights urgency for sustainable transit solutions. India’s first regional rapid transit system (RRTS) along the Delhi-Meerut corridor holds transformative potential, yet the factors influencing its adoption remain underexplored. This study investigates key factors of RRTS preference and its impact on regional travel mode choice. Using a two-stage methodology. first, an expert survey using multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques (TOPSIS, MOORA, and GRA) ranked service quality attributes. After identifying key attributes and incorporating them into the questionnaire survey, 672 respondents, integrating revealed preference (RP) and stated preference (SP) data, was analysed using Multinomial Logit (MNL) and Mixed Multinomial Logit (MMNL) models, with MMNL outperforming MNL. Results show that travel time, safety, and cost significantly influence regional travel mode choice, while daily commuters, working professionals, and younger users prefer RRTS, with women favouring it for safety. Willingness to Pay (WTP) estimates reveal commuters value waiting time reductions more than in-vehicle time savings, with elasticities indicating high sensitivity to fare and travel time. These findings provide actionable insights for policymakers to optimize pricing strategies, enhance safety features, and improve service efficiency, thereby promoting a significant modal shift towards sustainable public transport and contributing to reduced congestion and emissions in the Delhi NCR.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:20:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659332</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The dynamic response of the food import bill to global shipping costs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635594</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Maritime shipping carries almost 90 percent of global food and agricultural trade, making it essential for ensuring access to food worldwide. Disruptions that raise shipping costs can therefore exert significant pressure on food security, particularly in net food-importing developing countries. Grounding the analysis in trade models that endogenize transport costs and in the literature on price transmission under inelastic demand, we estimate the dynamic impact of shocks to dry bulk and container freight rates on the food import bill in the short run. Using monthly data for about 200 economies from 2005 to 2022, the empirical analysis relies on local projection. Local projections are well suited for this analysis because they estimate dynamic impacts without restrictive structural assumptions, accommodate unbalanced panels, and remain robust to model misspecification. Results indicate that a 10 percent increase in dry bulk rates raises the FIB by 1.2 percent after 1 year, while an equivalent rise in container rates increases it by 3.5 percent, with over 70 percent of the effect materializing within 6 months. For net food-importing developing countries, the impact of container cost shocks is even larger (4.3 percent) revealing their vulnerability. These findings point to the need for timely and targeted policy interventions to mitigate the consequences of shipping cost shocks. These include stabilizing foreign exchange and enhancing current account resilience; facilitating credit access to food importers; investing in port infrastructure, logistics, and digitalization; reducing trade barriers; and strengthening social protection mechanisms with targeted safety nets for poor consumers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Mar 2026 09:56:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635594</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Welfare-optimal public transport fares in Denmark</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635396</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Public transport fare policies are important in shaping efficient, equitable, and sustainable transportation systems. In this study, we optimise a welfare function across a spectrum of flat and distance-based pricing strategies while also analysing the distributional impacts and effects on equity. The analysis reveals that a Danish distance-based fare system replicating the current prices is sub-optimal from both a welfare economic and equity perspective. Using a comprehensive demand model for weekday trips (under 50km) in Denmark, we demonstrate that a flat fare of 24.2 DKK ( ∼  € 3.24), would improve welfare and equity without causing significant operational changes. Effects are driven by consumer surplus gains and increasing market shares of active modes for shorter distances and public transport for longer distances. These mobility changes yield significant health benefits for the population and reduce environmental costs. Nevertheless, the socio-spatial distribution of welfare effects is uneven, with most gains observed in rural and suburban areas and across younger and lower-income groups.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Mar 2026 09:56:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635396</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The role of dry ports, intermodal, and synchromodal systems in reducing inland freight transport costs, time, and CO2 emissions for international shipping in Bangladesh and Malaysia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633286</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the role of dry ports, intermodal, and synchromodal systems in connecting seaports and plays a vibrant role in reducing transport costs, time, and CO2 emissions for international shipping. Port authorities have now influenced the government to set inland nodes and connect them to feature the intermodal systems seamlessly. Considering the geographical conditions of a country and the integrated connection between seaports and dry ports, a synchromodal application is possible, subject to having more than one mode. A qualitative research method is applied to analyze how two maritime countries of Asia, Bangladesh and Malaysia, can set more dry ports in connecting to major seaports in the light of intermodality and synchromodality. It was pragmatic that ports located in Asia, managed by the port authority model, particularly in Bangladesh and Malaysia, are leaders in setting, guiding, and operating inland dry ports, also executing strategies for freight transportation boldly. The most widely used strategies for encouraging hinterland freight movements by road, rail, and waterways have been determined to be technological solutions and intermodal transportation promotion. The major findings of the research are to set integrated inland freight transport connectivity, construct more dry ports, and apply modern transport technology like synchromodal in both countries to implement intermodal freight transportation systems actively. Bangladesh is potentially in an advantageous condition to apply synchromodal systems, but dry port infrastructure is a must in the industrial areas, and policy support is required to allow road intermodal. Malaysian intermodal transport is not up to the mark, as traditional road transport is popular. So, it is vital to establish dry ports in the major cities and manufacturing areas in connection with seaports before applying a synchromodal system in peninsular Malaysia. The practical impacts of this research include setting up dry ports, offering last-mile facilities to port users, and implementing a synchromodal system, which collectively provides modal options to reduce inland transit time, transport, and CO₂ emissions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Mar 2026 09:16:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633286</guid>
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